CN111654118B - Dynamic wireless power supply system power fluctuation suppression method based on voltage doubler rectifier - Google Patents

Dynamic wireless power supply system power fluctuation suppression method based on voltage doubler rectifier Download PDF

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CN111654118B
CN111654118B CN202010156727.4A CN202010156727A CN111654118B CN 111654118 B CN111654118 B CN 111654118B CN 202010156727 A CN202010156727 A CN 202010156727A CN 111654118 B CN111654118 B CN 111654118B
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coil
power supply
receiving
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wireless power
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CN111654118A (en
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麦瑞坤
刘顺攀
倪嘉蔚
周凌云
何正友
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Southwest Jiaotong University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/40—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices

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Abstract

The invention discloses a dynamic wireless power supply system power fluctuation suppression method based on a voltage doubling rectifier, and belongs to the technical field of dynamic wireless charging. The problem of the output voltage and the fluctuation of power that the mutual inductance fluctuation of a transmitting coil and a receiving coil causes in the moving process of a receiving end of a dynamic wireless power supply system is solved, the output voltage of the system is maintained at a constant value, the unpowered area of the dynamic wireless power supply system is avoided, and the power supply stability and the reliability of the system are ensured. Constructing a topological structure of a wireless power supply system based on primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling; b. according to the relative offset state of the topological structure coils, the working mode of the wireless power supply system based on primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling is adjusted, and the output voltage U is ensured 0 And (3) stability. The method can effectively maintain the constant output voltage of the dynamic wireless power supply system in the moving process of the receiving end, does not need a complex closed-loop control means, and has good applicability and operability.

Description

Dynamic wireless power supply system power fluctuation suppression method based on voltage doubler rectifier
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of dynamic wireless charging, and particularly relates to a power fluctuation suppression method of a dynamic wireless power supply system based on a voltage doubling rectifier.
Background
Wireless power transmission (Wireless Power Transfer, WPT), also known as wireless power transmission, refers to non-contact power transmission, in which power is converted into other forms of relay energy (such as electromagnetic field energy, laser, microwave, and mechanical wave) by a transmitter, and after a distance is transmitted, the relay energy is converted into power by a receiver, so as to realize wireless power transmission. Because of the pollution of energy sources and environment, the limitation of battery capacity, charging infrastructure and other conditions, the charging problem is called the biggest bottleneck faced in the development process of electric automobiles and the like, and the problems of frequent charging, short endurance mileage, large battery consumption, high cost and the like exist in both wired charging and static wireless charging technologies. Thus, there is an increasing demand for the development of dynamic wireless power technology.
In current wireless power transfer systems, the mutual inductance between the transmit and receive coils is an important factor affecting the output voltage. In a dynamic wireless power supply system, mutual inductance between a transmitting coil and a receiving coil can fluctuate due to movement of a receiving end, so that change of output voltage of the system is caused, and safe and reliable operation of electric equipment at the receiving end is greatly influenced. Therefore, a solution to the problem of output voltage variation during the movement of the receiving end is urgently needed in the dynamic wireless power supply system.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at: in order to ensure the stability of the output voltage in the moving process of the receiving end of the dynamic wireless power supply system, a power fluctuation suppression method of the dynamic wireless power supply system based on a voltage doubling rectifier is provided. Meanwhile, the method does not need a complex closed-loop control means, and has good applicability and operability.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the power fluctuation suppression method of the dynamic wireless power supply system based on the voltage doubler rectifier comprises the following steps:
a. constructing a wireless power supply system topological structure based on primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling;
b. based on the relative offset state of topological structure coil, the primary LC is adjustedC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling type wireless power supply system working mode, and output voltage U is ensured 0 And (3) stability.
Further, the primary side LCC parallel and secondary side double decoupling-based wireless power supply system comprises a direct current power supply U dc And sequentially connected with a direct current power supply U dc The receiving end comprises a voltage doubling rectifier and a capacitor C which is connected with the voltage doubling rectifier in sequence L Load resistor R L ；
According to kirchhoff's voltage-current law, the system can be described as:
Figure SMS_1
where ω is the angular frequency of the system.
Due to system resonance, there are:
jωL r +1/jωC r ＝0，jωL p +1/jωC p ＝0，
jωL s1 +1/jωC s1 ＝0，jωL s2 +1/jωC s2 ＝0，
when the relative positions of the primary coil and the secondary coil of the receiving end are changed in the moving process, the mutual inductance of the coils of the transmitting end and the receiving end is different, and the three working modes of the system are as follows:
A.
Figure SMS_2
switch S 1 The other switches are opened, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are aligned, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure SMS_3
And->
Figure SMS_4
Approximately the same, the voltages of the two receiving coils can be considered +.>
Figure SMS_5
In this case the number of the elements to be formed is,the receiving coils S1 and S2 are connected in series, the rectifier works in a full-bridge rectification mode, and both receiving coils transmit electric energy; due to the voltage balance of the receiving coil, < >>
Figure SMS_6
Amplitude and phase are approximately equal to->
Figure SMS_7
Amplitude and phase of (a); through capacitor C 1 And C 2 Is very small, is>
Figure SMS_8
And->
Figure SMS_9
Can be seen as a direct voltage when the system is in a steady state; in this mode of operation the output voltage U o The method comprises the following steps:
Figure SMS_10
neglecting conductor power loss and assuming
Figure SMS_11
And->
Figure SMS_12
Is equal in phase, and has:
Figure SMS_13
according to the formulas (2) and (3), the current flowing through the two secondary coils can be obtained:
Figure SMS_14
substituting (4) into (1), the following can be obtained:
Figure SMS_15
induced voltage
Figure SMS_16
And->
Figure SMS_17
The magnitude and gain of (a) can be expressed as: />
Figure SMS_18
Wherein g an ＝M s1 /L r ，g nb ＝M s2 /L r ，g an And g nb Voltage gain for two receive coils;
B.
Figure SMS_19
switch S 1 The other switches are closed, the distance between the secondary coil S1 and the primary coil P1 is larger than the distance between the secondary coil S2 and the primary coil P1, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure SMS_20
And->
Figure SMS_21
Unbalance and different running modes of the rectifiers; if->
Figure SMS_22
And is also provided with
Figure SMS_23
Figure SMS_24
Due to C 1 And C 2 Clamping effect of->
Figure SMS_25
And->
Figure SMS_26
Approximately equal, the amplitude of the induced voltage of the receiving coil S1 is:
Figure SMS_27
due to
Figure SMS_28
Amplitude of (2) is greater than +.>
Figure SMS_29
Only receiving coil L S1 Receiving energy, the rectifier operates in a voltage-doubler rectification mode and due to the receiving coil L s2 Clamped by diode, current i s2 Equal to zero;
when u is an During the positive half cycle, current i s1 Through diode D 1 And resistance R L For C 1 Load current I L Through capacitor C 2 Returning to the n point to form a closed loop, C 2 Simultaneously charged; when u is an During the negative half cycle, current i s1 Through point n, flow through C 2 For C 2 Charged and passed through diode D 3 And point a and then flow through C s1 And L s1 Form a closed loop, C 1 Forming a discharge current to the load R L Energy supply, C 1 In a discharge state; neglecting the power loss of conductors and assuming
Figure SMS_30
And->
Figure SMS_31
Is equal in phase, the output voltage U in this mode of operation o Unlike the output voltage in full bridge rectification mode, is:
Figure SMS_32
obtaining the product
Figure SMS_33
The method comprises the following steps:
Figure SMS_34
will (9) and
Figure SMS_35
substitution (1), there are:
Figure SMS_36
Figure SMS_37
the amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure SMS_38
wherein: g an ＝M s1 /L r ；
C.
Figure SMS_39
Similar to the working mode B, when
Figure SMS_40
And->
Figure SMS_41
Only the receiving coil S2 is in an energy transmission state due to C 1 And C 2 Clamping effect of i s1 Is equal to about zero; />
Figure SMS_42
The method can be calculated as follows:
Figure SMS_43
Figure SMS_44
the amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure SMS_45
wherein: g nb ＝M s2 /L r ；
In summary, no matter whether the transmitting end and the receiving end are aligned, the output voltage U of the system o Can be expressed as:
Figure SMS_46
that is, the output voltage of the system is twice the larger value of the two receiving coil voltages, and by utilizing the attribute, the corresponding transmitting coil array and the related control method can be designed, so that when the receiving end moves, the output voltage of the system is in direct proportion to the maximum value of the mutual inductance between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil. Even if the mutual inductance of the receiving coil and one or several of the transmitting coils is reduced, the output voltage can be kept constant as long as the mutual inductance between one of the two decoupled receiving coils and any of the transmitting coils can be maintained at a higher level.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. in the invention, when the receiving end moves, the output voltage of the system is maintained within a certain stable range, and a powerless area is avoided, so that the system is stably powered.
2. In the invention, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are both in DD structure, the magnetic leakage is small, the coupling coefficient is high, the transmitting end is formed by connecting a plurality of LCC structures in parallel, the length of the transmitting end is prolonged, the wire consumption is reduced, and the cost is reduced.
3. In the invention, the dynamic wireless power supply system based on the voltage doubler rectifier is provided with a new topology according to the characteristic of output constant voltage, and under the condition that coils move in different working states, the voltage of a load fluctuates in a very small range, so that the suppression of power fluctuation is well realized. The method does not need to build a complex closed loop system according to the change of the relative positions of the coils, thereby reducing the complexity of a control system and improving the economy.
Drawings
For a clearer description of the technical solutions of the present invention, the drawings to be used therein will be briefly described, it being understood that the following drawings only illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and should not be considered as limiting the scope, and other related drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
Fig. 1 is a topology diagram of a wireless power supply system based on primary side LCC parallel and secondary side double decoupling.
FIG. 2 (a) shows the secondary coil moving to face the primary coil and u an System equivalent circuit at positive half cycle.
(M S1 ＝M s2 )
FIG. 2 (b) when the secondary coil moves to face the primary coil and u an System equivalent circuit at negative half cycle.
(M S1 ＝M s2 )
FIG. 3 (a) shows the secondary coil moved to this position and u an The system is equivalent in the positive half cycle. (M) S1 ＞M s2 )
FIG. 3 (b) shows the secondary coil moved to this position and u an The system is equivalent in the negative half cycle. (M) S1 ＞M s2 )
FIG. 4 (a) shows the secondary coil moved to this position and u an The system is equivalent in the positive half cycle. (M) S1 ＜N s2 )
FIG. 4 (b) shows the secondary coil moved to this position and u an The system is equivalent in the negative half cycle. (M) S1 ＜M s2 )
FIG. 5 (a) shows the secondary two coils moved to be equal to the second primary coil in mutual inductance and u an The system is equivalent in the positive half cycle. (M) S1 ＝M s2 )
FIG. 5 (b) shows the secondary two coils moved to be equal to the second primary coil in mutual inductance and u an During the negative half cycleAnd (5) an equivalent circuit. (M) S1 ＝M s2 )
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The resonant network adopts an LCC-double decoupling topological structure, and an equivalent circuit diagram of the resonant network is shown in figure 1. In view of the high power quality of the compensation network, the currents in the transmit and receive coils are considered sinusoidal, ignoring the parasitic resistances of the wires and components in the analysis. According to kirchhoff's voltage-current law, the system can be described as:
Figure SMS_47
where ω is the angular frequency of the system.
Due to system resonance, there are:
jωL r +1/jωC r ＝0，jωL p +1/jωC p ＝0，
jωL s1 +1/jωC s1 ＝0，jωL s2 +1/jωC s2 ＝0，
taking the relative positions of the secondary coil and the primary coils P1 and P2 in the moving process as an example, the system has three working modes, when the relative positions of the primary coil and the secondary coil change in the moving process of the receiving end, the mutual inductances of the coils of the transmitting end and the receiving end are different, and the three working modes of the system are analyzed as follows:
A.
Figure SMS_48
when the relative positions of the primary side and the secondary side are as shown in FIG. 2, the switch S 1 The other switches are opened, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are aligned, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure SMS_49
And->
Figure SMS_50
Approximately the same, the voltages of the two receiving coils can be considered +.>
Figure SMS_51
The current direction in this case is shown in fig. 2, in which the receiving coils S1 and S2 are connected in series, the rectifier operating in full bridge rectification mode, both receiving coils transmitting power. Due to the voltage balance of the receiving coil, < >>
Figure SMS_52
Amplitude and phase are approximately equal to->
Figure SMS_53
Amplitude and phase of (a) are provided. Through capacitor C 1 And C 2 Is very small, is>
Figure SMS_54
And->
Figure SMS_55
Can be seen as a direct voltage when the system is in a steady state. In this mode of operation the output voltage U o The method comprises the following steps: />
Figure SMS_56
Neglecting conductor power loss and assuming
Figure SMS_57
And->
Figure SMS_58
Is equal in phase, and has:
Figure SMS_59
according to the formulas (2) and (3), the current flowing through the two secondary coils can be obtained:
Figure SMS_60
substituting (4) into (1), the following can be obtained:
Figure SMS_61
induced voltage
Figure SMS_62
And->
Figure SMS_63
The magnitude and gain of (a) can be expressed as:
Figure SMS_64
wherein g an ＝M s1 /L r ，g nb ＝M s2 /L r ，g an And g nb Is the voltage gain of the two receiving coils.
B.
Figure SMS_65
When the secondary side moves to the opposite position to the primary side as shown in fig. 3, switch S 1 The other switches are closed, the distance between the secondary coil S1 and the primary coil P1 is larger than the distance between the secondary coil S2 and the primary coil P1, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure SMS_66
And->
Figure SMS_67
Imbalance and different ways of operating the rectifiers. If->
Figure SMS_68
And->
Figure SMS_69
Due to C 1 And C 2 Is of the order of (a)Bit effect (s)/(s)>
Figure SMS_70
And->
Figure SMS_71
Approximately equal, the amplitude of the induced voltage of the receiving coil S1 is:
Figure SMS_72
due to
Figure SMS_73
Amplitude of (2) is greater than +.>
Figure SMS_74
Only receiving coil L S1 Receiving energy, the rectifier operates in a voltage-doubler rectification mode and due to the receiving coil L s2 Clamped by diode, current i s2 Equal to zero.
As shown in FIG. 3 (a), when u an During the positive half cycle, current i s1 Through diode D 1 And resistance R L For C 1 Load current I L Through capacitor C 2 Returning to the n point to form a closed loop, C 2 While being charged. As shown in FIG. 3 (b), when u an During the negative half cycle, current i s1 Through point n, flow through C 2 For C 2 Charged and passed through diode D 3 And point a and then flow through C s1 And L s1 Form a closed loop, C 1 Forming a discharge current to the load R L Energy supply, C 1 In a discharge state. Neglecting the power loss of conductors and assuming
Figure SMS_75
And->
Figure SMS_76
Is equal in phase, the output voltage U in this mode o The method comprises the following steps:
Figure SMS_77
obtaining the product
Figure SMS_78
The method comprises the following steps:
Figure SMS_79
will (9) and
Figure SMS_80
substitution (1), there are:
Figure SMS_81
Figure SMS_82
the amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure SMS_83
wherein: g an ＝M s1 /L r 。
C.
Figure SMS_84
When the secondary side moves to the position shown in FIG. 4, switch S 2 The remaining switches are closed and the remaining switches are opened, the distance between the receiving coil S1 and the transmitting coil P2 being greater than the distance between the receiving coil S2 and the transmitting coil P2, similar to mode B, when
Figure SMS_85
And is also provided with
Figure SMS_86
Only the receiving coil S2 is in an energy transmission state due to C 1 And C 2 Clamping effect of i s1 Is approximately equal to zero. u (u) nb The current flow in the positive and negative half periods is shown in FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b),. About.>
Figure SMS_87
The method can be calculated as follows:
Figure SMS_88
Figure SMS_89
the amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure SMS_90
wherein: g nb ＝M s2 /L r 。
When the receiving end moves to other positions, the output voltage analysis method is similar to the above A, B, C models.
In summary, no matter whether the transmitting end and the receiving end are aligned, the output voltage U of the system o Can be expressed as:
Figure SMS_91
when the transmitting end and the receiving end are well arranged, M s1 ＝M s2 When U can be obtained an ＝U nb At this time, the receiving coils S1 and S2 are connected in series to transmit energy together, and the system operates in a full-bridge rectification mode. When the offset occurs, the transmitting coil automatically transmits energy to the receiving coil with higher induction voltage, and the other coil does not participate in energy transmission, so that the rectifier does not need to add extra control. According to the characteristics of the LCC compensation network, when the receiver and the transmitter have a certain distance, the generation of large current can be avoided.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.

Claims (1)

1. The power fluctuation suppression method of the dynamic wireless power supply system based on the voltage doubler rectifier is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
a. constructing a wireless power supply system topological structure based on primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling;
b. according to the relative offset state of the topological structure coils, the working mode of the wireless power supply system based on primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling is adjusted, and the output voltage U is ensured 0 Stabilizing;
the primary side LCC parallel connection and secondary side double decoupling-based wireless power supply system comprises a direct current power supply U dc And sequentially connected with a direct current power supply U dc The receiving end comprises a double decoupling receiving coil, a voltage doubling rectifier and a capacitor C which is sequentially connected with the voltage doubling rectifier L Load resistor R L ；
According to kirchhoff's voltage-current law, the system is described as:
Figure FDA0004212564710000011
where ω is the angular frequency of the system;
due to system resonance, there are:
jωL r +1/jωC r ＝0，jωL p +1/jωC p ＝0，
jωL s1 +1/jωC s1 ＝0，jωL s2 +1/jωC s2 ＝0，
when the relative positions of the primary coil and the secondary coil of the receiving end are changed in the moving process, the mutual inductance of the coils of the transmitting end and the receiving end is different, and the three working modes of the system are as follows:
Figure FDA0004212564710000012
switch S 1 The other switches are opened, the transmitting coil and the receiving coil are aligned, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure FDA0004212564710000013
And->
Figure FDA0004212564710000014
Approximately the same, the voltages of the two receiving coils are regarded as +.>
Figure FDA0004212564710000015
In this case, the receiving coils S1 and S2 are connected in series, the rectifier operating in full bridge rectification mode, both receiving coils transmitting electrical energy; due to the voltage balance of the receiving coil, < >>
Figure FDA0004212564710000016
Amplitude and phase are approximately equal to
Figure FDA0004212564710000017
Amplitude and phase of (a); through capacitor C 1 And C 2 Is very small, is>
Figure FDA0004212564710000018
And->
Figure FDA0004212564710000019
Seen as a direct voltage when the system is in steady state; in this mode of operation the output voltage U o The method comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA00042125647100000110
neglecting conductor power loss and assuming
Figure FDA0004212564710000021
And->
Figure FDA0004212564710000022
Is equal in phase, and has:
Figure FDA0004212564710000023
according to the formulas (2) and (3), the current flowing through the two secondary windings is obtained:
Figure FDA0004212564710000024
substituting (4) into (1) to obtain:
Figure FDA0004212564710000025
induced voltage
Figure FDA0004212564710000026
And->
Figure FDA0004212564710000027
The amplitude and gain of (a) are expressed as:
Figure FDA0004212564710000028
wherein g an ＝M s1 /L r ，g nb ＝M s2 /L r ，g an And g nb Voltage gain for two receive coils;
Figure FDA0004212564710000029
switch S 1 The other switches are closed, the distance between the secondary coil S1 and the primary coil P1 is larger than the distance between the secondary coil S2 and the primary coil P1, and mutual inductance is achieved
Figure FDA00042125647100000210
And->
Figure FDA00042125647100000211
Unbalance and different running modes of the rectifiers; if->
Figure FDA00042125647100000212
And->
Figure FDA00042125647100000213
Figure FDA00042125647100000214
Due to C 1 And C 2 Clamping effect of->
Figure FDA00042125647100000215
And->
Figure FDA00042125647100000216
Approximately equal, the amplitude of the induced voltage of the receiving coil S1 is:
Figure FDA00042125647100000217
due to
Figure FDA00042125647100000218
Amplitude of (2) is greater than +.>
Figure FDA00042125647100000219
Only receiving coil L S1 Receiving energy, the rectifier operates in a voltage-doubler rectification mode and due to the receiving coil L s2 Is clamped by a diode, and the current i s2 Equal to zero;
when u is an During the positive half cycle, current i s1 Through diode D 1 And resistance R L For C 1 Load current I L Through capacitor C 2 Returning to the n point to form a closed loop, C 2 Simultaneously charged; when u is an During the negative half cycle, current i s1 Through point n, flow through C 2 For C 2 Charged and passed through diode D 3 And point a and then flow through C s1 And L s1 Form a closed loop, C 1 Forming a discharge current to the load R L Energy supply, C 1 In a discharge state; neglecting wire loss of wire and assuming
Figure FDA00042125647100000220
And->
Figure FDA00042125647100000221
Is equal in phase, the output voltage U in this mode of operation o The method comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0004212564710000031
get i S1 The method comprises the following steps:
Figure FDA0004212564710000032
will (9) and
Figure FDA0004212564710000033
substitution (1), there are: />
Figure FDA0004212564710000034
Figure FDA0004212564710000035
The amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure FDA0004212564710000036
wherein: g an ＝M s1 /L r ；
Figure FDA0004212564710000037
Similar to the working mode B, when
Figure FDA0004212564710000038
And->
Figure FDA0004212564710000039
Only the receiving coil S2 is in an energy transmission state due to C 1 And C 2 Clamping effect of i s1 Is equal to about zero;
Figure FDA00042125647100000310
and (3) calculating:
Figure FDA00042125647100000311
Figure FDA00042125647100000312
the amplitude and gain of (a) are:
Figure FDA00042125647100000313
wherein: g nb ＝M s2 /L r ；
In summary, no matter whether the transmitting end and the receiving end are aligned, the output voltage U of the system o Expressed as:
Figure FDA00042125647100000314
the system output voltage is twice the larger value of the two receiving coil voltages, and the attribute is utilized to enable the receiving end to be in direct proportion to the maximum value of the mutual inductance between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil when the receiving end moves through the corresponding transmitting coil array and control; even if the mutual inductance of the receiving coil with one or several of the transmitting coils is reduced, a constant output voltage is achieved as long as the mutual inductance between one of the two decoupled receiving coils and any of the transmitting coils can be maintained at a high level.
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