CN111728103B - Application of tetramethyluric acid in preparation of feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver - Google Patents
Application of tetramethyluric acid in preparation of feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of feed additives, in particular to application of tetramethyluric acid in preparation of feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver. In the specific application, the tetramethyluric acid is used as a feed additive, the addition amount is 0.10-0.30%, and the tetramethyluric acid is directly mixed with fish feed. The tetramethyluric acid is applied to preventing and/or treating the fish fatty liver, and is mainly characterized in that: can enhance fish immunity, reduce incidence of fish fatty liver and gallbladder syndrome, improve utilization rate of aquatic feed, regulate fish intestinal microecological environment, and improve fish growth performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feed additives, in particular to application of tetramethyluric acid in preparation of feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver.
Background
In modern intensive aquaculture mode, in order to obtain higher economic benefit, the oil content in the aquaculture feed is continuously increased, the phenomenon of fat excessive accumulation in the cultured fishes is more and more serious, and lipid metabolism disorders such as fish fatty liver, hepatobiliary syndrome and the like are caused.
Unlike mammals, fish lack a subcutaneous fat layer, and the main sites of fat accumulation are the abdominal mesenteric adipose tissue, liver and muscles. Excessive accumulation of excess fat in the abdominal cavity causes the problem of "big belly", and excessive accumulation of excess fat in the liver causes the problem of fatty liver. The fat accumulation causes the imbalance of nutrition metabolism of the fish and reduces the production performance; causing the disturbance of immune system, causing the reduction of disease resistance of fish, easily causing the fulminant large-scale hepatobiliary syndrome, easily causing the stress bleeding syndrome when being subjected to the environmental stress stimulation (such as net pulling, transportation, water temperature mutation, poor water quality and the like), and even dying in a large amount.
Therefore, research and development of a feed additive capable of resisting fish fatty liver are urgently needed to solve the current problems in the aquaculture industry.
Tetramethyluric acid (theacrine), with the chemical name of 1,3,7, 9-tetramethyluric acid, is a naturally occurring purine alkaloid and is mainly present in the tender leaves of bitter tea. In recent years, 1,3,7, 9-tetramethyluric acid is found to have various pharmacological actions such as antidepressant action, anti-inflammatory action, analgesic action and the like, and is used in scientific research of human beings for preventing and treating diabetes. However, the application of tetramethyluric acid in aquaculture industry, especially in solving the problem of fat metabolism disorder of fish fatty liver, hepatobiliary syndrome and the like caused by too high feed fat addition in the fish culture process is not found in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide application of tetramethyluric acid in preparing feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver.
The application refers to: administering tetramethyluric acid to the fish.
The feed refers to a basal feed or a fat-containing feed which is generally administered to fishes, and is particularly suitable for high-fat feeds.
In the specific application, the tetramethyluric acid is used as a feed additive, and is mixed with fish feed.
The weight percentage of the tetramethyluric acid in the total amount of the feed is 0.10-0.30%, preferably 0.10-0.25%, and more preferably 0.15-0.20%.
The tetramethyluric acid as a feed additive is applied to preventing and/or treating the fatty liver of fish, and is mainly characterized in that: enhancing fish immunity, reducing incidence of fish fatty liver and gallbladder syndrome, improving utilization rate of aquatic feed, regulating fish intestinal microecological environment, and improving fish growth performance.
The tetramethyluric acid is used as a feed additive to be applied to preventing and/or treating the fatty liver of the fish, and the action mechanism is as follows: reducing the content of fish liver lipid, promoting the reduction of the content of fish serum total lipid and beta-lipoprotein, and remarkably changing the fatty acid composition of fish liver lipid, especially increasing the content of total polyunsaturated fatty acid.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. the feed additive can enhance immunity of fish, thereby improving growth performance of fish.
2. The feed additive can reduce incidence of fatty liver and gallbladder syndrome of fish, thereby improving growth performance of fish.
3. The feed additive can improve the utilization rate of aquatic feed, regulate the micro-ecological environment of fish intestinal tract, and improve the growth performance of fish.
Detailed Description
The following is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and improvements are also considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
In the following examples, tetramethyluric acid used was obtained from Shanghai-derived leaf Biotech Ltd.
In order to further verify the influence of the feed additive provided by the invention on the growth performance of fishes, the invention verifies series indexes such as the growth performance of grass carps by adjusting the proportion of the additive in the feed. The method specifically comprises the steps of preparing a base feed from casein, dextrin, corn oil, cod liver oil, an inorganic salt mixture, a vitamin mixture and the like, preparing a corresponding high-fat feed from the corn oil and the cod liver oil, adding 1% choline chloride as an experiment control group, and adding different levels of tetramethyluric acid to prepare 20 test feeds (see tables 1 and 2) so as to evaluate the effect of the tetramethyluric acid.
1800 grass carps of 25.0 +/-1.0 g in the same batch are selected as experimental objects, namely the sources, the ages in days and the weights of the grass carps of experimental animals are close, the 1800 grass carps are randomly divided into 20 groups, each group has 3 repetitions, and each repetition has 30 repetitions. The feeding test was carried out in an indoor circulating water filtration cultivation tube (150cm height. times. diameter 80c m). The water source is tap water after aeration and dechlorination, the average water temperature is 25.0 +/-2.0 ℃, the dissolved oxygen in the water is more than 7m g/L, the pH value is 6.80 +/-001, and the ammonia nitrogen is 0.02m g/L. The illumination time is 12h per day. The feeding amount is determined according to 3% of the fish weight, feeding is divided into 2 times every day at 9h in the morning and 4h in the afternoon, the total body weight is calculated according to 2% of daily weight gain, the feeding amount is adjusted every 10 days, and the test period is 8 weeks. The feed composition and nutrient levels are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 feed composition and Nutrition level (%, Dry matter basis)
Composition (%) of the complex inorganic salt: 12.29 parts of monocalcium phosphate, 47.42 parts of calcium lactate, 4.20 parts of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 3.23 parts of sodium chloride, 16.38 parts of potassium sulfate, 6.58 parts of potassium chloride, 1.07 parts of ferrous sulfate, 3.83 parts of ferric citrate, 4.42 parts of magnesium sulfate, 0.47 part of zinc sulfate, 0.033 part of manganese sulfate, 0.022 part of copper sulfate, 0.043 part of cobalt chloride and 0.022 part of potassium iodide.
Composition (%) of multivitamins: 5.55 parts of choline chloride, 2.22 parts of inositol, 1.11 parts of vitamin C, 0.83 part of calcium pantothenate, 10.22 parts of vitamin B, 20.56 parts of vitamin B, 60.06 parts of vitamin B, 0.06 part of vitamin K, 0.02 part of folic acid, 120.012 parts of vitamin B, 0.006 part of biotin, 0.44 part of alpha-tocopherol acetate and 88.87 parts of cellulose.
TABLE 2 Experimental groups and Table of the amount of added tetramethyluric acid
TABLE 3 relative growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency after 8 weeks of grass carp rearing
| Code | Relative to each otherGrowth rate (%) | Feed conversion ratio (%) | Protein efficiency |
| CK | 68.2±3.2 de | 40.3±4.8 de | 1.08±0.10 d |
| CK+CC | 85.3±2.6 b | 45.2±1.1 cd | 1.42±0.05 b |
| CK+NC1 | 73.4±3.5 de | 39.5±1.8 ef | 1.31±0.05 bc |
| CK+NC2 | 78.2±1.8 d | 38.9±1.5 ef | 1.27±0.09 bc |
| CK+NC3 | 84.5±3.0 bc | 38.1±0.8 f | 1.28±0.08 bc |
| CK+NC4 | 89.6±6.2 b | 44.0±1.0 cd | 1.47±0.04 b |
| CK+NC5 | 116.2±21.8 a | 52.3±0.6 b | 1.45±0.06 b |
| CK+NC6 | 98.5±16.4 a | 47.4±0.5 c | 1.52±0.09 b |
| CK+NC7 | 89.2±10.3 b | 43.2±1.3 cd | 1.34±0.13 bc |
| CK+NC8 | 77.4±4.9 d | 37.1±0.5 g | 1.26±0.08 bc |
| HL | 68.9±4.4 de | 41.5±3.4 de | 1.13±0.06 d |
| HL+CC | 91.3±6.1 b | 46.2±1.4 c | 1.52±0.11 b |
| HL+NC1 | 74.1±4.8 d | 40.5±2.5 e | 1.34±0.14 b |
| HL+NC2 | 79.1±3.8 d | 41.9±1.4 de | 1.32±0.14 bc |
| HL+NC3 | 85.5±5.1 b | 42.1±0.9 de | 1.38±0.15 b |
| HL+NC4 | 93.5±5.8 b | 46.0±1.4 c | 1.50±0.04 b |
| HL+NC5 | 125.3±18.2 a | 63.3±1.7 a | 1.56±0.10 a |
| HL+NC6 | 101.9±16.5 a | 51.4±2.5 a | 1.65±0.05 a |
| HL+NC7 | 90.5±9.4 b | 45.2±2.5 c | 1.46±0.09 b |
| HL+NC8 | 78.9±7.6 d | 39.1±1.1 ef | 1.37±0.10 b |
Note that within the same column, the upper right corner is marked with different English letters, indicating that the difference between the data is significant (p < 0.05).
The experimental result shows that for the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group, the feed can promote the growth of the grass carp by adding 0.10-0.25% of tetramethyluric acid (see table 3 specifically), the feed conversion rate and the protein conversion efficiency are improved, and particularly, the relative growth rate of the group added with 0.15-0.20% of tetramethyluric acid is the highest, the basal feed group is 98.5-116.2%, and the high-fat feed group is 101.9-125.3%. And compared with an experimental control group (a group added with 1% of choline chloride), the relative growth rate is higher: the relative growth rates of 0.15-0.20% of the tetramethyluric acid-added group are 115.47-136.23% and 111.61-137.24% of the basal feed experiment control group (CK + CC) and the high-fat feed experiment control group (HL + CC), respectively. Compared with the basal feed group, the tetramethyluric acid of 0.15-0.20% has more remarkable effects of improving the relative growth rate, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency of the grass carp in the high-fat feed group. In a word, the 0.15-0.20% of tetramethyluric acid can obviously improve the feed conversion rate and the protein efficiency of the grass carps in the high-fat feed group, thereby obviously improving the relative growth rate of the grass carps.
TABLE 4 lipid content and composition of liver after 8 weeks of grass carp rearing
Note: within the same column, the upper right corner is marked with different english letters, indicating that the difference between the data is significant (p < 0.05).
The experimental result shows that for the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group, the lipid content of the liver of the grass carp can be obviously reduced by adding 0.10-0.30% of tetramethyluric acid into the feed (see table 4 specifically). Especially for the high-fat feed group, the lipid content of grass carp liver can be reduced to 24.49% -68.61% of the control group (HL group) by 0.10% -0.30% of tetramethyluric acid, and the value is obviously lower than that of the experimental control group (HL + CC). Namely, the effect of adding 0.10 to 0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid in the high-fat feed is obviously better than the effect of adding 1 percent of choline chloride.
For basal feed group and high fat feed group, the content of triglyceride in grass carp liver lipid is significantly reduced by adding 0.1% -0.30% tetramethyluric acid into the feed (see table 4 specifically), and the value is significantly lower than that of experimental control group (CK + CC, HL + CC). Namely, the effect of adding 0.10 to 0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid in the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group is better than the effect of adding 1 percent of choline chloride.
The addition of tetramethyluric acid in the basal feed group has no significant influence on the total cholesterol content in the liver lipids of the grass carp. The content of total cholesterol in grass carp liver lipid can be obviously reduced only by adding tetramethyluric acid in a high-fat feed group (see table 4 specifically), the content of total cholesterol in grass carp liver lipid is obviously lower than that in a control group (HL) by adding 0.02-0.30% of tetramethyluric acid, and the content of total cholesterol in grass carp liver lipid is obviously lower than that in an experimental control group (HL + CC) by adding 0.30% of tetramethyluric acid. Namely, the effect of adding 0.02 to 0.25 percent of tetramethyluric acid in the high-fat feed group is equivalent to the effect of adding 1 percent of choline chloride, and the effect of adding 0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid is better than the effect of adding 1 percent of choline chloride.
The addition of 0.01-0.25% of tetramethyluric acid in the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group has no significant influence on the phospholipid content in the liver lipids of the grass carp. The addition of 0.30% tetramethyluric acid only to the high-fat feed group resulted in significantly lower phospholipid content in liver lipids of grass carp than the experimental control group (HL + CC). Namely, the effect of adding 0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid in the high-fat feed group is better than the effect of adding 1 percent of choline chloride.
In conclusion, the addition of 0.10% -0.30% of tetramethyluric acid in the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group can make the liver lipid content and the triglyceride content of the grass carp significantly lower than those of the control group. The total cholesterol content in liver lipid of grass carp can be obviously reduced by only adding 0.02-0.30% of tetramethyluric acid in a high-fat feed group.
For the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group, the content of total serum lipid and beta-lipoprotein of the grass carp can be obviously reduced by adding 0.10-0.30% of tetramethyluric acid into the feed (see table 5 specifically). Especially for the high-fat feed group, the content of 0.10-0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid can reduce the serum total lipid and beta-lipoprotein content of the grass carp to 72.64-87.0 percent and 66.362-85.53 percent of the control group (HL group) respectively.
TABLE 5 lipid content and lipoprotein composition of serum after 8 weeks of grass carp rearing
| Addition amount (%) | Serum total lipid (mg/100mL) | Beta-lipoprotein (%) |
| CK | 1178.2±70.2 a | 19.59±1.63 a |
| CK+CC | 991.7±71.4 b | 17.49±0.95 ab |
| CK+NC1 | 1156.2±74.0 a | 19.25±1.63 a |
| CK+NC2 | 1127.2±82.3 a | 19.03±1.63 a |
| CK+NC3 | 1108.2±59.8 ab | 18.96±1.63 a |
| CK+NC4 | 1071.2±78.1 b | 17.55±1.03 b |
| CK+NC5 | 1028.2±82.2 b | 15.62±1.00 b |
| CK+NC6 | 990.2±17.4 b | 15.54±1.60 b |
| CK+NC7 | 958.2±88.1 b | 13.95±0.49 bc |
| CK+NC8 | 908.2±59.8 b | 13.09±2.15 bc |
| HL | 1253.8±105.4 a | 21.91±3.10 a |
| HL+CC | 1001.7±99.7 ab | 17.85±2.39 ab |
| HL+NC1 | 1239.7±79.2 a | 21.25±2.52 a |
| HL+NC2 | 1205±77.2 a | 20.47±0.98 a |
| HL+NC3 | 1153.3±67 a | 19.83±2.52 a |
| HL+NC4 | 1090.9±71.1 b | 18.74±0.91 b |
| HL+NC5 | 1006±64.4 b | 17.01±1.46 b |
| HL+NC6 | 962.3±94.0 b | 16.48±1.63 b |
| HL+NC7 | 921.4±70.8 b | 15.04±1.63 b |
| HL+NC8 | 910.7±74.0 b | 14.54±1.63 b |
Note: within the same column, the upper right corner is marked with different english letters, indicating that the difference between the data is significant (p < 0.05).
TABLE 6 fatty acid composition of liver lipids (% moL) after 8 weeks of grass carp rearing
TABLE 7 fatty acid abbreviations List
| Serial number | Abbreviations | System naming | Common name |
| 1 | 14:00 | Myristic acid | Myristic acid |
| 2 | 16:00 | Hexadecanoic acid | Palmitic acid |
| 3 | 18:00 | Stearic acid | Stearic acid |
| 4 | 16:1n-7 | Cis-9-hexadecenoic acid | Palmitoleic acid |
| 5 | 18:1n-9 | 9-Octadecaenoic acid | Oleic acid |
| 6 | 20:1n-9 | Cis-11-eicosenoic acid | - |
| 7 | 18:2n-6 | 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid | Linoleic acid |
| 8 | 20:4n-6 | 5, 8, 11, 4-eicosatetraenoic acid | Arachidonic acid |
| 9 | 20:5n-3 | 5, 8, 11, 4, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid | EPA |
| 10 | 22:5n-3 | 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosapentaenoic acid | - |
| 11 | 22:6n-3 | 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid | DHA |
The experimental result shows that for both basal feed group and high-fat feed group, the addition of 0.10-0.30% tetramethyluric acid in the feed can significantly change the fatty acid composition of grass carp liver lipid (see table 6 specifically), i.e., the content of total saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid is reduced, while the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid is increased. Compared with an experimental control group, the addition of 0.20-0.30% of tetramethyluric acid in the basal feed group and the high-fat feed group can remarkably change the fatty acid composition of grass carp liver lipid (the total saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid content is reduced, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased), so the effect of the feed is remarkably superior to that of the feed added with 1% of choline chloride.
In a basic feed group and a high-fat feed group, 0.10 to 0.30 percent of tetramethyluric acid is added into the feed to obviously reduce the content of 3 saturated fatty acids, namely myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, in liver lipid of the grass carp, and the content of 2 monounsaturated fatty acids, namely cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) and 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), the contents of 5 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), 5, 8, 11, 4-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid), 5, 8, 11, 4, 17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosapentaenoic acid and 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are obviously increased.
Therefore, the tetramethyluric acid serving as the feed additive provided by the invention can obviously improve the relative growth rate of the grass carp, reduce the liver lipid content of the grass carp, promote the reduction of the total serum lipid and beta-lipoprotein content of the grass carp, and obviously change the fatty acid composition of the liver lipid of the grass carp, particularly increase the total polyunsaturated fatty acid content.
The additive provided by the invention can be used in aquaculture industry, especially fresh water fish feed additive, and can enable aquaculture aquatic species to have relatively excellent growth performance.
The above examples merely represent some embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and these changes and modifications are all within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. Application of tetramethyluric acid as fish feed additive.
2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fish feed is a feed for preventing and/or treating fish fatty liver.
3. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the tetramethyluric acid accounts for 0.10-0.30% of the total feed by mass.
4. The use according to claim 3, wherein the tetramethyluric acid is 0.10-0.25% by mass of the total feed.
5. The use according to claim 4, wherein the tetramethyluric acid is 0.15-0.20% by mass of the total feed.
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| CN113812546B (en) * | 2021-09-18 | 2024-01-30 | 中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所 | Application of crataegolic acid as feed additive for changing lipid fatty acid composition of fish liver |
| CN113841816B (en) * | 2021-09-18 | 2024-04-02 | 中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所 | Use of corosolic acid as fish feed additive for altering fatty acid composition of fish liver lipid |
| CN115736139A (en) * | 2022-12-21 | 2023-03-07 | 江西省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Feed additive for reducing fat content in liver of cultured fish and preparation method thereof |
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| US5290553A (en) * | 1991-07-22 | 1994-03-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Alkaloids of picralima nitida used for treatment of protozoal diseases |
| CN104971065A (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2015-10-14 | 何蓉蓉 | New application of theacrine in promotion of fat burning |
| CN111093670A (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2020-05-01 | 奥索努特拉有限责任公司 | Tertiary-based supplements and methods of use thereof in synergistic combinations with caffeine |
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