CN111641464A - Phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning - Google Patents

Phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning Download PDF

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CN111641464A
CN111641464A CN202010372924.XA CN202010372924A CN111641464A CN 111641464 A CN111641464 A CN 111641464A CN 202010372924 A CN202010372924 A CN 202010372924A CN 111641464 A CN111641464 A CN 111641464A
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CN111641464B (en
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王鹏
陈海波
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Beijing Zhongshi Guoyu Technology Co ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/11—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration
    • H04B17/12—Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration of transmit antennas, e.g. of the amplitude or phase
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R29/00—Arrangements for measuring or indicating electric quantities not covered by groups G01R19/00 - G01R27/00
    • G01R29/08—Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
    • G01R29/10—Radiation diagrams of antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/20—Monitoring; Testing of receivers
    • H04B17/21—Monitoring; Testing of receivers for calibration; for correcting measurements

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Abstract

A phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning is capable of achieving black box testing on a millimeter wave phased array antenna and is high in calibration efficiency. The detection device comprises: the system comprises a phased array antenna to be tested, a probe antenna, a parameter measuring device, a direct current power supply and a control calculator, wherein the phased array antenna to be tested, the probe antenna and the parameter measuring device are placed in a darkroom, the direct current power supply and the control calculator are arranged outside the darkroom, the probe antenna is arranged right in front of the phased array antenna, the parameter measuring device is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna, the direct current power supply supplies power to the phased array antenna to be tested, and the control calculator is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested; and taking the parameter measuring device as a core, carrying out beam forming on the whole array, measuring the transmission S parameter under a specific beam, and obtaining a calibration matrix C required by phased array calibration.

Description

Phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of millimeter wave measurement and antenna performance test, in particular to a phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning, which is mainly used for millimeter wave phased array antenna calibration.
Background
With the development of 5G mobile communication, data rate and load-bearing traffic in a communication system are increasing continuously, and frequency bands of Sub6GHz and below face a dilemma that data load-bearing capacity cannot meet requirements. Due to the fact that millimeter wave (mmWave) and higher frequency bands have larger available bandwidth, the bearable traffic is also huge, and people are attracting interest. At present, millimeter wave systems have been widely used in satellite communication, radar and 5G mobile communication. The millimeter wave antenna system has ultra-large bandwidth and can simultaneously have smaller physical size under high frequency, thereby having great application value.
However, the disadvantages of high transmission loss and low signal-to-noise ratio in the millimeter wave band may substantially offset the technical advantages brought by the disadvantages, and thus, there is still much work to solve the transmission loss and signal-to-noise ratio improvement of the millimeter wave antenna system. Currently, antenna packaging technology (AiP), i.e. integrating the antenna unit and the rf system into one board, is the mainstream solution for radar and mm-wave wireless systems. AiP technology makes it possible to reduce the loss of millimeter wave systems and to reduce the cost of integration of millimeter wave systems. Meanwhile, the phased array antenna can perform beam forming, track beams of a transmission link, adapt to the development of 5G mobile communication and be applied to a millimeter wave system.
In the calibration of the phased array antenna, a single measurement is performed on the unit of the phased array system and the calibration is performed in a conventional way, namely, when the calibration is performed, one unit link is opened, other links are closed, special phase regulation and control operation needs to be performed on the inside of the phased array system, and high-precision positioning of the antenna unit is required during measurement. But for the mmwave AiP phased array system, due to its higher integration, no special chipset will support this operation. The requirement for precise positioning is also not applicable to "black box testing" of packaged antennas.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning, which can perform black box test on a millimeter wave phased array antenna and has high calibration efficiency.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning comprises the following steps: the system comprises a phased array antenna to be tested, a probe antenna, a parameter measuring device, a direct current power supply and a control calculator, wherein the phased array antenna to be tested, the probe antenna and the parameter measuring device are placed in a darkroom, the direct current power supply and the control calculator are arranged outside the darkroom, the probe antenna is arranged right in front of the phased array antenna, the parameter measuring device is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna, the direct current power supply supplies power to the phased array antenna to be tested, and the control calculator is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested;
taking a parameter measuring device as a core, carrying out beam forming on the whole array, measuring transmission S parameters under a specific beam, and obtaining a calibration matrix C required by phased array calibration through a formula (2)
C＝B+*S*a+(2)
Where B is the beam steering matrix, ()+Is the sign of the pseudo-inverse matrix;
vector S ═ SpIs a complex S parameter between the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna under P phase shift configurations, wherein SpThe S parameter is directly measured and recorded by a parameter measuring device when the p phase shift is configured;
vector a ═ anIs the coupling vector between the N DUT phased array units and the probe antenna, where element anRepresenting the coupling coefficient between the feed point of the nth phased array element and the probe antenna feed point.
According to the method, complex amplitude and phase control is not needed to be carried out on each path of signal of the phased array antenna unit, and the initial amplitude and phase information of each array unit of the phased array antenna can be obtained only by radiating a specific working beam under the state close to the actual working state, so that black box testing can be carried out on the millimeter wave phased array antenna, and the calibration efficiency is high.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a detection device of the array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a multiplication diagram of an initial amplitude and phase detection method of a phased array antenna based on array beam scanning according to the present invention. A is a space link between the phased array antenna 1 to be tested and the probe antenna 2, B is a phase shifter (N) connected with each antenna unit of the phased array, C is a signal principle model of each unit of the phased array antenna, and D is a space distance between the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of different phi of array beam scanning based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection methods according to the present inventionPMatrix of value correspondences
Figure BDA0002478813760000031
Condition number of (2). In which the transverse axes are different phiPTaking values in the graph with the point phiPThe value corresponds to the condition number of matrix B.
Fig. 4 is a distribution diagram of selected points on a unit circle for a preferred example of an array beam scanning based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the method for detecting initial amplitude and phase of a phased array antenna based on array beam scanning includes: the method comprises the following steps that a phased array antenna 1 to be tested, a probe antenna 2, a parameter measuring device 3, a direct current power supply 4 and a control calculator 5 are arranged, the phased array antenna 1 to be tested, the probe antenna 2 and the parameter measuring device 3 are placed in a darkroom 6, the direct current power supply 4 and the control calculator 5 are arranged outside the darkroom 6, the probe antenna 3 is arranged right in front of the phased array antenna 1 to be tested (the minimum distance between the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna meets the far field distance of a single unit of a phased array, and the maximum distance reaches infinity), the parameter measuring device 3 is connected with the phased array antenna 1 to be tested and the probe antenna 2, the direct current power supply 4 supplies power to the phased array antenna 1 to be tested, and the control calculator 5 is connected;
when the phased array antenna is in the transmitting state, if a transmitting signal is provided by a self-contained chip, a reference signal is provided, if the transmitting signal is provided by an external instrument, the instrument provides the reference signal, and the reference signal is used for acquiring the S parameter phase of a link. The parameter measuring device 3 records S parameters between the phased array antenna and the probe, the phased array antenna is powered by the direct current power supply 4, and the control computer 5 automatically runs the measuring process and records data.
A schematic diagram of a beam steering phased array calibration system is shown in fig. 2. The beam steering function is realized by performing phase shift configuration on a phase shifter connected with the phased array unit according to the phase shift setting corresponding to the beam steering direction. The total number of phase shifter settings is P (P ≧ N), which allows the beam to be steered in P different directions.
The signal relationships shown in fig. 2 are:
S＝B*C*a (1)
wherein the matrix B ∈ CP*N,C∈CN*NVector a ∈ CN*1，S∈CP*1(P.gtoreq.N). S, B and a are matrixes which can be obtained through calculation, measurement and presetting, and C is a calibration matrix required by phased array calibration.
Where B is the beam steering matrix and B ═ Bpn}, matrix element bpnRepresenting the complex stimulus placed on the nth DUT phased array unit in the p-th phase shift configuration; for a uniform linear array ULA, B ═ Bpn}，bpnExpressed as formula (5):
Figure BDA0002478813760000041
wherein d and ψpRespectively representing the pitch between the uniform linear array elements and the beam steering angle in the p-th phase-shift configuration,
Figure BDA0002478813760000042
is psipCorresponding frequency, let bpnWithout tapering, the beam steering matrix B is derived from equation (5) with knowledge of the DUT antenna structure and the beam steering direction.
Vector S ═ SpIs the complex S parameter between the DUT phased array antenna and the probe antenna under P phase shift configurations, where SpS parameter when configured for p-th phase shift, the S parameterDirectly measuring and recording by a parameter measuring device;
vector a ═ anIs the coupling vector between the N DUT phased array units and the probe antenna, where element anRepresenting the coupling coefficient between the feed point of the nth phased array element and the probe antenna feed point. Assuming no mutual coupling between free-space propagation and the DUT unit:
Figure BDA0002478813760000051
wherein g is1(θn) And
Figure BDA0002478813760000052
antenna directional patterns of an nth DUT antenna unit and a probe antenna respectively, wherein the nth DUT antenna unit is in the direction theta of the probe antennanUpper, probe antenna is in the direction of the nth DUT antenna unit
Figure BDA0002478813760000054
Wherein both the phase shift and the attenuation caused by the feed are taken into account simultaneously1(θn) And
Figure BDA0002478813760000055
the fractional part in equation (6) represents the free space transmission coefficient from the DUT to the probe, rnThe distance between the probe antenna and the nth DUT unit.
Taking a parameter measuring device as a core, carrying out beam forming on the whole array, measuring transmission S parameters under a specific beam, and obtaining a calibration matrix C required by phased array calibration through a formula (2)
C＝B+*S*a+(2)
()+Is the sign of the pseudo-inverse matrix. The accuracy of the C matrix obtained by solving equation (2) is affected by matrix B+The condition number of (c). Matrix B+The condition number of (A) reflects the sensitivity of the calibration matrix C to errors generated in the measurement, and in order to ensure the accuracy of the phased array calibration, it is desirable to obtain a B-matrix with a small condition numberAnd (5) arraying. Preferably, the beam steering matrix B is in the form of a vandermonde matrix having complex elements zp＝exp(j2πfp),p∈[1,P]Selecting N rows from P rows of B matrix to form new matrix
Figure BDA0002478813760000053
The matrix represents the complex weight of N phase-shift configuration methods for configuring N phase-control array units, and the formula (2) is written as formula (3):
Figure BDA0002478813760000061
wherein
Figure BDA0002478813760000062
The S parameter is corresponding to the selected N middle phase shift configuration mode;
the invention provides a novel B matrix condition number optimization method. That is, the complex elements in the vandermonde matrix B are distributed on the unit circle, if the nodes are equidistantly distributed on the unit circle, the B matrix with a small condition number is obtained. Based on the idea, N beam steering angles psi are selected from P beam steering anglesn，n∈[1,N]And the following steps are carried out:
(a) if it is
Figure BDA0002478813760000063
N plural nodes
Figure BDA0002478813760000067
n∈[1,N]Evenly distributed on the unit circle (the unit circle is covered completely);
(b) if it is
Figure BDA0002478813760000064
N plural nodes
Figure BDA0002478813760000065
n∈[1,N]Distributed in the interval [ exp (j2 π f)1)，exp(j2πfp)]Inner (unit circle partial coverage);
wherein
Figure BDA0002478813760000068
Represents from
Figure BDA0002478813760000069
Any two N complex nodes newly formed in matrix
Figure BDA00024788137600000610
F of (a)nA minimum spacing therebetween; wherein (b) is not always guaranteed
Figure BDA00024788137600000611
There is a smaller condition number because a small coverage area on the unit circle also results in an exponential matrix condition number. In contrast to this, the present invention is,
(a) a smaller condition number is always ensured. To satisfy (a), the N selected complex nodes are uniformly distributed on the unit circle, obtaining formula (4):
Figure BDA0002478813760000066
wherein
Figure BDA00024788137600000612
By choosing the threshold value such that the beam steering angle covers the entire unit circle, a matrix with a smaller condition number is obtained
Figure BDA00024788137600000613
In addition to the channel testing concept, the same important point of the method is the condition number control of the matrix B. To ensure that B has an optimal condition number, all of the N rows selected from P rows can be counted
Figure BDA00024788137600000615
Condition numbers of the matrix, and selecting the one with the smallest condition number
Figure BDA00024788137600000614
And (4) matrix. However, this exhaustive calculation method has several significant drawbacks. First, if P is large, the number of computations required for exhaustion can be large. In addition, this calculation method cannot interpret the matrix
Figure BDA00024788137600000616
Is set in relation to what the beam steering of the phased array is. Therefore, a method based on the distribution of complex nodes on a unit circle is proposed, optimizing
Figure BDA0002478813760000071
And (4) matrix.
For phiPSelection of values, the matrix obtained after selection as described above
Figure BDA0002478813760000072
The condition numbers are shown in FIG. 3. It can be seen that for
Figure BDA0002478813760000073
The condition number can be converged to 1 quickly, and phiPSmall, the condition number is large. Thus, the condition number is affected by the beam steering interval of the phased array, and to keep the condition number of matrix B low and obtain a stabilized calibration matrix C, the beam steering interval ΦPIs a large value.
FIG. 4 is a view of a phiPValue selection examples. This example is a 4-element uniform linear array, with an element pitch of 0.5 lambda,
Figure BDA0002478813760000075
the value of (d) was 48.6 °. Shown in the figure are three different ΦPValues of 20 °, 40 °, 50 °, respectively, of which less than
Figure BDA0002478813760000074
Although evenly distributed over the unit circle, it can be seen that only a part of the unit circle is covered, but larger than
Figure BDA0002478813760000076
The angular value of the value can then completely cover the whole unit circle. Reference is made to the larger phi in figure 3PThe value can ensure a smaller condition number, so that the value can select a larger value within a reasonable range, thereby ensuring that the condition number of the matrix B is small and the measurement result of the calibration matrix C is more accurate and reliable.
It can also be concluded from equation (4) that if the number of array elements N is increased, we will need a larger beam steering interval threshold
Figure BDA0002478813760000077
On the other hand, a larger phased array element spacing may result in a smaller beam steering interval threshold
Figure BDA0002478813760000078
Preferably, for a half-wave uniform linear true column of N-2, 4,8,16, the corresponding
Figure BDA0002478813760000079
30 °, 48.6 °, 61.0 ° and 69.6 °, respectively.
Preferably, the probe antenna is a dual-polarized probe, and the dual-polarized probe has vertical and horizontal polarization directions of plus and minus 45 degrees; when phased array calibration is performed, on one hand, the probe is required to be placed in a reasonable distance and range in front of the array. On the other hand, the polarization loss caused by the inconsistency of the polarization directions of the probe and the array to be detected is reduced, so that a probe amplitude control unit is added between the two polarizations of the probe to control the two polarizations of the dual-polarization probe, and the probe antenna can be synthesized to generate any linear polarization; and the probe antenna and the phased array antenna are polarized and aligned during measurement.
Preferably, the darkroom is a millimeter wave testing darkbox, and the size of the darkbox is designed to prevent primary reflection of the antenna array to be tested from directly entering the probe antenna according to the geometrical optics principle. Therefore, the camera bellows used for measurement adopts high-quality wave-absorbing materials and reasonable layout design, and the reflection characteristic of the camera bellows environment is reduced.
When the receiving probe performs directional phased array measurement, if the beam of the phased array is not aligned with the beam direction of the probe antenna, the phase measurement may be inaccurate. Similarly, in addition to precisely controlling the beam direction of the phased array, in order to avoid affecting the phase measurement, the probe used should also have good directivity, and ideally the measured phased array beam should be aligned with the probe beam. Therefore, the probe used in the method has proper directivity, and the gain of the probe antenna is between 8dBi and 25 dBi.
Preferably, the parameter measuring device is a vector network analyzer, a frequency spectrograph, a comprehensive measuring instrument or a vector receiver.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and all simple modifications, equivalent variations and modifications made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention still belong to the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. The phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method based on array beam scanning comprises the following steps: the device comprises a phased array antenna to be tested (1), a probe antenna (2), a parameter measuring device (3), a direct current power supply (4) and a control calculator (5), wherein the phased array antenna to be tested (1), the probe antenna (2) and the parameter measuring device (3) are placed in a darkroom (6), the direct current power supply (4) and the control calculator (5) are arranged outside the darkroom, the probe antenna (2) is arranged right in front of the phased array antenna (1), the parameter measuring device is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna, the direct current power supply supplies power to the phased array antenna to be tested, and the control calculator is connected with the phased array antenna to be tested;
the method is characterized in that: taking a parameter measuring device as a core, carrying out beam forming on the whole array, measuring transmission S parameters under a specific beam, and obtaining a calibration matrix C required by phased array calibration through a formula (2)
C＝B+*S*a+(2)
Where B is the beam steering matrix, ()+Is the sign of the pseudo-inverse matrix;
vector S ═ SpIs between the phased array antenna to be tested and the probe antenna under P kinds of phase shift configurationComplex S parameter, wherein SpThe S parameter is directly measured and recorded by a parameter measuring device when the p phase shift is configured;
vector a ═ anIs the coupling vector between the N phased array units to be tested and the probe antenna, wherein the element anRepresenting the coupling coefficient between the feed point of the nth phased array element and the probe antenna feed point.
Matrix B ═ Bpn}, matrix element bpnShowing the complex excitation placed on the nth DUT phased array unit in the p-th phase shift configuration.
2. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 1, wherein: the beam steering matrix B is in the form of a Van der Waals matrix having a complex element zp＝exp(j2πfp),p∈[1,P](ii) a The vandermonde matrix is pathological and needs to be reduced in condition number by the following method:
selecting N beam steering angles psi from the P beam steering anglesn，n∈[1,N]And the following steps are carried out:
(a) if it is
Figure FDA0002478813750000021
N plural nodes
Figure FDA0002478813750000022
n∈[1,N]Are uniformly distributed on the unit circle;
(b) if it is
Figure FDA0002478813750000023
N plural nodes
Figure FDA0002478813750000024
n∈[1,N]Distributed in the interval [ exp (j2 π f)1)，exp(j2πfp)]Internal;
wherein
Figure FDA0002478813750000025
Represents from
Figure FDA0002478813750000026
Any two N complex nodes newly formed in matrix
Figure FDA0002478813750000027
F of (a)nA minimum spacing therebetween; (a) the situation can provide a smaller condition number, and satisfy (a), i.e. the selected N complex nodes are uniformly distributed on the unit circle, to obtain the formula (4):
Figure FDA0002478813750000028
wherein
Figure FDA0002478813750000029
By choosing the threshold value such that the beam steering angle covers the entire unit circle, a matrix with a smaller condition number is obtained
Figure FDA00024788137500000210
3. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 2, wherein: the condition number is influenced by the beam steering interval of the phased array, and in order to make the condition number of the matrix B low and obtain the stabilized calibration matrix C, the beam steering interval phiPIs a large value.
4. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 3, wherein: for a uniform linear array ULA, B ═ Bpn}，bpnExpressed as formula (5):
Figure FDA00024788137500000211
wherein d and ψpRespectively representing the pitch between the uniform linear array elements and the beam steering angle in the p-th phase-shift configuration,
Figure FDA0002478813750000031
is psipCorresponding frequency, let bpnWithout tapering, the beam steering matrix B is derived from equation (5) with knowledge of the DUT antenna structure and the beam steering direction.
5. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 4, wherein: assuming no mutual coupling between free-space propagation and the DUT unit:
Figure FDA0002478813750000032
wherein g is1(θn) And
Figure FDA0002478813750000033
antenna directional patterns of an nth DUT antenna unit and a probe antenna respectively, wherein the nth DUT antenna unit is in the direction theta of the probe antennanUpper, probe antenna is in the direction of the nth DUT antenna unit
Figure FDA0002478813750000034
Wherein both the phase shift and the attenuation caused by the feed are taken into account simultaneously1(θn) And
Figure FDA0002478813750000035
the fractional part in equation (6) represents the free space transmission coefficient from the DUT to the probe, rnThe distance between the probe antenna and the nth DUT unit.
6. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 5, wherein: the probe antenna is a dual-polarized probe which has vertical and horizontal polarization directions of plus and minus 45 degrees; when phased array calibration is carried out, on one hand, the probe is placed in a reasonable distance and range in front of the array; on the other hand, a probe amplitude control unit is added between the two polarizations of the probe to control the two polarizations of the dual-polarized probe, so that the probe antenna can be synthesized to generate any linear polarization; and the probe antenna and the phased array antenna are polarized and aligned during measurement.
7. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 6, wherein: the darkroom is a millimeter wave testing darkbox, and the size of the darkbox is used for preventing the primary reflection of the antenna array to be tested from directly entering the probe antenna.
8. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 7, wherein: the gain of the probe antenna is between 8dBi and 25 dBi.
9. The array beam scanning-based phased array antenna initial amplitude and phase detection method of claim 1, wherein: the parameter measuring device is a vector network analyzer, a frequency spectrograph, a comprehensive tester or a vector receiver.
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