CN111804713A - 一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,垃圾破碎后传送至洗涤池进行洗涤,沉淀物送到分拣机破碎并冲洗,将无机残渣分离出,其冲洗液与洗涤池上浮物一同送入研磨机,将研磨物料冲洗过筛,筛上物烘干后进入混料机,筛下物送入混合调理池,待水质及温度达到要求后,输入至厌氧消化罐,并生成沼气、沼液和沼渣;沼渣脱水干燥后与上述干燥后的筛上物一同送入热解鼓,热裂解的燃气除去焦油后与上述沼气进入燃气收集利用系统。本发明实现垃圾无害化、减量化和资源化,有效提高了垃圾的资源化综合利用率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及垃圾处理技术,具体来说是城市生活垃圾湿式处理工艺。
背景技术
目前,世界各国处理生活垃圾的方法主要有三种:填埋、焚烧和堆肥。填埋处理要占用大量土地、排放温室气体,而且长期排放渗滤液,其处理也是一个难题,处理不好就会污染地表水或地下水;焚烧尽管是彻底的稳定化和无害化处理,却要消耗大量的一次能源,并且排放二噁英和温室气体,运行成本较高,一般需要鼓励政策才能运行;堆肥仅限于相关指标符合要求的垃圾,国内的实践证明了堆肥产品的可接受性不佳。
这三种工艺,可称为“干式”或“半干式”工艺,无论哪种,都不会往垃圾里加水,而是尽可能降低垃圾的含水率,或者在预处理中去除水分。
中国专利文献一“一种垃圾综合处理方法”(CN201810493617.X):预处理:原生垃圾堆放脱水后与陈腐垃圾混合,筛选破碎;将垃圾分成惰性垃圾、生化垃圾和可燃垃圾;惰性垃圾:填埋处理;生化垃圾:喷洒含生物蛋白酶、好氧发酵处理,将垃圾中的有机物降解后制备有机肥;可燃垃圾:干馏热解处理,并可获得炭黑,实现资源化、无害化处理。
中国专利文献二“一种垃圾分解流程”(CN201810643467.6):包括粉碎加工、消毒杀菌、脱水去水和氧化提取等步骤;粉碎压缩后得到垃圾渣和垃圾混合水;再分别对垃圾渣和垃圾混合水进行消毒杀菌;并对垃圾混合水进行电解获得氢气和氧气,垃圾渣处理得到饲料或肥料。
上述两文献涉及的均为垃圾处理“干式”工艺,二者存在垃圾资源化综合利用率不高的缺陷。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术存在的问题而提供一种垃圾资源化利用率高的城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的:一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,按以下步骤进行:
步骤1)、破碎、洗涤分离
垃圾运抵后输入到破碎机,经破碎处理后,传送到洗涤池,池内有循环水,水循环的方式是连续进出,或者是序批式进出,洗涤池出水端设隔油机构,水温可调;控制洗涤池水的流态,使垃圾在水中充分翻动洗涤,垃圾携带的可溶解污染物以溶解态和细小颗粒物以悬浮态进入液相;
轻质固形物质及高分子不溶成分作为上浮物被打捞出水;
步骤2)、沉渣即沉淀物破碎清洗、研磨处理
比重较大的成分沉淀到洗涤池底,被收集到分拣机、再破碎并喷水冲洗后将无机残渣分拣出进入无机残渣收集器,含冲洗液及垃圾的有机物的其余成分进入研磨机,与沉淀池打捞出的上浮物一同研磨成浆状;
步骤3)、筛网喷洗分选
将经过研磨的物料采用洗涤池出水作为喷水冲洗过筛,筛上物以高分子材料居多,筛上物经过沥水烘干后进入混料机,为进入热解鼓进行热裂解做准备;筛下物系固液混合物送入混合调理池,向混合调理池内投加污泥和种植养殖废物类生物质。在一定温度条件下,待混合调理池水质COD和SS指标达到工艺要求后,输入至厌氧消化罐;混合调理池的水温由燃气热水器加热调节;其燃气由下述燃气收集利用系统供给;
步骤4)、厌氧消化
厌氧消化罐是一个保温的密封容器,隔绝氧,设有进泥口、排泥口、加热器、搅拌器、以及温度、物料浓度、有机酸浓度、液位、pH值等传感器,物料进入其中后,部分有机成分被降解,形成沼气,沼气经过净化后进入燃气储存利用系统;厌氧消化罐出料经脱水干燥机处理后,形成沼液和沼渣;沼液经过脱氨工艺处理后,大部分循环到前端洗涤池,少量多余的沼液作为植物水培液利用;(加热方式可以是电加热,也可以是燃气热水器所产热加热,热电机组产的热也可以给消化罐加热)
步骤5)、沼渣脱水干燥
沼渣送入脱水干燥机将含水率降到50%以下,干燥后的沼渣与步骤3)的筛上物一同送入混料机,混合后的好料送入热解鼓进行热裂解;
步骤6)、热裂解
热解鼓是可转动筒式热解设备,隔绝氧,内部维持特定压力,转速可调,在温度450~1200℃下,进料的复杂分子在这里被转化成短链分子,包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、氢气、氨、水、焦油等,热解的产物有气、液、固三相;热解的固相产物即具有活性炭性质的残渣,进入到收集器;焦油进入焦油收集器;热解的气相产物燃气经捕焦器处理除去焦油后进入燃气收集利用系统。
所述脱氨工艺7.1为:沼液中的氨来自进料所含蛋白质的降解,氨对厌氧消化罐内的微生物有抑制作用,必须控制其浓度,将其浓度降低到一定程度即可,因此脱氨工艺为养殖水葫芦、氨吹脱、鸟粪石工艺或人工湿地。
所述热解鼓的工作压力为微负压或者微正压。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下特点和优点:
1.从生活垃圾的特性出发,跳出传统处理方法和垃圾分类的思维模式,以水为工艺介质,将垃圾破碎、洗涤,挑出无机成分,得到液相和固相两股待处理的物质流:液相进入厌氧消化流程,生产沼气,沼液循环使用,多余部分作农肥或者处理达标后排放(量很有限);沼渣进入固相流,在混料机内与其它物料混合后进入热解,产生热解燃气、热解焦渣和焦油,均不会产生二次污染;
2.无论沼气,或者热解燃气,其成分均属最简单的气体分子,如甲烷、一氧化碳、氢气、二氧化碳、氨等,燃烧废气处理简洁、稳定达标有保障;燃气驱动热电机组,实现电力和热能自给,电网仅作为备用电源;
3.本发明的两个核心设备是厌氧消化和热解,可以将垃圾的液体和固体完全处理,即使没有条件实施垃圾分类的城市,本发明提供同样的处理效果;
4.本发明可作为城市综合处理系统使用,污泥、农牧业废弃物、河道淤泥等,可协同处理。
5. 垃圾变废为宝,垃圾资源利用率高。经本工艺处理后,垃圾被转化成了沼气和热解燃气以及固相残渣和焦油以及沼液,沼气和热解燃气用作再生能源,固相残渣是惰性物质,可用作吸附剂或者填埋,沼液作为农业用肥,焦油有一定的经济价值。本发明彻底实现垃圾的无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化;
6.由于热解设备的温度达450度以上,所有病原和病毒均被彻底消除,厌氧消化系统也能消除液态介质中的绝大多数病菌,对保障卫生环境质量意义重大;
7.通过收集再生能源(沼气和热解燃气)实现能量自给,减排效果明显;
8.可降低垃圾处理的社会总成本。
我国生活垃圾的特点是含水率高,且分类程度不高甚至没有分类,本发明从我国垃圾现状出发,开发出整套湿式垃圾处理工艺,有效解决了垃圾处理难题。
附图说明
图1是本发明工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出,一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,按以下步骤进行:
步骤1)、破碎、洗涤分离
垃圾运抵后输入到破碎机1,经破碎处理后,传送到洗涤池2,池内有循环水,水循环的方式是连续进出,或者是序批式进出,洗涤池出水端设隔油机构,水温可调;控制洗涤池2水的流态,使垃圾在水中充分翻动洗涤,垃圾携带的可溶解污染物以溶解态和细小颗粒物以悬浮态进入液相;
轻质固形物质及高分子不溶成分作为上浮物被打捞出水;
步骤2)、沉渣即沉淀物破碎清洗、研磨处理
比重较大的成分沉淀到洗涤池底,被收集到分拣机、再破碎并喷水冲洗后将无机残渣分拣出进入无机残渣收集器,含冲洗液及垃圾的有机物的其余成分进入研磨机3,与沉淀池打捞出的上浮物一同研磨成浆状;
步骤3)、筛网喷洗分选
将经过研磨的物料采用洗涤池出水作为喷水冲洗过筛,筛上物以高分子材料居多,筛上物经过沥水烘干后进入混料机8,为进入热解鼓进行热裂解做准备;筛下物系固液混合物送入混合调理池5,向混合调理池5内投加污泥和种植养殖废物类生物质。和在一定温度条件下,待混合调理池5水质COD和SS指标达到工艺要求后,输入至厌氧消化罐6;混合调理池的水温由燃气热水器加热调节;其燃气由下述燃气收集利用系统13供给;
步骤4)、厌氧消化
厌氧消化罐是一个保温的密封容器,隔绝氧,设有进泥口、排泥口、加热器、搅拌器、以及温度、物料浓度、有机酸浓度、液位、pH值等传感器,物料进入其中后,部分有机成分被降解,形成沼气,沼气经过净化后进入燃气储存利用系统13;厌氧消化罐出料经脱水干燥机处理后,形成沼液和沼渣;沼液经过脱氨工艺7.1处理后,大部分循环到前端洗涤池2,少量多余的沼液作为植物水培液利用7.2;
步骤5)、沼渣脱水干燥
沼渣送入脱水干燥机7将含水率降到50%以下,干燥后的沼渣与步骤3)的筛上物一同送入混料机8,混合后的好料送入热解鼓9进行热裂解;
步骤6)、热裂解
热解鼓是可转动筒式热解鼓设备,隔绝氧,内部维持特定压力,转速可调,在温度450~1200℃下,进料的复杂分子在这里被转化成短链分子,包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、氢气、氨、水、焦油等,热解的产物有气、液、固三相;热解的固相产物即具有活性炭性质的残渣进入到收集器10;焦油进入焦油收集器11;热解的气相产物燃气经捕焦器12处理除去焦油后进入燃气收集利用系统13。
本发明涉及一种新型的城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理系统,处理效果不受含水率高低的影响,而是将水作为污染物载体和工作介质,贯穿工艺流程。具体讲,就是在垃圾运抵后,首先进行破碎,破碎设施能将垃圾包装袋撕破、将困扎绳索剪断、将大块垃圾(如硬塑料、金属、玻璃、餐具、骨头、砖瓦等)打碎。控制洗涤池水的流态,使垃圾在水中充分翻动洗涤,高分子等漂浮物上浮、密度较大的成分沉淀,污染物以溶解态或者悬浮态保持在水中。目的是将包装袋、绑扎带、混合垃圾等处理成较小尺寸并且实现松散化,随后将其输送到水池洗涤,实现三个目的:其一,可溶性污染物进入液相,即洗涤水;其二,固形生物质、高分子材料等比重较轻的成分上浮到水面,被打捞出水,经研磨后,再用网筛喷洗分选,磨成浆状的成分进入液相,筛上物经过沥水烘干(晾干)后进入混料机;其三,比重较大的成分沉淀到池底,将其收集后再次破碎并用水冲洗,分拣出无机残渣,无机残渣在此离开处理流程,清洗水和其它组分与漂浮物混合后进入研磨处理段;从洗涤池打捞出水的漂浮成分与沉淀物清洗水混合后进入研磨段,普通有机污染物在此被研磨成浆状。
液相经调理后进入厌氧消化罐,生产沼气。从消化罐排出的消化液经脱水形成沼液和沼渣。沼液经脱氨处理后进入洗涤池循环使用,亦可作为植物水培液使用;沼渣经干燥处理后进入混料机与网筛喷洗分选物,混合均匀后进入热解段。热解处理的生成物为热解燃气和残渣,并有少量热解焦油。
沼渣含水率可达到85%以下,进一步干燥后含水率降到50%以内。干燥后的沼渣与上述筛上物一同进入混料机8,调整总含水率和温度后进入热解鼓9;干燥沼渣亦可作为植物种植基进行沼渣利用7.3。
混合调理池的水质(主要是COD和SS等浓度指标)满足一定指标要求后才能输送到厌氧消化罐,水质指标和一次输送量根据厌氧消化罐的接收能力确定。经过厌氧消化处理后,一部分有机质转化成沼气,消化物料被排出消化罐并脱水,形成沼液和沼渣。沼液经过脱氨回到洗涤池,形成闭路循环。遇到垃圾携带水分较多的情况,需要排出一部分沼液,在专门的流程对其进行处理或作农肥;
脱水沼渣呈固态,经干燥后具有一设定的含水率,进入混料机,与其它物料混合、调节整体含水率等参数后进入热解段。热解段的主要设备是可转动筒式热解鼓,工作时呈密闭状态,隔绝氧。鼓内温度400~1200度,压强是某个设定的工作压强。物料在鼓内停留期间,复杂分子转化成简单分子,其中气相产物有一定的热值,属于再生能源,随时被抽出,经过净化后进入储气利用系统。固相产物是多孔的残渣。物料在热解鼓内的停留时间就是热解过程所需时间,与进料特性有关。该过程完成后排出残渣和少量的水分,排渣方式可以是连续或者序批式;
洗涤水基本处于闭路循环状态,不向外排放废水,具体做法是:将沼液的氨浓度降低到一定浓度后回到前端洗涤池,既能减少或避免废水外排,有能及时为垃圾成分接种,提高厌氧消化系统的效率。同时,由于沼液温度较高,有利于提高洗涤池的分离效率,这个循环有利于控制整个系统的能耗;
在洗涤池出水口前设置一个隔油装置,以控制进入厌氧消化罐的油脂的浓度;
可以在混合调理池投加其它生物质如污泥、种植养殖废物等。
Claims (3)
1.一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,其特征在于,按以下步骤进行:
步骤1)、破碎、洗涤分离
垃圾运抵后输入到破碎机(1),经破碎处理后,传送到洗涤池(2),池内有循环水,水循环的方式是连续进出,或者是序批式进出,洗涤池出水端设隔油机构,水温可调;控制洗涤池(2)水的流态,使垃圾在水中充分翻动洗涤,垃圾携带的可溶解污染物以溶解态和细小颗粒物以悬浮态进入液相;
轻质固形物质及高分子不溶成分作为上浮物被打捞出水;
步骤2)、沉渣即沉淀物破碎清洗、研磨处理
比重较大的成分沉淀到洗涤池底,被收集到分拣机、再破碎并喷水冲洗后将无机残渣分拣出进入无机残渣收集器,含冲洗液及垃圾的有机物的其余成分进入研磨机(3),与沉淀池打捞出的上浮物一同研磨成浆状;
步骤3)、筛网喷洗分选
将经过研磨的物料采用洗涤池出水作为喷水冲洗过筛,筛上物以高分子材料居多,筛上物经过沥水烘干后进入混料机(8),为进入热解鼓进行热裂解做准备;筛下物系固液混合物送入混合调理池(5),向混合调理池(5)内投加污泥和种植养殖废物类生物质,在一定温度条件下,待混合调理池(5)水质COD和SS指标达到工艺要求后,输入至厌氧消化罐(6);混合调理池的水温由燃气热水器加热调节;其燃气由下述燃气收集利用系统(13)供给;
步骤4)、厌氧消化
厌氧消化罐是一个保温的密封容器,隔绝氧,设有进泥口、排泥口、加热器、搅拌器、以及温度、物料浓度、有机酸浓度、液位、pH值等传感器,物料进入其中后,部分有机成分被降解,形成沼气,沼气经过净化后进入燃气储存利用系统(13);厌氧消化罐出料经脱水机处理后,形成沼液和沼渣;沼液经过脱氨工艺(7.1)处理后,大部分循环到前端洗涤池(2),少量多余的沼液作为植物水培液利用(7.2);
步骤5)、沼渣脱水干燥
沼渣送入脱水干燥机(7)将含水率降到50%以下,干燥后的沼渣与步骤3)的筛上物一同送入混料机(8),混合后的好料送入热解鼓(9)进行热裂解;
步骤6)、热裂解
热解鼓是可转动筒式热解设备,隔绝氧,内部维持特定压力,转速可调,在温度450~1200℃下,进料的复杂分子在这里被转化成短链分子,包括二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、氢气、氨、水、焦油等,热解的产物有气、液、固三相;热解的固相产物即具有活性炭性质的残渣进入到收集器(10);焦油进入焦油收集器(11);热解的气相产物燃气经捕焦器(12)处理除去焦油后进入燃气收集利用系统(13)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,其特征在于,所述脱氨工艺7.1为:沼液中的氨来自进料所含蛋白质的降解,氨对厌氧消化罐内的微生物有抑制作用,必须控制其浓度,将其浓度降低到一定程度即可,因此脱氨工艺为养殖水葫芦、氨吹脱、鸟粪石工艺或人工湿地。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种城市生活垃圾湿式工艺处理方法,其特征在于,所述热解鼓的工作压力为常压、微负压或者微正压。
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CN110116126A (zh) * | 2019-05-22 | 2019-08-13 | 安徽省通源环境节能股份有限公司 | 一种餐厨垃圾、污泥协同处置方法 |
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CN114029319A (zh) * | 2021-10-15 | 2022-02-11 | 上海市机电设计研究院有限公司 | 一种市政湿垃圾全量资源化利用的处理方法 |
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