CN111726990A - 含甜菊叶的糖果组合物 - Google Patents
含甜菊叶的糖果组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111726990A CN111726990A CN201980013499.0A CN201980013499A CN111726990A CN 111726990 A CN111726990 A CN 111726990A CN 201980013499 A CN201980013499 A CN 201980013499A CN 111726990 A CN111726990 A CN 111726990A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- chewing gum
- leaves
- stevia
- composition
- stevia rebaudiana
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
公开了一种用于糖果产品的包含甜菊叶的糖果组合物。在公开的制剂的某些非限制性实施方式中,含有甜菊叶的糖果组合物表现出极少或没有苦味和类糖味道。
Description
技术领域
本公开主题涉及增强的甜味剂制剂,尤其是用于糖果产品。具体地,本公开涉及包括甜菊叶的组合物。所述组合物可包括可用于在口服组合物中增强甜味属性例如甜味持续时间并且苦味减少的化合物组合。
背景技术
甜菊醇糖苷是一种广泛种植于南美尤其是巴拉圭东北部、巴西和阿根廷的植物——甜菊(Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni)(菊科(Asteraceae))的天然甜味成分。甜菊叶含有包括九种必需氨基酸(谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、赖氨酸、丝氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸和蛋氨酸)、六种脂肪酸(棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)、水溶性维生素(叶酸、维生素C和维生素B2)、植物化学成分(奥泽兰素(austroinullin)、β-胡萝卜素、杜尔可苷(dulcoside)、nilacin、莱鲍迪(rebaudi)氧化物、核黄素、甜菊醇、甜菊苷和硫胺素)、次级代谢物(单宁、生物碱、强心苷、皂苷、固醇类和三萜类、还原性化合物和蒽醌类)和矿物质(钙、磷、钠、钾、铁、镁和锌)的营养成分。
甜菊产生甜味糖苷,所述甜味糖苷都具有甜菊醇骨架,通常被称为甜菊醇糖苷。甜菊叶中存在的主要甜菊醇糖苷是甜菊苷、莱鲍迪苷(A至F)、甜菊双糖苷和异甜菊醇。其中,甜菊苷(4-13%w/w)、莱鲍迪苷A(2-4%w/w)和莱鲍迪苷C(1-2%w/w)是植物叶子中存在的最丰富的甜菊醇糖苷。这些复合物浓缩在甜菊叶中且它们的量取决于植物基因型和环境条件。甜菊醇糖苷是许多天然高效甜味剂的前体。所述糖苷提取自甜菊(stevia rebaudiana)植物的叶子。甜菊(Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni)的叶子已被巴拉圭当地人用来增甜饮料几个世纪。
莱鲍迪苷A被描述为比糖甜200倍。与普通的糖不一样,甜菊醇糖苷在食用时不会影响血糖。因此,这些化合物在糖果产品例如口香糖中作为低碳水化合物替代品和糖替代品受到欢迎。这些高效甜味剂并不给最终产品增加热量或引起蛀牙。甜菊醇糖苷通过从甜菊(stevia rebaudiana)植物提取而获得,且随后被合并到不同食物产品中。
然而,通过不同提取方法获得的这些甜菊醇糖苷在施加于食物产品时表现出增加的苦味或金属味道。苦味的这种增加可能与甜味的更快减少、用于分离糖苷的提取方法有关,或者是因为糖苷被单独使用或者以提供苦味的不同组合形式使用。因而,对可被合并到糖果产品中的改进的甜菊甜味剂组合物存在需求,所述改进的甜菊甜味剂组合物包括具有改进的味道、减少的苦味和随时间推移的稳定性的甜菊叶。本公开的主题解决了这个问题。
发明内容
本公开的主题涉及包括研磨甜菊叶的糖果组合物。已发现在糖果组合物例如口香糖中添加甜菊叶提供了甜味且没有在使用甜菊醇糖苷或甜菊苷提取物时存在的苦味。
在某些方面,本公开提供了一种包含甜菊叶和至少一种甜味剂的糖果组合物。
在某些实施方式中,所述糖果组合物为口香糖或咀嚼糖果。在其他实施方式中,所述糖果组合物是水果棒。所述糖果组合物可包含约0.5wt%至约10wt%的量的甜菊叶。例如,但不限于此,所述糖果组合物可包括约0.5wt%至约5wt%的量的甜菊叶。在某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶可为研磨甜菊叶。在某些实施方式中,所述糖果组合物可包括约10wt%至约99wt%的量的甜味剂。例如,但不限于此,甜味剂以约35wt%至约75wt%的量存在。在其他实施方式中,所述甜味剂组合物以约0.001wt%至约10wt%或约0.01wt%至约5wt%的量存在于口香糖中。
在其他实施方式中,所述糖果组合物包含甜菊叶和选自以下的单独或任意组合的营养性甜味剂:蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、干转化糖、果糖、半乳糖、玉米糖浆固体等。
在某些实施方式中,所述糖果组合物还包含选自阿斯巴甜、纽甜、爱德万甜(advantame)、三氯蔗糖、乙酰磺胺酸钾(Acek)、糖精钠、甘草甜素、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮(NHDC)、纽甜、罗汉果、brazzein、莫纳甜(monatin)、索马甜、阿力甜、糖精及其盐、环拉酸及其盐、莫内林(monellin)、甜菊醇糖苷例如Reb A、Reb B、Reb C、Reb D、Reb M及其组合的非营养性甜味剂。
不受任何特定理论约束,申请人相信在口香糖组合物中合并甜菊叶也可以通过延迟口香糖氧化来改进所述口香糖组合物的稳定性。例如,含有1wt%叶的口香糖降低了口香糖氧化的速率,从而减少或消除了对口香糖组合物中抗氧化剂的需求。在某些实施方式中,包含干燥甜菊叶的口香糖组合物含有占口香糖组合物的约少于1.0重量%、少于0.05重量%、或少于0.01重量%的合成抗氧化剂,或者不含合成抗氧化剂。所选的抗氧化剂可选自丁基羟基茴香醚、丁基羟基甲苯、没食子酸丙酯、没食子酸辛酯、没食子酸十二烷基酯、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、二叔丁基氢醌或其组合。在其他实施方式中,所述口香糖含有被冻干的甜菊叶。在另一个实施方式中,所述口香糖含有约0.05重量%、约1.0重量%、约1.5重量%、约2.0重量%或约2.5重量%的干燥甜菊叶。
前文已广泛概括了本申请的特征和技术优势,以便可以更好理解下文的详细说明。本申请的其他特征和优势将在后文中描述,其构成本申请权利要求的主题。本领域技术人员应当理解,所公开的概念和具体实施方式可以很容易被用作修改或设计其他实现与本申请相同目的的结构的基础。本领域技术人员也应认识到,这种相等构造不脱离所附权利要求书中所述的本申请的精神和范围。通过以下说明,将更好地理解被认为是本申请特征性的新颖特征,包括其组织和操作方法,以及其他目的和优势。
附图说明
图1a-1d提供了含有占口香糖重量的1wt%、2.5wt%和5wt%的甜菊叶的口香糖的甜味、风味强度、苦味和异味的属性的图形表示。
图2提供了含有占口香糖重量的1wt%的甜菊叶的口香糖的抗氧化效果的图形表示。遵循ASTM D7525,在来自Anton Paar的RapidOxy上进行加速氧化测试。氧化速率用作为时间函数的氧压降来表示。
具体实施方式
如上所述,至今本领域仍需要为不同糖果产品提供甜味属性而没有负面味道属性例如苦味的组合物。本公开的主题通过在有甜味而不增加苦味的糖果组合物中使用甜菊叶解决了这个需求。
1.定义
本说明书中使用的术语通常具有它们在本领域、在本公开主题的语境和使用每个术语的特殊语境中的普通含义。为了在描述本公开主题的组合物和方法以及如何制造和使用它们方面向从业者提供额外的指导,在下文或在本说明书的其他地方讨论了某些术语。
如本文所用,当在权利要求书和/或说明书中结合术语“包含”一起使用时,不带具体数量的指称物的使用可以指“一种”,但它也与“一种或多种”、“至少一种”和“一种或多于一种”的含义相一致。此外,术语“具有”、“包括”、“含有”和“包含”是可以互换的且本领域技术人员认识到这些术语是开放式术语。
术语“约”或“大约”意为特定值在由本领域普通技术人员确定的可接受误差范围内,这也部分取决于该值是如何被测量或确定的,即测量体系的局限性。例如,根据本领域的实践,“约”可意为在3个或多于3个标准偏差之内。或者,“约”可意为给定值的高达20%、优选高达10%、更优选高达5%和更优选仍高达1%的范围。
如本文所用,“食物产品”或“食物产品组合物”包括可消化的产品,包括但不限定于人类食物、动物或宠物食物、药用产品和消费品。
如本文所用,术语“糖果产品”指糖果或甜点食用组合物。糖果产品可包括但不限于蛋糕、饼干、派、糖果(硬和软)、水果棒、燕麦棒、压缩薄荷糖、口香糖、明胶、冰激凌、雪糕、果酱、果冻、巧克力、乳脂软糖(fudge)、翻糖、甘草糖、太妃糖和其组合。
如本文所用,术语“口香糖”指旨在咀嚼的调味物质。如本文所用,该术语也包括泡泡糖和包含口香糖的糖果产品。在某些实施方式中,口香糖的形式包括但不限于片、棒、实心球、空心球、切块和包装以及丸粒或枕粒。除非另有说明,本文所使用的所有百分比是重量百分比。如本文所用,口香糖胶基包括胶基非填充剂部分和胶基填充剂部分。
如本文所用,“掺混”指在产品形成期间将甜味剂制剂与已完成产品混合或加入已完成产品中或者将甜味剂制剂与产品的一些或所有组分混合的过程,或这些步骤的一些组合。当在掺混的语境中使用时,术语“产品”指产品或其任何组分。该掺混步骤可以包括选自以下步骤的过程:将甜味剂制剂加入产品、将甜味剂制剂喷雾到产品上、将甜味剂制剂涂布到产品上、将甜味剂制剂悬浮在产品内、将甜味剂制剂涂抹在产品上、将甜味剂制剂粘贴到产品上、用甜味剂制剂包封产品、将甜味剂制剂与产品混合、及其任何组合。所述甜味剂制剂可为液体、干粉、喷雾剂、糊剂、悬浮液和其任何组合。
如本文所用,术语“甜菊叶”指甜菊叶(Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni)植物的叶、茎和来自该植物的地上部分的其他植物材料。
如本文所用,“研磨甜菊叶”指已通过任何适合方式干燥且加工成细颗粒的甜菊叶。所述研磨甜菊叶可类似于粉末,或可由更大的通常均一的颗粒构成。例如,可以使用土耳其式研磨机(Turkish Grind)研磨甜菊叶,重复研磨一次或多次。在某些实施方式中,所述研磨甜菊叶可被研磨成约0.5mm至约1.0mm、1.0mm至约1.5mm和1.5mm至约2mm或其组合的平均粒径。在另一个实施方式中,甜菊叶的粒径小于0.5mm。在另一个实施方式中,甜菊叶的粒径为约0.01-0.5mm、约0.01至0.03mm或约0.03-0.15mm。在优选实施方式中,约0.01-0.03mm的极细颗粒可被用于色彩应用。
如本文所用,“粗甜菊叶”指没有经过加工以减小尺寸或已被加工成较大的薄片的甜菊叶。例如,所述粗甜菊叶可以通过剁、切、斩、破碎或以其它方式分裂甜菊叶成更小的碎片来制备。所述粗甜菊叶可具有通常均一的粒径或可具有不同的粒径。粗甜菊叶的粒径通常比研磨甜菊叶的粒径更大。在某些实施方式中,粗甜菊叶的平均粒径可以为约2.0mm至约5.0mm、5.0mm至约10.0mm、10.0mm至约15.0mm、15.0mm至约20.0mm、20.0mm至约25.0mm、25.0mm至约30.0mm。如本文所用,“大叶甜菊叶”可被认为是粗甜菊叶的一种。
如本文所用,“甜味剂”指增量甜味剂和高效甜味剂。甜味剂可为营养性的或非营养性的。
如本文所用,“高效甜味剂”指甜味强度比蔗糖的甜味强度高至少30倍的甜味剂。
如本文所用,“增量甜味剂”指可以向食物提供“增量”或者质地的甜味剂,尤其在糖果和口香糖中。用作增量甜味剂的主要化合物类别是糖(例如蔗糖、乳糖)和糖醇(例如山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、木糖醇),并且它们提供2.4kcal/g(相比于蔗糖的4kcal/g)。也可使用其他增量甜味剂,包括但不限于塔格糖、多糖和纤维。
2.糖果组合物
本公开主题的糖果组合物可被用于不同的可食用组合物中,所述可食用组合物包括糖果产品例如口香糖和咀嚼糖果。在某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶向糖果组合物赋予甜味,有很少或没有苦味。在本申请的某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶以有效提供所需甜味的量加入到糖果组合物中。
在某些实施方式中,本公开主题的甜菊叶可被合并到糖果组合物中,所述糖果组合物包括但不限于蛋糕、饼干、派、糖果(硬和软)、压缩薄荷糖、口香糖、明胶、冰激凌、雪糕、果酱、果冻、巧克力、乳脂软糖、翻糖、甘草糖、太妃糖和其组合。
2.1口香糖
优选地,本公开主题的调味剂组合物被合并到口香糖中。在某些实施方式中,所述口香糖可以为片、棒、实心球、空心球、切块和包装以及丸粒或枕粒的形式。制备口香糖的合适方法和其他可合并到口香糖中的组分以示例方式描述于美国专利号8,557,323、美国公布号2013/0156885和2005/0202118,其中每一个都通过引用以其整体并入本文。
一般而言,口香糖组合物通常包含基本上不含水且不溶于水的可咀嚼的胶基部分、水溶性增量部分和通常不溶于水的调味剂例如本公开的调味剂组合物。在咀嚼期间,经过一段时间,水溶性部分随着一部分调味剂消散。胶基部分在整个咀嚼过程中都留在口中。
不溶性胶基通常包含弹性体、弹性体溶剂、增塑剂、蜡、乳化剂、增粘剂、脂质、填充剂(包括无机填充剂)和其他任选的成分例如着色剂和抗氧化剂的任意组合。也可包括行为有点像增塑剂的塑性聚合物,例如聚乙酸乙烯酯。可以使用的其他塑性聚合物包括聚月桂酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮。如本文中所实施的,不溶性胶基可以构成口香糖的约5wt-%至约95wt-%之间。更优选地,不溶性胶基构成口香糖的约10wt-%至约50wt-%之间且最优选地构成口香糖的约20wt-%至约35wt-%之间。
弹性体可包括聚异丁烯、丁基橡胶、(异丁烯-异戊二烯共聚物)、聚异戊二烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶、乙酸乙烯酯-月桂酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚-dl-丙交酯、羟基乙酸-丙交酯共聚物和苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶。所述弹性体可包括一种或多种天然弹性体,例如天然橡胶如熏制或液态乳胶和银菊胶,以及天然树胶例如节路顿胶(jelutong)、来开欧胶(lechi caspi)、派利罗胶(perrilo)、二齿铁线子胶(massaranduba balata)、巧克力钱线子胶(massaranduba chocolate)、尼斯佩罗胶(nispero)、柔星丁哈胶(rosindinha)、糖胶树胶(chicle)、马来乳胶(gutta hang kang)或其混合物。弹性体溶剂通常为树脂例如萜烯树脂和松香酯。
增塑剂有时也被称为软化剂,通常为脂肪和油,包括牛脂、氢化和部分氢化植物油和可可脂。通常使用的蜡包括石蜡、微晶蜡和天然蜡例如蜂蜡与巴西棕榈蜡。微晶蜡,特别是具有高度结晶度的那些微晶蜡,可被考虑作为增稠剂(bodying agent)或质地改性剂。
如果存在增粘剂,所述增粘剂可包括天然松香酯例如部分氢化松香甘油酯、聚合松香甘油酯、部分二聚松香甘油酯、松香甘油酯、部分氢化松香季戊四醇酯、松香甲酯和部分氢化松香甲酯、松香季戊四醇酯或混合物;合成树脂例如衍生自α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和/或d-柠檬烯的萜烯树脂、聚乙酸乙烯酯树脂、聚乙烯和聚-dl-丙交酯。
如果存在脂质,所述脂质可包括烷酸或单烯酸或碳链长度为C4至C24的多不饱和脂肪酸或其混合物的单-、和/或双-、和/或三甘油酯,单烯酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的氢化和部分氢化的单-、和/或双-、和/或三甘油酯,脂肪酸的乙酰化甘油酯,卵磷脂,石蜡,以及微晶蜡和天然蜡例如蜂蜡和巴西棕榈蜡。
胶基通常还包括填充剂组分。所述填充剂组分可为碳酸钙、碳酸镁、滑石、磷酸二钙等。所述填充剂可以构成胶基的约5wt%和约60wt%之间。优选地,填充剂构成胶基的约5wt%至约50wt%。在某些实施方式中,填充剂包括但不限于碳酸镁和碳酸钙、研磨石灰石和硅酸盐类例如硅酸镁和硅酸铝、粘土、氧化铝、滑石以及氧化钛、磷酸单-、双-和三钙、纤维素聚合物例如乙基纤维素聚合物、甲基纤维素聚合物和木质纤维素聚合物或其混合物,及其组合。
胶基也可含有软化剂,包括甘油、卵磷脂、单硬脂酸甘油酯和三乙酸甘油酯。在某些实施方式中,为了优化口香糖的可咀嚼性和口感,向口香糖中加入保湿剂。此外,水性甜味剂溶液例如含有山梨糖醇、氢化淀粉水解物、玉米糖浆和其组合的那些水性甜味剂溶液可以在口香糖制剂中用作软化剂和粘合剂。胶基也可含有任选的成分例如抗氧化剂、着色剂和乳化剂。本发明设想了使用任何商业上可接受的胶基。
口香糖的水溶性部分可包含软化剂、甜味剂、调味剂(包括感觉剂例如生理凉味剂、温热剂和刺痛剂)、高强度甜味剂、着色剂、保湿剂、胶乳化剂、酸化剂、粘合剂、填充剂、凉味剂和其组合。所述甜味剂经常在口香糖中起到增量剂的作用。增量甜味剂可包括糖与糖醇两者。所述增量剂通常构成口香糖组合物的约5%至约95%。
本发明的甜菊叶可被用于含糖和无糖的口香糖制剂。糖甜味剂通常包括在口香糖领域公知的含糖组分,其包含但不限于单独或任意组合的蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、阿洛糖、异麦芽酮糖、干转化糖、果糖、半乳糖、玉米糖浆固体等。无糖甜味剂包括具有甜味特性但不含公知的糖的组分,其包含但不限于单独或任意组合的糖醇例如山梨糖醇、氢化异麦芽酮糖、甘露糖醇、木糖醇、乳糖醇、赤藓糖醇、氢化淀粉水解物、麦芽糖醇等。
在某些实施方式中,所述口香糖成分可包括一种或多种高强度甜味剂。如本文所用,术语“高强度甜味剂”指比蔗糖甜至少二十倍的任何物质。这样的甜味剂包括但不限于糖精、甜蜜素、阿斯巴甜、阿力甜、纽甜、罗汉果、brazzein、莫纳甜、索马甜、莫内林、基于肽的甜味剂、三氯蔗糖、乙酰磺胺酸钾、甜菊糖苷(包括纯化的甜菊提取物例如莱鲍迪苷A、莱鲍迪苷D、莱鲍迪苷M)、甘草甜素、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮和其混合物。在某些实施方式中,至少一部分高强度甜味剂被包封。这样的包封可以通过造粒、团聚、挤出和研磨、喷雾干燥、流化床包封或任何其他已知的方法产生。在某些实施方式中,合适的糖醇包括山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、木糖醇、氢化淀粉水解物、麦芽糖醇等以及其组合。在某些实施方式中,无糖口香糖包含高强度甜味剂和糖醇的组合,例如阿斯巴甜和山梨糖醇。使用量取决于甜味剂的效力、包封(如果有的话)的程度和有效性、以及产品所需的感官特征。通常来说,所述甜味剂可以以低至0.005wt%、或低至0.05wt%、或低至0.2wt%、到高至5wt%、或高至3wt%、或高至2wt%的水平用于口香糖组合物中。在某些实施方式中,所述高强度甜味剂以约0.1wt%至约1.0wt%的口香糖成分水平存在。
在某些实施方式中,本公开的包含薄荷叶和薄荷调味剂的调味剂组合物可以以占口香糖的约0.01wt%至约20wt%、或占口香糖的约0.05wt%至约10wt%、或占口香糖的约0.1wt%至约5wt%、以及优选地按重量计约0.2wt%至约10wt%、或占口香糖总重量的约0.5wt%至约7wt%的量加入到口香糖中。
在某些实施方式中,如有需要,还可以使用各种其他调味剂。所述调味剂可包括精油、合成调味剂或其混合物,包括但不限于源自于植物和水果的油例如柑橘油、水果香精、丁香油、茴香等。也可以使用人造调味剂和组分。天然和人造调味剂可以以任何感官可接受的形式组合。调味剂的一般类别包括感觉剂,一种在口中赋予生理感觉的化合物,例如凉味剂、温热剂和刺痛剂。凉味剂的实例包括薄荷醇、WS-23、WS-3、WS-5、异蒲勒醇、薄荷醇的酯例如琥珀酸薄荷酯、乳酸薄荷酯和戊二酸薄荷酯等。温热和刺痛剂包括辣椒素、胡椒碱、jambu和花菊醇(spilanthol)。
任选的成分例如着色剂、增白剂、抗氧化剂、乳化剂和药用剂也可作为口香糖组合物的单独组分而加入,或作为胶基的一部分而加入。在某些实施方式中,着色剂和增白剂可包括但不限于FD&C型染料和色淀、水果和蔬菜提取物、二氧化钛或其混合物。在某些实施方式中,所述抗氧化剂可以包括但不限于β-胡萝卜素、酸化剂(例如维生素C)、α-生育酚(维生素E)、β-、γ-和δ-生育酚、没食子酸丙酯、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)和叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ)。在特定实施方式中,所述胶基包括任选的少量(约百分之一或更少)杂项成分例如着色剂、抗氧化剂等。
2.1.1制备方法
如本文所实施的,根据本公开的制造口香糖的方法是通过将各种口香糖成分依次加入本领域已知的任何可商购混合器中。当成分已被完全混合后,从混合器中释放出口香糖并通过例如卷成片和切成棒、挤出成块或铸造成丸粒而成形为所需形式。
通常,通过首先融化胶基并将它加入运行的混合器来混合所述成分。所述胶基也可在混合器本身中融化。此时也可加入着色剂或乳化剂,以及糖浆和一部分增量剂。增量剂的其他部分可以随后被加入到混合器。调味剂可与增量剂的最后部分一起加入。随后可以加入调味剂组合物。整个混合过程通常需要五至二十分钟,但有时可能需要更长的混合时间。本领域技术人员应认识到可遵循上述过程的许多变体。
在某些实施方式中,可以在加入到口香糖混合物之前预混合甜菊叶。例如,调味剂组合物中的甜菊叶和调味剂以及其他组分(如果存在的话)可以在加入到口香糖混合物之前一起混合。在某些实施方式中,可以在加入到口香糖混合物之前将所述甜菊叶与增量甜味剂预混合。在另一个实施方式中,所述甜菊叶可被空气干燥至少1天、至少5天、至少7天、至少10天、至少14天或更久。另外或者可选地,所述甜菊叶可在合并到口香糖中之前用热处理或冻干。在其他实施方式中,被加入到口香糖的空气干燥的叶具有约少于10%、少于5%和少于1%的含水量。
如本文所实施的,如果成形为丸粒或球,口香糖组合物可以被涂布。所述涂层最初作为液体糖浆存在,所述液体糖浆包含约30%至约80%或85%的糖或糖醇,和约15%或20%至约70%的溶剂例如水。通常,涂布方法在常规淘洗(panning)设备中进行。待涂布的口香糖中心片剂被放置在淘洗设备中以形成移动的块。
将最终形成涂层的材料或糖浆施加或分布在口香糖中心片剂上。可以在将糖浆施加到口香糖中心之前、期间和之后添加调味剂。一旦涂层已被干燥以形成硬表面,可以进行额外的糖浆添加以产生多个涂层或多层涂层。
在淘洗过程中,在约100℉至约240℉的温度范围下将糖浆添加到口香糖中心片剂。优选地,糖浆温度为约140℉至约200℉。最优选地,糖浆温度在整个过程中应保持恒定以防止糖浆中的多元醇结晶。可以以本领域技术人员已知的任何方法将所述糖浆与口香糖中心片剂混合,喷洒、倾倒或添加到口香糖中心片剂。
在另一个实施方式中,通过在液体涂层后添加粉末涂层来形成软涂层。所述粉末涂层可包括天然碳水化合物胶水解物、麦芽糊精、明胶、纤维素衍生物、淀粉、改性淀粉、糖、糖醇、天然碳水化合物胶和填充剂如滑石和碳酸钙。
口香糖中心上的涂层的每种组分可以以单个层或以多个层进行施加。通常,多个层是通过施加单个涂层、允许所述层干燥和随后重复此过程来获得的。通过每个涂布步骤添加的固体的量主要取决于涂布糖浆的浓度。可向口香糖中心片剂施加任何数目的涂层。优选地,不多于约75个涂层被施加到口香糖中心。更优选地,施加少于约60个涂层,且最优选地,施加约30至约60个涂层。在任何情况下,本发明设想了施加足够量的糖浆以产生包含约10%至约65%涂层的涂布口香糖产品。优选地,最终产品包含约20%至约50%的涂层。
本领域技术人员应认识到,为了获得多个涂层,可将多个预先测量的涂布糖浆等分样施加到口香糖中心。然而,设想了在整个涂布过程中,施加到口香糖中心的糖浆等分样的体积可以变化。
一旦将糖浆涂层施加到口香糖中心,糖浆在惰性介质中干燥。优选的干燥介质包括空气。优选地,强迫干燥空气在约70℉至约110℉的温度范围下接触湿糖浆涂层。更优选地,干燥空气在约80℉至约100℉的温度范围下。本发明也设想了干燥空气具有少于约15%的相对湿度。优选地,干燥空气的相对湿度少于约8%。
可以以本领域公知的任何方式使干燥空气在糖浆涂布的口香糖中心的上方经过并与糖浆涂布的口香糖中心混合。优选地,干燥空气在糖浆涂布的口香糖中心的上方和周围吹过。如果在糖浆涂层已干燥后施加调味剂,本发明设想了使用或不使用干燥介质来干燥调味剂。
在某些实施方式中,一旦制造了口香糖,就将所述口香糖保存在低水分和/或低光环境下。在某些实施方式中,口香糖的水活性被保持在低于约0.85。在某些实施方式中,可通过在口香糖中使用少量的甘油来减轻水活性。例如,但非限制性地,在某些实施方式中,所述口香糖可包括约0.25wt%至约1wt%、且优选地约0.5wt%至约0.7wt%的甘油。在某些实施方式中,可通过包含额外的糖浆和/或甜味剂组分来进一步减少甘油的量。另外或者可选地,所述口香糖可以如本领域已知的进行适当包装以减少对水分和/或光的暴露。如本文中所实施的,减少对水分和/或光的暴露可以提高口香糖的风味和颜色稳定性,并增加口香糖的保质期。
2.2咀嚼糖果
具有吸引消费者的弹性质地的咀嚼糖果是不透明的且通常是硬的。当咀嚼糖果被咀嚼时,它并不会分裂,而是慢慢在口中溶解。这些更小的糖果碎片随着它们在口中溶解成柔韧的咀嚼物质而传递风味和甜味。咀嚼糖果是一种通过以下步骤形成的食物产品:a)混合甜味剂溶液(通常为糖和玉米糖浆),(b)生成含有水和胶凝剂的水合悬浮液,(c)将甜味剂溶液和胶凝剂组合,(d)然后在将甜味剂混合物和胶凝剂搅打在一起后加入脂肪混合物,并通过将该团块成形为成品件而给形成的产品充气。
传统的咀嚼糖果产品通常是用甜味剂增量剂和质地剂来制备的。常用的甜味剂为蔗糖和葡萄糖糖浆或玉米糖浆。脂肪也通常被加入到这样的咀嚼糖果产品中以实现所需的咀嚼特性。咀嚼糖果产品在正常室内条件下具有内聚性。根据需要,咀嚼糖果产品还可包括水、发泡剂、保湿剂、人造和天然甜味剂、乳化剂、风味增强剂、酸、精油、人造和天然调味剂、着色剂、水果汁、蔬菜汁、蛋白质、以及在咀嚼糖果产品的生产中通常使用的其他添加剂。咀嚼糖果产品经常被称为咀嚼糖、奶糖、软糖或太妃糖。
传统的咀嚼糖果产品通常包含明胶、淀粉、蛋清(白蛋白)或其组合作为质地剂,使得它们具有产品所需的咀嚼质地。明胶是最受欢迎的质地剂,因为它向咀嚼糖果产品提供了持久的内聚咀嚼;然而,在糖果产品中使用明胶也有几个缺陷。食品级明胶是从牛或猪原料中获得的,并因此对一些遵循某些饮食限制的人群来说是不可取的。此外,因为明胶是一种蛋白质,它对可能引起降解或变质的温度和/或酸高度敏感。
每种质地剂都有其自身的优势。在此类产品中使用淀粉作为质地剂的一个优势是,它允许在生产期间控制物质的粘性,这有助于控制后续在储存期间的冷流。在咀嚼糖果产品中使用明胶作为质地剂的优势是,根据所使用明胶的量,明胶向糖果提供了从软到非常硬的范围的独特咀嚼质地。使用蛋清作为质地剂有助于稳定所并入的空气,从而保持气泡不破裂-这向产品提供了轻和透气的质地。
在糖果工业中使用蛋清和明胶作为质地剂是不可取的,因为两者都是动物来源的成分。此外,由于明胶和蛋清是蛋白质,它们对可能引起降解或变质的温度和/或酸敏感。在另一方面,淀粉的使用消除了在咀嚼糖果产品中使用动物制品,但它倾向于具有低胶凝倾向性并且在单独使用时对在咀嚼糖果产品中产生理想的咀嚼质地不太有用,因此最经常加入明胶以实现所需的咀嚼特性和质地。明胶倾向于增加弹性、橡胶质地。
也可以使用蔗糖以外的许多甜味剂增量剂。可使用的其他糖是葡萄糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、半乳糖、塔格糖、阿洛糖、异麦芽酮糖、各种类型的葡萄糖糖浆例如玉米、大米、高果糖和阿洛酮糖糖浆。对于低热量产品,可使用醛糖醇或多元醇例如山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽糖醇、赤藓糖醇和各种类型的氢化淀粉水解物(HSH)。所述甜味剂可以以占咀嚼糖果产品的约10-99重量%的量加入到咀嚼糖果产品中。脂肪可以以占咀嚼糖果产品的约0.5-25重量%的量加入到咀嚼糖果产品中。
对于低热量产品,可使用醛糖醇或多元醇例如山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽糖醇、赤藓糖醇和各种类型的氢化淀粉水解物(HSH)。所述甜味剂可以以约10-99重量%的量加入到咀嚼糖果产品中,并且阿洛酮糖可以以占咀嚼糖果产品的约10-99重量%的量加入。脂肪可以以占咀嚼糖果产品的约0.5-25重量%的量加入到咀嚼糖果产品中。
3.甜菊叶
本公开的糖果组合物包括甜菊叶。所述甜菊叶可来自单一类型的甜菊植物或者可以是两种或更多种类型植物的组合。为了举例而非限制性地,合适类型的甜菊植物来自S.Rebaudiana属。在特定实施方式中,所述甜菊叶来自Bertoni植物。
在某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶可被干燥。在某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶被冻干。在其他实施方式中,所述甜菊叶经烤箱干燥、滚筒干燥或任何其他干燥方法。在优选的实施方式中,所述甜菊叶通过冻干、微波干燥、红外干燥和射频干燥进行干燥。在另一个优选的实施方式中,所述甜菊叶被干燥至含水量约少于10%、约少于5%或约少于1%。
所述甜菊叶可以以包括大叶片、粗或研磨的任何形式合并到糖果组合物中。在某些实施方式中,干燥甜菊叶在合并到调味剂组合物之前被研磨。在其他实施方式中,所述甜菊叶在合并到增量甜味剂之前被研磨。在某些实施方式中,干燥甜菊叶在合并到口香糖胶基之前被研磨成平均粒径小于3mm或小于2mm。在某些实施方式中,干燥甜菊叶在合并到融化的口香糖组合物之前被研磨成平均粒径为约1mm至约2mm。在某些实施方式中,所述研磨的甜菊叶可被研磨成平均粒径为约0.5mm至约1.0mm、1.0mm至约1.5mm、1.5mm至约2.0mm或其组合。在另一个实施方式中,所述甜菊叶的粒径小于0.5mm。在另一个实施方式中,所述甜菊叶的粒径为约0.01mm-0.5mm、约0.01mm至0.03mm、或约0.03mm-0.15mm。在优选实施方式中,约0.01mm-0.03mm的极细颗粒可被用于色彩应用。
如本文所实施的,所述甜菊叶可以以少于90wt%、少于75wt%、少于60wt%、少于50wt%、少于40wt%、少于30wt%、少于20wt%或少于10wt%的量存在于糖果组合物中。在某些实施方式中,所述甜菊叶可以以约1wt%至约90wt%、或约15wt%至约80wt%、或约20wt%至约70wt%、或约25wt%至约60wt%的量存在于糖果组合物中。
3.1其他甜味剂
本申请涉及包含甜菊叶的糖果组合物,所述糖果组合物可以包含至少一种、二种、三种或更多种甜味剂化合物。在某些实施方式中,所述甜味剂可被用作增量甜味剂,或用作高效甜味剂。在另一个实施方式中,所述甜味剂被用于增加可食用组合物例如口香糖的甜味属性的持久度。在其他实施方式中,所述甜味剂在口香糖组合物中提供了持久的甜味感官属性而不增加苦味或金属味。在某些实施方式中,所述甜味剂被包封。
在其他非限制性实施方式中,所述糖果组合物还可包含一种、二种、三种、四种、五种或更多种甜味剂化合物,例如阿斯巴甜、纽甜、爱德万甜、三氯蔗糖、乙酰磺胺酸钾(Ace-k)、糖精钠、甘草甜素、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮(NHDC)、罗汉果、brazzein、莫纳甜、索马甜、阿力甜、糖精及其盐、环拉酸及其盐、莫内林和其组合。在某些实施方式中,所述甜味剂制剂包含至少一种甜菊醇糖苷。在某些实施方式中,所述甜味剂制剂包含Reb A。甜味剂化合物通常在咀嚼期间快速从口香糖中释放。在某些实施方式中,所述口香糖的形成过程可包括在将一种或多种甜味剂化合物加入口香糖制剂之前通过包封或团聚对所述一种或多种甜味剂化合物进行修饰以延迟甜味剂的释放。
在其他实施方式中,可以利用通过喷雾干燥、流化床包衣、纤维纺丝或凝聚技术、团聚、和固定或捕获/吸收、挤出、加上额外的包封或团聚施加的包封剂来涂布甜味剂化合物。
在某些实施方式中,包封通过改变可溶性或溶解速率而改变了甜味剂制剂从口香糖的释放。可使用向甜味剂制剂的组合提供部分或全部包封的任何标准技术。在本公开主题的某些实施方式中,包封技术包括但不限于喷雾干燥、纤维纺丝、团聚、喷雾冷却、流化床包衣、挤出、固定或捕获/吸收和凝聚。在某些实施方式中,可使用提供部分包封或全部包封的包封技术。
在某些实施方式中,适合的包封材料可包括但不限于水溶性糖或糖醇例如山梨糖醇、异麦芽糖、葡萄糖、赤藓糖醇、乳糖醇、麦芽糖醇、甘露糖醇、木糖醇、氢化玉米糖浆及其混合物。在某些实施方式中,包封材料也可包括多糖例如淀粉、改性淀粉、羟基甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、海藻酸钠、α-、β-和γ-环糊精。
在某些实施方式中,用于延迟甜味剂化合物释放的合适包封剂包括但不限于聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚乙酸、聚羟基烷酸酯、乙基纤维素、聚乙酸乙烯邻苯二甲酸酯、甲基丙烯酸-共-甲基丙烯酸甲酯及其组合。在其他实施方式中,用于延迟释放的包封剂实施方式包括但不限于多糖和改性多糖。合适的多糖可以源自植物、藻类、微生物和动物。植物来源的多糖的非限制性实例包括纤维素;树胶挤出物例如阿拉伯胶、卡拉牙胶、茄替胶、黄芪胶和牧豆树胶;植物来源的多糖例如果胶、阿拉伯木聚糖、木葡聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、木聚糖、阿拉伯聚糖和纤维素;种子来源的多糖例如瓜尔胶、刺槐豆胶、塔拉胶、罗望子胶、木葡聚糖、阿拉伯木聚糖和谷类β-葡聚糖;以及块茎来源的胶例如魔芋甘露聚糖。藻类来源的多糖的非限制性实例包括琼脂、卡拉胶、红藻胶和海藻酸盐。微生物发酵产物多糖的非限制性实例包括黄原胶、可德兰胶、葡聚糖、结兰胶、普鲁兰多糖、硬葡聚糖(scleroglucan)、交替糖(alternan)、爱生兰(elsinan)和果聚糖(levan)。来自动物源的多糖的非限制性实例包括几丁质和壳聚糖。改性多糖的非限制性实例包括取代的淀粉(淀粉乙酸酯、辛烯基琥珀酰淀粉)、改性纤维素例如甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素。其他适合用于延迟释放的包封剂实施方式包括但不限于蛋白质例如明胶、玉米醇溶蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆蛋白、豌豆蛋白、乳清蛋白及其组合。
4.其他化合物
在本公开主题的某些实施方式中,调味剂组合物还可包含一种或多种其他化合物。例如,在某些实施方式中,所述调味剂组合物还可包括木兰树皮提取物。如本文中所实施的,且非限制性地,所述木兰树皮提取物可以以少于25wt%、少于10wt%、少于5wt%、少于3wt%或少于2wt%的量存在于调味剂组合物中。例如,但非限制性地,在调味剂组合物中木兰树皮提取物的量与薄荷叶的量之间的比例可在约0.01:1至约1:1、或约0.015:1至约0.5:1、或约0.02:1至约0.1:1、或约0.025:1至约0.05:1、或约0.03:1至约0.4:1的范围内。
在某些非限制性实施方式中,其他化合物包括但不限于凉味化合物和增添额外风味特征的其他化合物。所述调味剂可以液体或固体形式使用。调味剂可包括本领域已知的人造或天然调味剂,例如合成调味油,天然调味香料和/或油,油树脂,衍生于植物、叶子、花、水果的提取物,水果调味剂等,或其组合。非限制性代表性调味剂包括油例如肉桂油、丁香油、月桂油、茴香油、桉树油、百里香油、雪松叶油、肉豆蔻油、多香果油、鼠尾草油、肉豆蔻、苦杏仁油、桂皮油和柑橘油(包括柠檬、橘子、青柠、葡萄柚)、香草、水果香精(包括苹果、梨、桃子、葡萄、草莓、覆盆子、黑莓、樱桃、李子、菠萝、杏、香蕉、瓜、热带水果、芒果、山竹、石榴、木瓜、哈密瓜等)、或其组合。
本发明也设想了人造调味剂组分。本领域的普通技术人员应认识到,天然和人造调味剂可以以任何感官可接受的混合物进行组合。本公开的主题设想了所有这些调味剂和混合物。
实施例
参考下列实施例将更好地理解本公开的主题,所述实施例是作为本公开主题的示例而提供的,而不是限制性的。
实施例1:口香糖中的甜菊叶
从甜菊植物收集甜菊叶。所述叶被洗涤和冻干以除去水分。然后研磨成可通过40号筛的粉末。将研磨的粉末以占口香糖的1重量%、2.5重量%和5重量%的量加入到口香糖中。
对每个口香糖样品进行感官分析并反映在下表1中。六(6)位感官受训的专员在0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、10分钟评价用1%、2.5%、5%冻干甜菊叶制备的口香糖样品。含有1%甜菊叶的口香糖提供最佳的感官特性。具有5%甜菊叶的口香糖提供高苦味和被描述为苦味、金属味、涩味、肥皂味和白垩味的异味;口香糖嚼团也变成了粉状。
表1重量百分比
描述 | 1%甜菊叶 | 2.5%甜菊叶 | 5%甜菊叶 |
山梨糖醇 | 55.05 | 53.55 | 51.05 |
胶基 | 25.78 | 25.78 | 25.78 |
甘油 | 16.25 | 16.25 | 16.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
调味剂 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 1.86 |
柑橘叶 | 1.00 | 2.5 | 5.0 |
总共 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
实施例2:口香糖中的冻干甜菊叶
在本实施例中,口香糖使用以下来制备:1)市售甜菊粉和2)冻干甜菊叶。每个口香糖样品由六(6)位感官受训的专员进行评价。六位专员中的五位将含有冻干甜菊叶的口香糖评定为味道更好。市售甜菊叶粉被发现有涩味。不受限于任何特定理论,申请人推理这可能归因于市售粉末材料的生产。已确信市售甜菊粉来源于直接在太阳光下干燥的甜菊叶;这种处理需要较长时间来干燥,这会引起甜菊组合物的改变或氧化,导致叶中甜菊的降解,从而造成了不愉快的味道例如苦味和涩味。
通过本领域已知的标准混合过程制备了两种口香糖制剂。所述口香糖制剂总结于表2。
表2.利用甜菊粉和冻干甜菊叶制备的口香糖。
重量百分比
描述 | 1%市售甜菊粉 | 1%冻干甜菊叶 |
山梨糖醇 | 55.05 | 55.05 |
胶基 | 25.72 | 25.72 |
甘油 | 16.25 | 16.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
调味剂 | 1.86 | 1.86 |
甜菊叶 | 1.00 | -- |
甜菊粉 | -- | 1.00 |
总共 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
表3.含有甜菊叶的咀嚼糖果组合物。重量百分比。
A | B | C | |
明胶 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
阿拉伯胶 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
水 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
玉米糖浆 | 39.9 | 39.9 | 39.9 |
多元醇 | 39.9 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
蔗糖 | 0.0 | 19.9 | 10.0 |
葡萄糖 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 |
海藻糖 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
棕榈仁油 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 |
乳化剂 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
酸 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
4:1翻糖 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
调味剂 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
粉末甜菊叶 | 0.0-5.0% | 0.0-5.0% | 0.0-5.0% |
干燥甜菊叶 | 0.0-5.0% | 0.0-5.0% | 0.0-5.0% |
总共 | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
表4.含1%研磨甜菊叶的口香糖与不含研磨甜菊叶的口香糖相比显示出氧化速率降低。
重量百分比
无甜菊叶 | 1%甜菊叶 | |
山梨糖醇 | 56.05 | 55.05 |
胶基 | 25.72 | 25.72 |
甘油 | 16.25 | 16.25 |
卵磷脂 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
调味剂 | 1.86 | 1.86 |
甜菊叶 | -- | 1.0 |
总共 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
***
尽管本公开的主题和它的优势已经被详细描述,但应当理解,在不偏离如所附权利要求书所定义的本公开主题的精神和范围的情况下,可在本文中进行多种变化、替代和修改。此外,本申请的范围不旨在限制于说明书中描述的过程、机器、制造、物质组合物、方式、方法和步骤的具体实施方式。本领域的普通技术人员应容易从本公开主题的公开内容认识到,可根据本公开的主题使用现存或以后将要开发的与本文所述相应实施方式执行基本上相同的功能或实现基本上相同的结果的过程、机器、制造、物质组合物、方式、方法或步骤。据此,所附权利要求书旨在在其范围内包括这样的过程、机器、制造、物质组合物、方式、方法或步骤。
在整个本申请中引用了专利、专利申请、出版物、产品描述和协议,它们的公开内容通过引用以其整体并入本文用于所有目的。
Claims (20)
1.一种包含甜菊叶的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶以占糖果组合物的约0.5重量%至约5重量%的量存在。
2.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶以占糖果组合物的约1.0重量%至约2.5重量%的量存在。
3.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶为研磨甜菊叶。
4.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其还包含选自以下的甜味剂:阿斯巴甜、纽甜、爱德万甜、三氯蔗糖、乙酰磺胺酸钾、糖精钠、甘草甜素、新橙皮苷二氢查尔酮、纽甜、罗汉果、brazzein、莫纳甜、索马甜、阿力甜、糖精及其盐、环拉酸及其盐、莫内林、及其组合。
5.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述糖果是口香糖。
6.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述糖果是咀嚼糖果。
7.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶是冻干的。
8.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶的平均粒径为约0.5mm至约2mm。
9.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶的平均粒径为约0.01-0.5mm。
10.权利要求1的糖果组合物,其中所述甜菊叶的平均粒径为约0.03-0.15mm。
11.一种制备口香糖的方法,所述方法包含:
(a)将研磨甜菊叶和调味剂混合以形成混合物;以及
(b)随后,将所述混合物组合物与胶基和增量剂合并以形成口香糖。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中研磨甜菊叶在混合前于37℃干燥至少1天。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中研磨甜菊叶通过微波干燥、红外干燥、射频干燥或其组合进行干燥。
14.权利要求11的方法,其中研磨甜菊叶通过冻干进行干燥。
15.权利要求11的方法,其中研磨甜菊叶在混合前在约40℃至约60℃的温度下保持约15分钟至1小时。
16.一种含有干燥甜菊叶的口香糖组合物,其中所述口香糖含有少于1.0重量%的合成抗氧化剂,所述合成抗氧化剂选自丁基羟基茴香醚、丁基羟基甲苯、没食子酸丙酯、没食子酸辛酯、没食子酸十二烷基酯、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、二叔丁基氢醌或其组合。
17.权利要求16的口香糖组合物,其中所述口香糖含有少于0.05重量%的合成抗氧化剂。
18.权利要求16的口香糖组合物,其中所述口香糖不含有合成抗氧化剂。
19.权利要求16的口香糖组合物,其中所述干燥甜菊叶是冻干的。
20.权利要求16的口香糖组合物,其中所述口香糖含有约1.0重量%的干燥甜菊叶。
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PCT/US2019/017838 WO2019160945A1 (en) | 2018-02-14 | 2019-02-13 | Confectionery compositions containing stevia leaves |
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EP3752003A4 (en) | 2021-11-17 |
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