CN111768685B

CN111768685B - Diffraction experimental device and experimental method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN111768685B
Application number: CN202010748978.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 曹兴焕
Original assignee: Maanshan College
Current assignee: Maanshan College
Priority date: 2020-07-30
Filing date: 2020-07-30
Publication date: 2022-06-17
Anticipated expiration: 2040-07-30
Also published as: CN111768685A

Abstract

The invention discloses a diffraction experimental device and an experimental method thereof, and belongs to the field of experimental instruments. The diffraction experiment device comprises a fixed rail and a movable rail which are connected in a telescopic matching manner, wherein a light source component, a baffle component and a light screen component which are matched with the rails in a sliding manner are sequentially arranged on the fixed rail and the movable rail; the baffle plate assembly comprises a second bottom plate, two sides of the second bottom plate are respectively provided with a first baffle plate in a sliding fit mode, and the tops of the first baffle plates on the two sides are connected with a top plate; the gap width between the first baffle plates at the two sides is adjustable. The invention overcomes the defects of inconvenient use and single experimental condition of a diffraction experimental instrument in the prior art, and provides a diffraction experimental device and an experimental method thereof.

Description

Diffraction experimental device and experimental method thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of experimental instruments, in particular to a diffraction experimental device and an experimental method thereof.

Background

The single slit diffraction is divided into fresnel diffraction (near field) and folded fraunhofer diffraction (far field), and is characterized in that light rays are deflected in a shadow area in geometry, and light and dark distributions (stripes) are formed between the geometric illumination area and the shadow area. Single slit diffraction is a phenomenon that light encounters an obstacle during propagation, and light waves continue to propagate by bypassing the obstacle. Diffraction phenomena are most pronounced if the wavelength is comparable to or larger than the size of the slot, hole or obstruction. Neither the light source nor the light screen are at a great distance from the obstacle and no lens is used. The light rays are not parallel light at this time, i.e., the wavefront is not planar. This situation was described by fresnel earliest in 1818 and is therefore known as fresnel diffraction; the distance between the light source and the light screen to the obstacle is large, and at the moment, incident light is parallel light, the wave surface is a plane, and diffracted light is also parallel light. This diffraction is called fraunhofer diffraction and was first described by fraunhofer (j. von freunhofer) (1821-1822).

Present diffraction laboratory glassware is when doing the experiment, because the influence that the experiment distance caused diffraction needs to relate to one section longer measuring device, then area is great to be unfavorable for the removal of device, improper to the protection of device moreover causes the disappearance of experimental condition easily, and, when carrying out the diffraction experiment, experimental condition is single, and is less to the result cognition of experiment.

Through retrieval, the Chinese patent application number: 2016211898319, inventive name: the utility model provides a diffraction light intensity tester, this application includes the foundation base, the optics guide rail, ordinary sliding seat, horizontal regulation type sliding seat, two dimension regulation type sliding seat, the laser instrument sliding seat, the helium neon laser, the transmission grating, perforated plate or many seam boards, lens, the optical reception original paper, the control box, fixed being equipped with the optics guide rail on the foundation base, foundation base and the integrative setting of optics guide rail, be equipped with a plurality of ordinary sliding seats on the optics guide rail, horizontal regulation type sliding seat, two dimension regulation type sliding seat, the laser instrument sliding seat, and be sliding connection, the activity is equipped with porous or many seam boards on the ordinary sliding seat, lens, the activity is equipped with the optical reception original paper on the horizontal regulation type sliding seat, and use locking part locking, the activity is equipped with the transmission grating on the two dimension regulation type sliding seat, the activity is equipped with helium neon laser instrument sliding seat. There is still room for further optimization.

Disclosure of Invention

1. Technical problem to be solved by the invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects of inconvenient use of diffraction experimental instruments and single experimental condition in the prior art, and provides a diffraction experimental device and an experimental method thereof.

2. Technical scheme

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:

the diffraction experimental device comprises a fixed rail and a movable rail which are connected in a telescopic matching manner, wherein a light source component, a baffle component and a light screen component which are matched with the rails in a sliding manner are sequentially arranged on the fixed rail and the movable rail; the baffle plate assembly comprises a second bottom plate, two sides of the second bottom plate are respectively provided with a first baffle plate in a sliding fit mode, and the tops of the first baffle plates on the two sides are connected with a top plate; the gap width between the first baffle plates at the two sides is adjustable.

Furthermore, the sliding grooves are formed in the two sides of the fixed rail and the two sides of the movable rail, the baffle component comprises a second sliding seat in sliding fit with the sliding grooves, a second adjusting rod is arranged above the second sliding seat, a second bottom plate is positioned at the top of the second adjusting rod, clamping grooves are formed in the second bottom plate and the top plate, the two ends of the first baffle are respectively embedded into the clamping grooves in a matched mode, and the first baffle on the two sides can be relatively far away or close to the clamping grooves.

Furthermore, the baffle assembly further comprises a second baffle, wherein the two opposite wall surfaces of the first baffle are provided with through grooves, the second baffle is correspondingly embedded into the through grooves, the second baffle on two sides can be relatively far away from or close to the through grooves, the bottom of the second baffle is flush with the bottom of the first baffle, and the top of the second baffle is lower than the top of the first baffle.

Furthermore, the baffle plate assembly also comprises a baffle plate III, the baffle plate III is positioned on the front side or the rear side of the baffle plate I, and the width of the baffle plate III is enough to cover the gap between the baffle plates I on the two sides; the baffle III is movably arranged along the height direction of the baffle I.

Furthermore, the optical screen assembly comprises a first sliding seat matched with sliding grooves in the two sides of the fixed rail and the movable rail, a first adjusting rod is arranged on the first sliding seat, a first bottom plate is arranged at the top of the first adjusting rod, a clamping groove used for placing an optical screen is formed in the first bottom plate, the optical screen is embedded into the clamping groove in a matching mode, a stand column is further arranged on the first bottom plate, the stand column is located on one side of the optical screen, the top of the stand column is connected with a stretching plate through an elastic part, a clamping plate extending to one side is arranged at the top of the stretching plate, and the clamping plate clamps the optical screen below.

Furthermore, the light source assembly comprises a third sliding seat matched with sliding grooves on two sides of the fixed rail and the movable rail, a third adjusting rod is arranged on the third sliding seat, and a light source in movable fit is arranged at the top of the third adjusting rod.

Furthermore, the opposite end surfaces of the fixed track and the movable track are respectively and correspondingly provided with a caulking groove and a caulking block which are matched with each other, and when the fixed track is contacted with the movable track, the caulking groove and the caulking block are correspondingly matched with each other; the inner cavity of the movable track or the fixed track is also provided with a central shaft, the upper side and the lower side of the part of the central shaft extending into the inner cavity of the fixed track or the movable track are respectively provided with an extension plate, and the extension plates are connected with the central shaft through springs.

Furthermore, the device also comprises a box body, wherein the top of the box body is provided with a rotating plate, and the fixed track and the movable track are arranged on the rotating plate; the rotating plate is connected with the rotating shaft and can be overturned in the box body under the drive of the rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft extends out of the box body.

Furthermore, fixing caps are respectively arranged on the periphery of the box body, sleeves are correspondingly arranged on the periphery of the rotating plate, and fixing pins are inserted into the sleeves and the fixing caps to fix the rotating plate.

The experimental method of the diffraction experimental device provided by the invention comprises the following steps of:

s1, adjusting the lengths of the fixed track and the movable track according to the required length; adjusting the positions of the first sliding seat, the second sliding seat and the third sliding seat to a required position, adjusting the heights of the first adjusting rod and the second adjusting rod to be the same, and adjusting the positions of the third adjusting rod and the light source to enable the light source to be in the horizontal direction;

s2, observing the diffraction phenomenon caused by the change of the transverse distance by adjusting the gap between the first baffle plates at the two sides; the relative position between the second baffle and the first baffle is adjusted to change the shape of the formed middle gap and observe the diffraction phenomenon caused by different shapes; through the height position of adjustment baffle three, change the vertical distance of intermediate gap, observe the diffraction phenomenon that different clearance sizes caused, the extension experiment is cognitive.

3. Advantageous effects

Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) according to the diffraction experiment device, the fixed track and the movable track are in telescopic matching connection, and the extension plate is arranged to splice the extension track, so that the distance requirement of the experiment can be met, and the restriction condition of the current distance is solved; under the non-use state, can also retract extension board inside the track at any time, overall structure area is little, and it is convenient to use.

(2) According to the diffraction experimental device, the baffle plate assembly comprises the first baffle plate, the second baffle plate and the third baffle plate, and the second baffle plate can be relatively far away or close to each other, so that diffraction phenomena caused by changes of different transverse distances can be observed; through the change of the relative position between the second baffle and the first baffle, the shape change of the middle gap can be realized, and the extension phenomenon caused by gaps of different shapes can be observed; the middle gap can be shielded at a certain height through the vertical movement of the baffle plates, so that the vertical distance of the middle gap is changed, the diffraction phenomenon caused by different gap sizes is observed, the experiment cognition is effectively expanded, and the experiment evidence finding in multiple directions is carried out.

(3) According to the experimental method of the diffraction experimental device, the experimental diffraction distance change and the width, height and shape change of the diffraction middle gap can be flexibly adjusted in the experimental process, the operation is simple and convenient, the observation can be carried out according to various experimental conditions, and the experimental adaptability is effectively improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a diffraction experimental apparatus according to the present invention in an unused state;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a diffraction experimental apparatus according to the present invention in a working state;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a portion of the enlarged structure at A in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a portion of the enlarged structure at B in FIG. 2;

fig. 5 is a schematic sectional structure view of the fixed rail and the movable rail according to the present invention.

The reference numbers in the schematic drawings illustrate:

100. a box body; 101. a fixing cap; 102. a rotating shaft; 103. a rotating plate; 104. fixing a track; 105. a movable track; 106. a chute; 107. a sleeve; 108. a fixing pin; 109. a central shaft; 110. an extension plate; 111. a spring; 200. a first sliding seat; 201. adjusting a rod I; 202. a first bottom plate; 203. a light screen; 204. a column; 205. stretching the plate; 206. clamping a plate; 300. a second sliding seat; 301. a second adjusting rod; 302. a second bottom plate; 303. a first baffle plate; 304. a second baffle plate; 305. a top plate; 400. a third sliding seat; 401. adjusting a rod III; 402. a light source.

Detailed Description

For a further understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the diffraction experiment apparatus of the present embodiment includes a fixed rail 104 and a movable rail 105 that are telescopically coupled, and a light source assembly, a baffle assembly and a light screen assembly that are slidably coupled with the rails are sequentially disposed on the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105; the baffle plate assembly comprises a second bottom plate 302, two sides of the second bottom plate 302 are respectively provided with a first baffle plate 303 in a sliding fit mode, and the tops of the first baffle plates 303 on the two sides are connected with a top plate 305; the gap width between the first baffles 303 at the two sides is adjustable, so that the diffraction phenomenon caused by the change of different transverse distances can be observed, and the experimental cognition can be favorably known and widened.

Specifically, the sliding grooves 106 are formed in the two sides of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105, the baffle assembly comprises a second sliding seat 300 in sliding fit with the sliding grooves 106, a second adjusting rod 301 is arranged above the second sliding seat 300, a second bottom plate 302 is located at the top of the second adjusting rod 301, clamping grooves are formed in the second bottom plate 302 and the top plate 305, the two ends of a first baffle 303 are respectively matched and embedded into the clamping grooves, and the first baffle 303 on the two sides can be relatively far away from or close to the clamping grooves. The second sliding seat 300 can be adjusted in position along the extending direction of the sliding groove 106, a pressing bolt can be arranged on the second sliding seat 300, the surface of the rail is pressed downwards at a certain position to determine the position, and scales are arranged on the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105, so that the position can be adjusted accurately. The second adjusting rod 301 is a telescopic rod, the height of the second bottom plate 302 can be adjusted, and multiple conventional telescopic designs in the industry can be specifically adopted, so that the details are not repeated.

As shown in fig. 3, the optical screen assembly in this embodiment includes a first sliding base 200 that is matched with the sliding grooves 106 on two sides of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105, a first adjusting rod 201 is disposed on the first sliding base 200, a first bottom plate 202 is disposed on the top of the first adjusting rod 201, a slot for placing the optical screen 203 is disposed on the first bottom plate 202, the optical screen 203 is embedded into the slot in a matching manner, a pillar 204 is further disposed on the first bottom plate 202, the pillar 204 is located on one side of the optical screen 203, the top of the pillar 204 is connected with a stretching plate 205 through an elastic member, a clamping plate 206 that extends to one side is disposed on the top of the stretching plate 205, and the optical screen 203 is clamped below by the clamping plate 206. Similarly, adjust pole 201 and adopt the design on the telescopic link, can adjust the optical screen 203 height in a flexible way, and can effectively ensure optical screen 203 positional stability through compressing tightly of cardboard 206.

In this embodiment, the light source assembly includes a third sliding seat 400 engaged with the sliding grooves 106 on both sides of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105, a third adjusting rod 401 is disposed on the third sliding seat 400, and a light source 402 movably engaged with the top of the third adjusting rod 401. The adjusting rod III 401 is designed on the telescopic rod, the height of the light source 402 can be adjusted adaptively, the light source 402 and the end of the adjusting rod III 401 are hinged, and if the light source 402 and the end of the adjusting rod III are connected through a universal bearing or a spherical hinge, the direction of the light source 402 can be adjusted flexibly to meet the experiment requirement.

In this embodiment, the opposite end surfaces of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105 are respectively and correspondingly provided with a caulking groove and a caulking block which are matched with each other, that is, the end surface of one side is provided with the caulking groove, and the end surface of one side is provided with the caulking block; when the fixed track 104 is contacted with the movable track 105, the caulking groove and the caulking block are correspondingly matched and clamped to realize splicing of the fixed track and the movable track; as shown in fig. 5, the movable rail 105 and the fixed rail 104 are both hollow structures, a central shaft 109 is further disposed in the inner cavity of the movable rail 105, extension plates 110 are respectively disposed on the upper and lower sides of a portion of the central shaft 109 extending into the inner cavity of the fixed rail 104, and the extension plates 110 are connected to the central shaft 109 through springs 111. When the movable rail 105 is stretched outwards, the central shaft 109 is driven to gradually draw out the inner cavity of the fixed rail 104, when the extension plates 110 are completely drawn out, the extension plates are upwards sprung to be flush with the surfaces of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105 under the action of the elastic force of the springs 111 to form a middle splicing rail, the length of the whole rail is effectively prolonged, a sliding groove for the sliding fit of the second sliding seat 300 is also formed between the upper extension plate and the lower extension plate 110, and the subsequent position adjustment requirement of the second sliding seat 300 is met. Similarly, a central shaft 109 may be disposed in the inner cavity of the fixed rail 104, and an extension plate 110 is disposed in a region where the central shaft 109 extends into the inner cavity of the movable rail 105. In the embodiment, the distance requirement of the experiment can be met by splicing and extending the tracks, and the limitation condition of the current distance is solved; under the non-use state, can also retract extension board 110 inside the cavity at any time, overall structure area is little, and it is convenient to use. The extension plate 110 may also be provided with scales, and the movable rail 105 may be provided with two sets of scales corresponding to the fixed rail 104 and the extension plate 110, respectively.

Example 2

The diffraction experiment device of the embodiment is basically the same as that of embodiment 1, and further, the baffle assembly further comprises a second baffle 304, through grooves are formed in opposite wall surfaces of the first two baffles 303, the second baffle 304 is correspondingly embedded into the through grooves, the second baffle 304 on two sides can be relatively far away from or close to the through grooves, the bottom of the second baffle 304 is flush with the bottom of the first baffle 303, and the top height of the second baffle 304 is lower than that of the first baffle 303. As shown in fig. 4, the second baffle 304 can move inside and outside in the through groove of the first baffle 303, the first baffle 303 can be specifically in a shape of a right trapezoid in cross section, the through groove is formed on the inclined surface of the first baffle, the second baffle 304 moves inside and outside in the inclined surface, and the bottom of the second baffle 304 is also embedded in the clamping groove of the second bottom plate 302; when the first baffle plates 303 on the two sides are moved inwards and the second baffle plates 304 and the first baffle plates 303 keep the inner side surfaces of the first baffle plates 303 flush, the second baffle plates 304 and the first baffle plates 303 are matched to form a middle gap, and diffraction experiment observation can be carried out. When the position of the first baffle 303 is determined, the second baffles 304 on the two sides move inwards continuously, and a gap with a wider upper part and a narrower lower part is formed in a matching manner; the second baffle plates 304 on the two sides move outwards relatively, and then a gap with a narrower upper part and a wider lower part is formed in a matching manner. Therefore, through the change of the relative position between the second baffle 304 and the first baffle 303, the shape change of the middle gap can be realized, the experimental conditions are expanded, and the extension phenomenon caused by gaps of different shapes is observed; the specific diffraction experiment operation and process are in the prior art and will not be described in detail herein.

Example 3

The diffraction experiment apparatus of this embodiment is substantially the same as the above embodiment, and further, the baffle assembly further includes a third baffle (not shown in the figure), where the third baffle is located at the front side or the rear side of the first baffle 303, and the width of the third baffle is sufficient to cover the gap between the first baffles 303 at the two sides; the baffle III is movably arranged along the height direction of the baffle I303. Specifically, the baffle tee joint can be suspended below the top plate 305 through bolt fastening, namely, the bolt penetrates through the top plate 305 from the upper portion in a threaded fit manner and is connected with the baffle tee joint below, the upper and lower heights of the baffle tee joint can be adjusted through rotating the bolt, a soft shielding curtain is further connected to the top surface of the baffle tee joint, one side of the shielding curtain is connected with the top plate 305, one side of the shielding curtain is fixed on the baffle tee joint, when the baffle tee joint moves downwards, the shielding curtain is pulled to move downwards and expand, the middle gap formed by the baffle tee joint at two sides 303 is shielded at a certain height, and therefore the vertical distance of the middle gap is changed, and diffraction phenomena caused by different gap sizes are observed.

In this embodiment, the third baffle may also adopt other various structural modes, such as being disposed on the second bottom plate 302 together with the curtain, and moving up the third baffle drives the curtain to pull upwards to shield the middle gap; a baffle plate with a certain vertical height may also be separately provided, through slots are provided on the top plate 305 and the second bottom plate 302, the baffle plate extends to above the top plate 305 or below the second bottom plate 302 in a non-use state, and extends downwards or upwards to shield the middle gap in a use state, and the like, which is not described herein.

Example 4

A diffraction experiment apparatus of this embodiment, which is substantially the same as the above embodiment, further, as shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, further includes a box 100, a rotating plate 103 is disposed on the top of the box 100, and a fixed rail 104 and a movable rail 105 are disposed on the rotating plate 103; the rotating plate 103 is connected to the rotating shaft 102 and can be rotated inside the box 100 by the rotating shaft 102, and the rotating shaft 102 extends out of the box 100. Specifically, the rotating shaft 102 is disposed at the middle position of the rotating plate 103 in the width direction, the end of the rotating shaft 102 is rotatably engaged with the sidewall of the box 100, a handle convenient for operation by a person can be disposed on the rotating shaft 102, and the rotating plate 103 can be driven to turn over by rotating the rotating shaft 102 by a person.

In this embodiment, fixing caps 101 are respectively disposed around the box 100, sleeves 107 are correspondingly disposed around the rotating plate 103, and the fixing pins 108 are inserted into the sleeves 107 and the fixing caps 101 to fix the rotating plate 103. And a spring can be arranged between the fixing pin 108 and the sleeve 107 to connect, so as to prevent the fixing pin 108 from sliding down independently. In the embodiment, the position of the rotating plate 103 is fixed by matching the fixing pin 108 with the fixing cap 101, so that the requirement of the experimental process is met; after the experiment is finished, the fixing pin 108 can be pulled out from the fixing cap 101 at any time, the rotating plate 103 is turned over through the rotating shaft 102, and the upper assembly structure is turned over into the box 100, as shown in the state of fig. 1, similarly, the fixing pin 108 and the sleeve 107 can also be arranged on the other surface of the rotating plate 103, so that the position after turning is kept stable. Through the overturning design of the box body 100 and the rotating plate 103, the daily storage and arrangement of the whole experimental device are facilitated.

Example 5

The experimental method of the diffraction experimental device provided by the invention utilizes the experimental device in the embodiment and comprises the following steps:

s1, adjusting the lengths of the fixed rail 104 and the movable rail 105 according to the required length; i.e., determining whether the extension plate 110 needs to be withdrawn to extend the rail; then, adjusting the positions of the first sliding seat 200, the second sliding seat 300 and the third sliding seat 400 to a required position, adjusting the heights of the first adjusting rod 201 and the second adjusting rod 301 to be the same, and adjusting the positions of the third adjusting rod 401 and the light source 402 to enable the light source 402 to be in a horizontal direction;

s2, observing diffraction phenomena caused by change of the transverse distance by adjusting the gap between the first baffles 303 at the two sides; the relative position between the second baffle 304 and the first baffle 303 is adjusted to change the shape of the formed middle gap and observe the diffraction phenomenon caused by different shapes; through the height position of adjustment baffle three, change the vertical distance in middle clearance, observe the diffraction phenomenon that different clearance sizes caused, the extension experiment is cognitive.

The present invention and its embodiments have been described above schematically, without limitation, and what is shown in the drawings is only one of the embodiments of the present invention, and the actual structure is not limited thereto. Therefore, if the person skilled in the art receives the teaching, without departing from the spirit of the invention, the person skilled in the art shall not inventively design the similar structural modes and embodiments to the technical solution, but shall fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A diffraction experimental apparatus, characterized in that: the telescopic type light screen comprises a fixed track (104) and a movable track (105) which are connected in a telescopic matching manner, wherein a light source assembly, a baffle assembly and a light screen assembly which are in sliding fit with the tracks are sequentially arranged on the fixed track (104) and the movable track (105); the baffle plate assembly comprises a second bottom plate (302), first baffle plates (303) are arranged on two sides of the second bottom plate (302) in a sliding fit mode respectively, and top plates (305) are connected to the tops of the first baffle plates (303) on the two sides; the gap width between the first baffle plates (303) on the two sides is adjustable; the two sides of the fixed track (104) and the movable track (105) are respectively provided with a sliding groove (106), the baffle plate assembly comprises a sliding seat II (300) in sliding fit with the sliding groove (106), an adjusting rod II (301) is arranged above the sliding seat II (300), a bottom plate II (302) is positioned at the top of the adjusting rod II (301), clamping grooves are respectively formed in the bottom plate II (302) and the top plate (305), two ends of a baffle plate I (303) are respectively matched and embedded into the clamping grooves, and the baffle plates I (303) on the two sides can be relatively far away from or close to each other; the baffle plate assembly further comprises a second baffle plate (304), and the first baffle plate (303) is in a right-angled trapezoid shape in cross section; through grooves are formed in the opposite wall surfaces of the first baffle plates (303), the second baffle plates (304) are correspondingly embedded into the through grooves, the second baffle plates (304) on the two sides can be relatively far away or close to each other, the bottoms of the second baffle plates (304) are flush with the bottoms of the first baffle plates (303), and the heights of the tops of the second baffle plates (304) are lower than the heights of the tops of the first baffle plates (303); the baffle plate assembly further comprises a baffle plate III, the baffle plate III is positioned on the front side or the rear side of the baffle plate I (303), and the width of the baffle plate III is enough to cover the gap between the baffle plates I (303) on the two sides; the baffle III is movably arranged along the height direction of the baffle I (303); the opposite end surfaces of the fixed track (104) and the movable track (105) are respectively and correspondingly provided with a caulking groove and a caulking block which are matched with each other, and when the fixed track (104) is contacted with the movable track (105), the caulking groove and the caulking block are correspondingly matched with each other; a central shaft (109) is further arranged in the inner cavity of the movable rail (105) or the fixed rail (104), the upper side and the lower side of the part, extending into the inner cavity of the fixed rail (104) or the movable rail (105), of the central shaft (109) are respectively provided with an extension plate (110), and the extension plates (110) are connected with the central shaft (109) through springs (111);

the optical screen assembly comprises a first sliding seat (200) matched with sliding grooves (106) on two sides of a fixed rail (104) and a movable rail (105), a first adjusting rod (201) is arranged on the first sliding seat (200), a first bottom plate (202) is arranged at the top of the first adjusting rod (201), a clamping groove used for placing an optical screen (203) is formed in the first bottom plate (202), the optical screen (203) is embedded into the clamping groove in a matching mode, a stand column (204) is further arranged on the first bottom plate (202), the stand column (204) is located on one side of the optical screen (203), the top of the stand column (204) is connected with a stretching plate (205) through an elastic piece, a clamping plate (206) extending towards one side is arranged at the top of the stretching plate (205), and the clamping plate (206) clamps the optical screen (203) below; the light source assembly comprises a third sliding seat (400) matched with sliding grooves (106) on two sides of the fixed rail (104) and the movable rail (105), a third adjusting rod (401) is arranged on the third sliding seat (400), and a light source (402) in movable fit is arranged at the top of the third adjusting rod (401);

the device also comprises a box body (100), wherein a rotating plate (103) is arranged at the top of the box body (100), and a fixed track (104) and a movable track (105) are arranged on the rotating plate (103); the rotating plate (103) is connected with the rotating shaft (102) and can be driven by the rotating shaft (102) to turn over in the box body (100), and the rotating shaft (102) extends out of the box body (100); fixing caps (101) are respectively arranged on the periphery of the box body (100), sleeves (107) are correspondingly arranged on the periphery of the rotating plate (103), and fixing pins (108) are inserted into the sleeves (107) and the fixing caps (101) to fix the rotating plate (103).

2. An experimental method of a diffraction experimental apparatus, characterized in that: the diffraction experimental apparatus according to claim 1 was used, and the method was performed according to the following steps:

s1, adjusting the lengths of the fixed track (104) and the movable track (105) according to the required length; adjusting the positions of the first sliding seat (200), the second sliding seat (300) and the third sliding seat (400) to a required position, adjusting the heights of the first adjusting rod (201) and the second adjusting rod (301) to be the same, and adjusting the positions of the third adjusting rod (401) and the light source (402) to enable the light source (402) to be in the horizontal direction;

s2, observing diffraction phenomena caused by change of transverse distance by adjusting the gap between the first baffle plates (303) on the two sides; changing the shape of the formed middle gap by adjusting the relative position between the second baffle (304) and the first baffle (303), and observing diffraction phenomena caused by different shapes; through the height position of adjustment baffle three, change the vertical distance of intermediate gap, observe the diffraction phenomenon that different clearance sizes caused, the extension experiment is cognitive.