CN111707735A - Method for quantifying transverse cracks of fan main shaft by using dual-mode diffracted waves - Google Patents
Method for quantifying transverse cracks of fan main shaft by using dual-mode diffracted waves Download PDFInfo
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- CN111707735A CN111707735A CN202010405654.8A CN202010405654A CN111707735A CN 111707735 A CN111707735 A CN 111707735A CN 202010405654 A CN202010405654 A CN 202010405654A CN 111707735 A CN111707735 A CN 111707735A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0421—Longitudinal waves
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/042—Wave modes
- G01N2291/0422—Shear waves, transverse waves, horizontally polarised waves
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for quantifying transverse cracks of a main shaft of a fan by using dual-mode diffracted waves, wherein an excitation sensor is arranged on the end surface of the main shaft to radiate ultrasonic longitudinal waves; and an electromagnetic acoustic sensor is arranged on the inner wall of the central hole of the main shaft and is used for receiving longitudinal waves and transverse waves diffracted by the cracks. The elliptical path of a diffraction point of the longitudinal wave is determined by the position of the excitation sensor, the position of the electromagnetic acoustic sensor and the transit time of the diffracted longitudinal wave. And determining a circular track of a transverse wave diffraction point through the position of the electromagnetic acoustic sensor and the transit time difference of the diffracted transverse wave and the longitudinal wave. And determining the position of the diffraction point by using the intersection point of the two tracks, thereby realizing the quantitative characterization of the axial position and the propagation depth of the surface opening transverse crack.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for quantitatively detecting diffracted waves of transverse cracks of an opening on the surface of a main shaft of an in-service wind driven generator, belonging to the field of nondestructive detection.
Background
Wind power has become the third largest power supply in China, the proportion of the wind power in the national power supply structure is increased year by year, and the running condition of a wind turbine generator is related to national energy safety. The main shaft of the wind driven generator is a core component of a transmission system of a wind turbine generator, and the structural health state of the main shaft directly influences the running safety of a fan. The main shaft of the fan has a severe service environment and very complex working conditions, and bears complex stress effects such as torque, axial thrust, pneumatic bending moment and the like for a long time. In the long-term operation process of the main shaft, transverse cracks with surface openings are easily generated in a matching area between the main shaft and the bearing, the safety of the wind turbine generator is seriously damaged, and multiple safety accidents are caused. For the detection of the transverse cracks of the surface opening of the main shaft of the fan, not only the cracks need to be found, but also the expansion depth of the cracks needs to be quantified. Since crack propagation depth is one of the important indicators for evaluating spindle damage.
The main shaft of the fan is a large-scale revolving body which is composed of a plurality of shaft sections and has the characteristic of a central hole. For the detection of the main shaft of the in-service fan, the crack is small relative to the size of the main shaft, and the quantitative characterization is difficult. At present, the ultrasonic flaw detection is carried out by adopting the end face of a main shaft, and the method has great limitations, such as: the quantification technology based on the amplitude of the reflected sound wave has low crack quantification precision, and the measurement of crack propagation depth cannot be realized. The invention discloses a transverse crack quantification method, wherein sensors are respectively arranged at two positions in a central hole of a fan to receive longitudinal waves diffracted by cracks, and quantitative detection of a transverse crack of an opening on the surface of a main shaft is realized through two elliptical tracks formed by the receiving sensors and an emitting sensor. However, this method requires two measurements of the diffracted longitudinal wave to achieve the detection; the method for realizing quantitative crack characterization by simultaneously utilizing longitudinal waves and transverse waves diffracted by cracks through only a single sensor arranged in a central hole is not related; moreover, a specific mathematical model of the elliptical trajectory is not given, and the method for drawing the elliptical trajectory depends on a manual drawing method. In conclusion, for quantitative characterization of cracks of the main shaft of the fan, an algorithm which depends on fewer sensors and performs quantitative evaluation on the cracks more quickly is developed, so that the method is beneficial to the progress of crack detection technology, and has very important practical significance for accurate detection of the transverse cracks of the opening on the surface of the actual main shaft.
Aiming at the current technical situation, a crack quantification method needs to be further developed, longitudinal waves and transverse waves diffracted by cracks are fully utilized, and the expansion depth and the position of the transverse cracks of the surface opening of the main shaft of the fan are evaluated more quickly and accurately through fewer sensors. The invention provides an accurate quantification method for realizing crack position and expansion depth by utilizing crack diffraction longitudinal waves and transverse waves aiming at the quantification problem of transverse cracks of an opening on the surface of a main shaft of a wind driven generator.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for accurately evaluating the axial position and the propagation depth of a transverse crack of a surface opening of a main shaft by using the diffraction characteristic of a crack tip to sound waves. The ultra-longitudinal waves are radiated on the end face of the main shaft, and the crack diffraction longitudinal waves and the transverse waves are received through a sensor at a single position of a center hole of the main shaft, so that the quantitative characterization of the transverse cracks of the opening on the circumferential surface of the main shaft is realized. The method can solve the problem that the transverse cracks are difficult to quantify when the end faces of the main shaft are detected, and can achieve the purpose of accurately measuring the positions and the expansion depths of the cracks. Compared with the existing method for detecting the shaft workpieces, the invention provides a new method for evaluating the propagation depth and the axial position of the transverse crack of the opening on the surface of the main shaft by utilizing the longitudinal wave and the transverse wave of crack diffraction, so that the defects of quantitative cracks of echo amplitude are avoided, the configuration of a sensor is simplified, and the accuracy of a detection result is improved. The method can play an important role in the health monitoring of the main shaft structure of the wind driven generator, and is further development and innovation of the existing main shaft crack quantification technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is a method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using dual-mode diffracted waves, and devices required for achieving the detection method comprise an ultrasonic signal excitation source, a piezoelectric sensor, an electromagnetic sound sensor and signal acquisition equipment. The method comprises the following specific implementation steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: acquiring the overall dimension of a main shaft of the wind driven generator; determining the detection area, i.e. the section of the spindle in cooperation with the bearing (distance L from the end face of the spindle)1～L2) And a maximum radius R of the shaft segment; actually measuring the diameter d of the central hole; actually measured principal axis longitudinal wave sound velocity cLAnd velocity of transverse wave cs。
Step two: according to the general principle of ultrasonic detection, selecting a proper piezoelectric sensor and fixing the piezoelectric sensor at the position with the radius of the end face of the main shaft being R; when the radius of the end face is smaller than R, the end face is fixed at the position with the largest radius of the end face.
Step three: in the central hole of the main shaft, a distance L from the end surface of the main shaft1～L2At any position L within the rangeEElectromagnetic sound receiving sensors are arranged for receiving the crack diffracted longitudinal waves and transverse waves. The piezoelectric sensor, the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor and the axis of the main shaft are ensured to be on the same plane.
Step four: exciting the piezoelectric sensor by using an ultrasonic signal excitation source and recording the zero point moment t of the trigger pulse0(ii) a Collecting output signals of an electromagnetic acoustic sensor, and respectively extracting crack diffraction longitudinal waves and diffraction transverse waves and time t corresponding to two diffraction wave peak valuesLAnd ts. Wherein, t0、tL、tsThe accuracy of (2) is in nanoseconds.
Step five: establishing a plane rectangular coordinate system by taking the center point of the end surface of the main shaft as the circle center, the central shaft of the main shaft as an x axis and the radius of the end surface as a y axis; according to the position coordinates F (0, R) of the piezoelectric sensor and the position coordinates of the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor
And diffracted longitudinal wave transit time (t)L-t0) Calculating parameters of the elliptical trajectory:
in the formula, a1A major semi-axis that is elliptical; b1Is a minor semi-axis of an ellipse, c1Is the semi-focal length of the ellipse, (x)0,y0) As coordinates of the center point of the elliptical path, theta1Is the included angle between the major axis of the ellipse and the central line of the main shaft.
According to the parameters, an elliptical trajectory equation is established:
and drawing an elliptical track through an elliptical equation.
Step six: according to diffracted transverse wavesDifference in transit time (t) from diffracted longitudinal waves-tL) Calculating the radius r of the circular track:
receiving sensor coordinates with electromagnetic sound
Establishing a circular trajectory equation for the circle center and the radius r:
(x-xE)2+(y-yE)2＝r2(c)
and drawing a circular track through a circular equation.
Step seven: parameterizing the circular trajectory equation (c) obtained in the step six:
wherein eta is a parameter, and eta belongs to [0,180 DEG ].
Substituting equation (d) into equation (a), finding the appropriate η by dichotomy numerical methodpSo that the following equation is satisfied:
wherein 0 is less than or equal to 10-4。
Further calculating to obtain the intersection point P (x) of the elliptical track and the circular trackp,yp)。
Step eight: the position of the surface opening transverse crack in the main shaft passes through a P point abscissa xpRepresents;
step nine: obtaining a distance end surface xpRadius R of shaft section at positioncThrough Rc-ypAnd calculating the crack propagation depth.
Step ten: and on different azimuth angles of the end surface of the main shaft, obtaining the position and the expansion depth of the transverse crack in different circumferential directions of the main shaft according to the fourth step to the ninth step.
The axial position and the propagation depth of the crack are determined by the sound paths of the longitudinal wave and the transverse wave respectively reaching the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor by the diffraction of the crack tip. The diffraction longitudinal wave transit time can determine the total sound path of an acoustic emission source, namely a crack tip, a receiving source, so as to obtain an elliptical track; determining a circular track by the time difference of the diffracted transverse wave and the diffracted longitudinal wave; the intersection point of the two tracks is the diffraction point of the crack tip; the abscissa of the diffraction point determines the position of a main shaft where the crack is located, and the ordinate determines the depth of the crack expanding to the axis;
the adopted method is to locate the position and the propagation depth of the crack through longitudinal waves radiated from the end surface of the main shaft and dual-mode sound waves (namely longitudinal waves and transverse waves) diffracted after the interaction with the crack tip. The electromagnetic acoustic sensor with the longitudinal wave and transverse wave receiving capacity is arranged in the center hole of the main shaft, and meanwhile, diffracted waves of cracks are received, so that the purpose of crack quantification is achieved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects.
1. The invention utilizes the longitudinal wave and the transverse wave diffracted by the crack tip to solve the quantitative characterization problem of the transverse crack of the surface opening of the main shaft of the wind driven generator. In the prior art, crack detection is performed only by using diffracted longitudinal waves, and the effect of diffracted transverse waves is ignored. The method fully utilizes the diffraction characteristic of the cracks to the sound waves, quantitatively represents the main shaft cracks, and innovates in the detection mechanism.
2. The invention respectively arranges the transmitting sensor and the receiving sensor in the end surface and the central hole of the main shaft, thus completing the measurement of the axial position and the expansion depth of the crack, not only avoiding the defect of evaluating the equivalent weight of the crack by the echo amplitude, but also realizing the purpose of completing the crack quantification by single measurement.
3. The method establishes a mathematical model of the elliptic and circular paths of the diffraction points, provides a quick and feasible method for calculating the positions of the diffraction points, and provides a set of quick algorithms for quantitative characterization of cracks.
4. The invention reduces the number of the sensors, only adopts the diffraction signals collected by the same receiving sensor, reduces the measurement error of the transit time of the diffraction waves, and improves the quantification precision of cracks.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating spindle dimensions and detection zones for an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the present invention quantifying crack axial position and propagation depth;
FIG. 3 is a time domain waveform collected by an electromagnetic acoustic sensor in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of crack location and propagation depth achieved by an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-detection area; 2-a piezoelectric sensor; 3-an elliptical trajectory determined by the diffracted longitudinal waves; 4-opening transverse cracks on the surface; 5-diffraction longitudinal wave and transverse wave to determine the circular track; 6-main shaft center line; 7-electromagnetic acoustic sensor; 8-wind driven generator main shaft
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
According to the embodiment of the invention, a method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using the diffraction dual-mode sound wave is provided.
In the long-term service process of the wind driven generator, surface opening transverse cracks are easily generated on the press-mounting surface of the main shaft and the bearing, the mechanical property of the main shaft is directly reduced by the cracks, and the quality of the main shaft can continuously meet the use requirement and needs to be inspected by means of nondestructive testing.
The main shaft of the wind driven generator adopted in the embodiment is the main shaft (8) to be measured in fig. 1, and the material of the main shaft is 42CrMo 4. Transverse cracks with a depth of 5mm were present at 700mm from the end face of the main shaft. The detection surface selects the end surface on the left side of the main shaft and the inner wall of the central hole.
The device adopted by the embodiment comprises 1 ultrasonic signal excitation source, 1 piezoelectric sensor, 1 electromagnetic acoustic sensor and 1 signal acquisition device, and the specific implementation steps are as follows:
the method comprises the following steps: acquiring the overall dimension of a main shaft of the wind driven generator, as shown in FIG. 1; determining a detection area, namely a shaft section (1) which is located at a distance of 650-850 mm from the end face of the main shaft, wherein the maximum radius R of the shaft section is 283 mm; actually measuring the diameter d of the central hole to be 75 mm; actually measured principal axis longitudinal wave sound velocity cL5928.000m/s, shear wave speed cs＝3260.000m/s。
Step two: according to the general principle of ultrasonic detection, a piezoelectric sensor with the frequency of 2.5MHz and the diameter of phi 20mm is selected. The piezoelectric sensor (2) is fixed at the position with the radius of 283mm of the end surface of the main shaft.
Step three: in the central hole of the main shaft, a distance L from the end surface of the main shaftEAn electromagnetic sound receiving sensor (7) is arranged at the position of 725mm and is used for receiving the longitudinal wave and the transverse wave diffracted by the crack. The azimuth angle of the electromagnetic sound receiving transducer (7) in the central hole is adjusted to be coplanar with the piezoelectric transducer (2) and the central line (6) of the main shaft.
Step four: the piezoelectric transducer (2) is excited by an ultrasonic signal excitation source, and the zero point moment t of the trigger pulse is recorded0The output signal of the electromagnetic acoustic sensor is collected by a signal collecting device at 0.000 μ s, as shown in fig. 2. Respectively extracting the diffracted longitudinal wave and the diffracted transverse wave of the crack, and extracting the time t corresponding to the peak values of the two diffracted wavesL158.813 μ s and ts＝192.235μs。
Step five: and establishing a plane rectangular coordinate system by taking the center point of the end surface of the main shaft as the circle center, the central shaft of the main shaft as an x axis and the radius of the end surface as a y axis. Ellipse parameters are calculated from piezoelectric transducer position coordinates F (0, 283), electromagnetic acoustic receiving transducer position coordinates E (725,37.5) and diffracted longitudinal wave transit times: elliptic orbit major semiaxis a1470.722 mm; short half shaft b1274.053 mm; half focal length c1382.719mm, the coordinate of the central point of the ellipse track is (362.500,160.250), and the included angle theta between the major axis of the ellipse and the central line of the major axis1＝-18.707°。
The ellipse trajectory equation determined according to the parameters is as follows:
the elliptical trajectory (3) is plotted according to the ellipse equation, as shown in fig. 3.
Step six: according to the difference (t) of transit time of diffracted transverse wave and diffracted longitudinal waves-tL) The radius r of the circular trajectory is calculated to be 242.085mm at 33.422 mus. A circular track equation is established by taking the coordinates E (725,37.5) of the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor as a circle center:
(x-725)2+(y-37.5)2＝242.0852
the circular trajectory (5) is plotted according to the circular trajectory equation, as shown in fig. 3. .
Step seven: and (3) carrying out parameterized representation on the circular trajectory equation obtained in the step six:
wherein eta is a parameter, and eta belongs to [0,180 DEG ].
And substituting the parameter equation of the circular track into the elliptical track equation. In the interval [0,180 °]Finding a suitable η by dichotomy numerical methodpMaking the absolute value of the following expression less than 10-4。
Obtain ηp＝96.086°
And further calculating to obtain the coordinates of the intersection point of the elliptical track and the circular track as follows:
step eight: the distance between the surface opening transverse crack and the end surface of the main shaft is 699.332 mm;
step nine: obtaining a radius R of the shaft segment at a location spaced from the end face 699.332cThe crack propagation depth was calculated to be 4.779mm 283 mm.
Step ten: and on different azimuth angles of the end surface of the main shaft, obtaining the position and the expansion depth of the transverse crack in different circumferential directions of the main shaft according to the fourth step to the ninth step.
Claims (5)
1. A method for quantifying transverse cracks of a main shaft of a fan by using dual-mode diffracted waves is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following concrete implementation steps:
the method comprises the following steps: acquiring the overall dimension of a main shaft of the wind driven generator, and determining a detection area;
step two: fixing a piezoelectric sensor at a position with the radius of the end surface of the main shaft as R;
step three: in the central hole of the main shaft, a distance L from the end surface of the main shaft1～L2At any position L within the rangeEArranging an electromagnetic sound receiving sensor for receiving longitudinal waves and transverse waves diffracted by the cracks; the piezoelectric sensor, the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor and the axis of the main shaft are in the same plane;
step four: exciting the piezoelectric sensor by using an ultrasonic signal excitation source, and recording the zero point moment t of the trigger pulse0(ii) a Collecting output signals of an electromagnetic acoustic sensor, and respectively extracting crack diffraction longitudinal waves and diffraction transverse waves and time t corresponding to two diffraction wave peak valuesLAnd ts；
Step five: establishing a plane rectangular coordinate system by taking the center point of the end surface of the main shaft as the circle center, the central shaft of the main shaft as an x axis and the radius of the end surface as a y axis; calculating parameters of the elliptical track according to the position coordinates of the piezoelectric sensor, the position coordinates of the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor and the diffraction longitudinal wave transit time: drawing an elliptical track through an elliptical equation;
step six: according to the difference (t) of transit time of diffracted transverse wave and diffracted longitudinal waves-tL) Calculating the radius of the circular trackr: receiving sensor coordinates with electromagnetic sound
Establishing a circular track equation for the circle center and the radius r, and drawing a circular track through the circular track equation;
step seven: parameterizing the circular track equation obtained in the step six to obtain an intersection point of the elliptical track and the circular track;
step eight: the position of the surface opening transverse crack in the main shaft passes through a P point abscissa xpRepresents;
step nine: obtaining a distance end surface xpRadius R of shaft section at positioncThrough Rc-ypCalculating the crack propagation depth;
step ten: and on different azimuth angles of the end surface of the main shaft, obtaining the position and the expansion depth of the transverse crack in different circumferential directions of the main shaft according to the fourth step to the ninth step.
2. The method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using the dual-mode diffracted waves as set forth in claim 1, wherein: the axial position and the propagation depth of the crack are determined by the sound paths of longitudinal waves and transverse waves respectively reaching the electromagnetic sound receiving sensor by the tip of the crack; determining the total sound path of an acoustic emission source, namely a crack tip, and a receiving source by the diffraction longitudinal wave transit time so as to obtain an elliptic track; determining a circular track by the time difference of the diffracted transverse wave and the diffracted longitudinal wave; the intersection point of the two tracks is the diffraction point of the crack tip; the abscissa of the diffraction point of the crack tip determines the position of a main shaft where the crack is located, and the ordinate determines the depth of the crack expanding to the axis.
3. The method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using the dual-mode diffracted waves as set forth in claim 1, wherein: positioning the crack position and the expansion depth through the longitudinal wave radiated by the end surface of the main shaft, and the diffracted longitudinal wave and the diffracted transverse wave after the interaction with the crack tip; the electromagnetic acoustic sensor with the longitudinal wave and transverse wave receiving capacity is arranged in the center hole of the main shaft, and simultaneously receives the longitudinal wave and the transverse wave of the diffraction of the crack, so that the purpose of crack quantification is achieved.
4. The method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using the dual-mode diffracted waves as set forth in claim 1, wherein: the device required for realizing the detection method comprises an ultrasonic signal excitation source, a piezoelectric sensor, an electromagnetic sound sensor and signal acquisition equipment; the ultrasonic signal excitation source is connected with the piezoelectric sensor, and the electromagnetic acoustic sensor is connected with the signal acquisition equipment.
5. The method for quantifying the transverse cracks of the main shaft of the fan by using the dual-mode diffracted waves as set forth in claim 1, wherein: and in the second step, when the radius of the end face is smaller than R, the end face is fixed at the position with the largest radius of the end face.
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