CN111745289B - Friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts - Google Patents
Friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts Download PDFInfo
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- CN111745289B CN111745289B CN202010761911.1A CN202010761911A CN111745289B CN 111745289 B CN111745289 B CN 111745289B CN 202010761911 A CN202010761911 A CN 202010761911A CN 111745289 B CN111745289 B CN 111745289B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/122—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding using a non-consumable tool, e.g. friction stir welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
Abstract
The invention discloses a friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts, which comprises the following steps: spot welding at fixed positions: according to the material thickness of a welding area, a corresponding fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head and stirring friction welding process parameters are used, the stirring head and the stirring friction welding process parameters are vertically inserted into the welding area in a non-inclination posture, and tack welding is carried out to relatively fix two parts to be welded; and (3) according to the material thickness of the welding area, replacing the corresponding drawing-back type stirring head and adjusting the corresponding friction stir welding process parameters, and then welding the annular closed welding line. The invention can not generate welding air holes, hot cracks, stress corrosion cracks after welding and other defects; the dip angle of the stirring head is not required to be controlled by welding equipment, and singular points can be avoided when the annular closed welding line is welded; after welding is finished, the withdrawing type stirring pin does not leave a keyhole at the tail section of the welding line; no flash is generated basically, the weld seam is not thinned, and the tensile strength of the weld seam area is not reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a friction stir welding method, in particular to a technical method for friction stir welding of small-diameter (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) flange parts, in particular to a friction stir welding method adopting a non-inclination-angle drawing-back type stirring head, and a friction stir welding technology which is particularly suitable for welding small-diameter flange parts on metal thin-wall plates (the thinnest thickness can reach 3 mm).
Background
Friction stir welding is a solid phase welding technique invented by the British institute for welding (TWI) in 1991. During welding, a stirring head rotating at a high speed is inserted between metals to be welded, the stirring head is enabled to move forwards at a certain speed, and the metals to be welded are heated to a plastic state through the rotation of the stirring head. Along with the movement of the stirring head, the temperature of the welding area is gradually reduced, and the plastic material is gradually cooled and solidified to form a welding seam. Compared with the traditional melting welding method, the friction stir welding joint has the advantages of fine crystal grains, good fatigue property, tensile property and bending property, no smoke, no splash, no air holes, energy conservation, no need of welding wires, no need of shielding gas during welding, small residual stress and deformation after welding and the like.
The metal thin-wall plate has wide application in the field of aerospace, such as manufacturing rocket fuel storage tanks, airplane wings and the like. The fusion welding technology has some defects in the welding of metal thin-wall plates, and the defects of thermal deformation, cracks and the like of a welding area are often caused by excessively high welding heat input. The advent of friction stir welding has provided a new solution to the manufacture of such products.
Flange parts are common parts, and are generally welded with metal thin-wall plate parts through intersecting lines, while flanges with small diameters (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) are welded in a manual fusion welding mode due to the fact that the diameters of the intersecting lines are small. However, the fusion welding method can not fundamentally solve the defects of welding air holes, thermal cracks, large deformation after welding, stress corrosion cracks and the like, and particularly when an aluminum alloy structural member is welded, important products are often scrapped, so that the production efficiency, the manufacturing cost and the like of the products are adversely affected. The friction stir welding technology has unique advantages in the aspect of aluminum alloy welding, but the technological characteristics of the friction stir welding technology bring inconvenience when a small-diameter flange is welded. Firstly, the inclination angle of the stirring pin welding process easily causes the welding actuator to enter a singular point position, particularly welding a track with a closed characteristic, the smaller the curvature radius of the track, the more serious the problem, and the problem easily causes the welding feeding speed to fluctuate, thereby affecting the welding quality. On the other hand, when welding thin-walled parts, the heat input always causes structural deformation, and the parts need to be pressed firmly through a clamp. However, in the case of a small welding area, this can cause problems for the mounting of the clamp, in particular how to clamp the parts located in the closed weld. At present, the engineering application of the friction stir welding technology mainly focuses on welding of linear welding seams or large-curvature longitudinal seams and circular seams, and no technology or method related to friction stir welding of flange parts with small diameters (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) exists. Therefore, in order to reduce welding defects and improve welding quality stability and reliability, it is necessary to research the application of friction stir welding technology to the welding manufacture of small-diameter flange parts.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts. The invention aims at the flange parts with small diameter (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) widely existing in aerospace products, and the friction stir welding is carried out aiming at the annular closed welding line, so that the defects of welding air holes, thermal cracks, large deformation after welding, stress corrosion cracks and the like generated by the traditional manual fusion welding manufacturing are fundamentally avoided. The welding technology adopts a non-dip angle drawing-back type stirring head for welding, and key holes can be eliminated on an annular closed welding line; the stirring head based on no inclination angle simplifies the requirement on the number of linkage shafts of welding equipment and reduces the welding difficulty.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts comprises the following steps:
step one, preparation before welding: polishing and grinding the welding areas of the flange part with the small diameter to be welded and the plate part to be welded, and fixing the two parts to be welded according to a preset welding position by using a clamp;
step two, spot welding positioning: according to the material thickness of a welding area, a corresponding fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head and stirring friction welding process parameters are used, the stirring head and the stirring friction welding process parameters are vertically inserted into the welding area in a non-inclination posture, and tack welding is carried out to relatively fix two parts to be welded;
step three, replacing a corresponding drawing-back type stirring head and adjusting corresponding friction stir welding process parameters according to the material thickness of a welding area, and then welding the annular closed welding line;
step four, post-welding treatment: and polishing the welding seam area to remove fish scale marks, so that the welding seam area is smooth and clean.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following positive effects:
1) compared with the conventional manual fusion welding, the welding method has the advantages that the defects of welding air holes, hot cracks, stress corrosion cracks after welding and the like are avoided, the welding process is green and environment-friendly, and the welding quality is stable and reliable.
2) The axis of the stirring head coincides with the normal direction of the surface of the welding seam, the inclination angle of the stirring head is not required to be controlled by welding equipment, the requirement on the number of linkage shafts of the welding equipment is simplified, the control difficulty of the welding equipment is reduced, and singular points can be avoided when the annular closed welding seam is welded.
3) After welding, the withdrawing type stirring pin can not leave a key hole at the tail section of the welding line, and the strength of the welding line joint can not be reduced due to the existence of the key hole.
4) The stirring head without the inclination angle basically cannot generate flash in the welding process of the annular welding line, the welding line cannot be thinned, and the tensile strength of the welding line area cannot be reduced.
5) The welding method has good adaptability and is suitable for the intersecting line welding of flange parts and metal thin-wall plate parts with the diameter of the welding line less than or equal to phi 100 mm.
Drawings
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a type of small diameter (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) flange parts;
FIG. 2 is a fixed shaft shoulder agitator head;
fig. 3 shows a back-pumping mixing head, wherein the reference numbers: 11-stirring pin, 12-shaft shoulder;
fig. 4 is a working schematic of the welding fixture, marked: 1-a drawing-back type stirring head, 2-a flange part to be welded, 3-a plate part to be welded, 4-a welding fixture and 5-an annular closed welding line;
fig. 5 shows a process for welding a closed circumferential weld, wherein: 5-annular sealing welding seam, 6-welding direction, 7-backward side, 1-withdrawing type stirring head, and 8-forward side.
Detailed Description
The invention discloses a friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts, which is a method for performing friction stir welding on an annular closed welding line with the diameter less than or equal to phi 100mm by adopting a non-inclination-angle back-drawing type stirring head. The core characteristics are as follows:
and selecting corresponding fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head, drawing back type stirring head and friction stir welding parameters according to the structure and material characteristics of the part to be welded.
When welding, the axis of the fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head is overlapped with the normal direction of the surface of a metal plate to be welded and inserted into a material to be welded, and the shaft shoulder stops for 5-8 s after contacting the material and then retreats along the normal line, so that the aim of fixing a flange part through positioning spot welding is fulfilled, and the dependence on a welding fixture is eliminated.
And enabling the drawing-back type stirring head to be overlapped along the normal direction of the surface of the metal plate to be welded, inserting the drawing-back type stirring head into the material to be welded, and performing friction stir welding along the welding seam track after the shaft shoulder is stopped for 5-8 s after being contacted with the material. And after the welding of the circle of closed welding line is finished, continuing to weld along the track. Meanwhile, the stirring pin is drawn back into the shaft shoulder at a certain speed, and the stirring head is separated from the weldment after the stirring pin is completely immersed into the shaft shoulder, so that the welding is completed.
In the friction stir welding process, the high-speed rotation of the stirring head heats materials in a welding area to a plastic state, the stirring head extrudes and stirs the plastic materials when welding along a welding seam track, so that the plastic materials form a stable flow field, the temperature of the parts moved by the stirring head is gradually reduced along with the movement of the stirring head, the plastic materials are gradually cooled and solidified, and a forging structure is formed in the welding seam area, so that the friction stir welding of the welding seam is completed.
The method is suitable for welding small-diameter flanges with the diameter of the welding line being less than or equal to phi 100mm in aerospace products, and is particularly suitable for the conditions that the parts are easy to generate air holes, hot cracks, large deformation after welding, stress corrosion cracks and other defects due to the adoption of the traditional manual fusion welding manufacturing.
The specific implementation steps are as follows:
1) preparing before welding: according to the specific welding position and size, proper polishing and grinding are carried out on the welding area of the flange part (shown in figure 1) with the small diameter (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) to be welded and the plate part to be welded, so that the cleanness and no dirt of the welding area are ensured. After polishing, the two parts to be welded are fixed in a predetermined welding position using a jig (shown in fig. 4).
2) Tool preparation: according to the structure and material characteristics of two parts to be welded, selecting a corresponding stirring head and corresponding stirring friction welding process parameters such as the rotating speed, the feeding speed, the pressing amount and the like of the stirring head.
3) Spot welding at fixed positions: according to the material thickness of the welding area, a corresponding stirring head in a fixed shaft shoulder type (as shown in figure 2) is used, the axis of the stirring head is overlapped with the normal direction of the surface of the welding area, the stirring head is vertically inserted into the welding area in a non-inclination angle posture while rotating at a high speed, and the stirring head stops for 5-8 s after the shaft shoulder is contacted with the material and then retreats along the normal line. On the track route of the annular closed welding line, spot welding of two parts to be welded is completed in a mode of uniformly distributing 4-6 points, and after the spot welding is completed, the parts in the middle of the closed welding line are not required to be pressed by an additional welding clamp.
4) Inserting a stirring head: according to the material thickness of the welding area, the corresponding drawing-back type stirring head is replaced (as shown in figure 3), the stirring pin of the stirring head extends out of the shaft shoulder for a certain distance (usually 3 mm-8 mm), the axis of the stirring pin is overlapped with the normal direction of the surface of the welding area, the stirring pin is vertically inserted into the welding area in a non-inclination angle state while rotating at high speed, and the welding is started.
5) Stable welding process: in the welding process, the drawing-back type stirring head rotates at a high speed, and moves to weld according to the track of the annular closed welding line, so that the flange parts to be welded are positioned at the backward side, and the plate parts to be welded are positioned at the forward side (as shown in fig. 5).
6) Extracting the stirring head: when the annular closed welding seam is welded to the tail section of the annular closed welding seam, the drawing-back type stirring head continues to rotate at a high speed, and meanwhile, the stirring pin is drawn back into the shaft shoulder at a certain speed (100-200 mm/min), so that a keyhole is not left at the tail section of the annular closed welding seam, and the shape of the whole annular closed welding seam is complete.
7) Post-welding treatment: and (4) carrying out simple polishing and grinding treatment on the welding seam area to remove the fish scale marks, so that the welding seam area is smooth and attractive.
As shown in figure 1, the small-diameter flange parts are parts widely existing in aerospace products, are generally welded with metal plate parts through intersecting lines, and have the characteristics that welding seams are annular and closed, the diameter of the welding seams is less than or equal to phi 100mm, and the like.
As shown in fig. 2, the fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head is a type of stirring head commonly used for friction stir welding.
As shown in fig. 3, the retractable mixing head has the basic features of a mixing pin 11, a shaft shoulder 12, etc., wherein the mixing pin 11 is located in the inner cavity of the shaft shoulder 12 and can move linearly within a certain range.
As shown in fig. 4, the welding jig 4 is mainly used for fixing the parts to be welded and providing a reliable support opposite to the annular sealing weld 5.
As shown in fig. 5, the forward side 8 refers to a side where the direction of the rotation tangential velocity of the stirring head 1 is consistent with the feeding direction 6 of the stirring head along the circular closed weld track during the welding process of the circular closed weld 5, i.e. is located outside the closed weld in the present invention; the retreating side 7 refers to the side of the stirring head with the rotation tangential speed direction opposite to the feeding direction of the stirring head along the circular closed welding seam track in the welding process of the circular closed welding seam, namely the side is positioned at the inner side of the closed welding seam in the invention.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
aiming at the specific structure of a small-diameter (less than or equal to phi 100 mm) flange part to be welded (as shown in figure 1), polishing and grinding the area to be welded until the area is clean, and strictly fixing two parts to be welded (2 and 3) by using a welding fixture (4) (as shown in figure 4). Selecting a proper fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head (as shown in figure 2) and technological parameters of friction stir welding, vertically inserting the stirring head into a welding area in a non-inclination posture, and implementing tack welding to relatively fix two parts to be welded. After replacing a proper drawing type stirring head (as shown in figure 3) and adjusting corresponding technological parameters of friction stir welding, vertically inserting the drawing type stirring head 1 into a welding area in a posture without an inclination angle, and welding an annular closed welding line. During welding, the flange part 2 to be welded is positioned on the backward side 7, and the plate part 3 to be welded is positioned on the forward side 8 (as shown in fig. 4 and 5). When the stirring pin is welded to the tail section of the annular closed welding line, the stirring pin is drawn back into the shaft shoulder at a certain speed, and the drawing-back stirring head is ensured not to leave a keyhole at the tail section of the annular closed welding line. And after welding, the welding seam area is subjected to simple polishing and grinding treatment, and the fish scale lines are removed, so that the welding seam area is smooth and attractive.
Claims (5)
1. A friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, preparation before welding: polishing and grinding the welding areas of the flange part with the small diameter to be welded and the plate part to be welded, and fixing the two parts to be welded according to a preset welding position by using a clamp;
step two, spot welding positioning: according to the material thickness of a welding area, a corresponding fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head and stirring friction welding process parameters are used, the stirring head and the stirring friction welding process parameters are vertically inserted into the welding area in a non-inclination posture, and tack welding is carried out to relatively fix two parts to be welded; the specific method comprises the following steps:
enabling the axis of the fixed shaft shoulder type stirring head to coincide with the normal direction of the surface of a welding area, vertically inserting the stirring head into the welding area in a non-inclination posture while rotating at a high speed, and stopping for 5-8 s after the shaft shoulder is contacted with a material and then withdrawing along the normal; during tack welding, two parts to be welded are subjected to spot welding in a manner of uniformly distributing 4-6 points on a track route of an annular closed welding line;
step three, replacing a corresponding drawing-back type stirring head and adjusting corresponding friction stir welding process parameters according to the material thickness of a welding area, and then welding the annular closed welding line; in the welding process, the drawing-back stirring head rotates at a high speed and moves to weld according to the track of the annular closed welding line, so that the flange part to be welded is positioned at the backward side, and the plate part to be welded is positioned at the forward side;
step four, post-welding treatment: and polishing the welding seam area to remove fish scale marks, so that the welding seam area is smooth and clean.
2. The friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts according to claim 1, characterized in that: the parameters of the friction stir welding process comprise: the rotating speed of the stirring head, the feeding speed and the pressing amount.
3. The friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts according to claim 1, characterized in that: step three, the insertion mode of the back-pumping type stirring head is as follows: and (3) extending the stirring pin out of the shaft shoulder for a certain distance to ensure that the axis of the stirring pin is superposed with the normal direction of the surface of the welding area, and vertically inserting the stirring pin into the welding area in a posture without an inclination angle while rotating at a high speed.
4. The friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts according to claim 1, characterized in that: and in the welding process in the step three, inserting the drawing-back stirring head into the material to be welded, and performing friction stir welding along the welding seam track after the shaft shoulder is stopped for 5-8 s after being contacted with the material.
5. The friction stir welding method for small-diameter flange parts according to claim 1, characterized in that: and in the welding process in the step three, after a circle of closed welding seam is welded, welding is continuously carried out along the track, meanwhile, the stirring pin is drawn back into the shaft shoulder at a certain speed, and the stirring head is separated from the weldment to finish welding after the stirring pin is completely immersed into the shaft shoulder.
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| CN113172333B (en) * | 2021-05-31 | 2022-08-09 | 四川航天长征装备制造有限公司 | Friction stir welding stirring head capable of improving penetration depth |
| CN114054936A (en) * | 2021-11-29 | 2022-02-18 | 天津航天长征火箭制造有限公司 | Low-stress shape-control assembling and welding method for closed circular seam flange |
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| CN103008872B (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2015-02-25 | 天津大学 | Stirring friction processing remanufacturing method of worn shaft type parts |
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