CN111624514B - Method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of switching tube of three-level rectifier - Google Patents
Method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of switching tube of three-level rectifier Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/26—Testing of individual semiconductor devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/54—Testing for continuity
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of a switching tube of a three-level rectifier, which selects a switching state, a bridge arm phase voltage, the polarity of alternating-current side phase current and clamping diode current as fault characteristics, analyzes the short-circuit and open-circuit fault characteristics under different switching states based on a current circulation path, provides a fault diagnosis rule and realizes the short-circuit and open-circuit fault diagnosis of the switching tube of a diode neutral-point clamped (NPC) three-level rectifier. The method can simultaneously detect short-circuit and open-circuit faults, accurately position the fault position, realize quick diagnosis and have high reliability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the fault diagnosis technology of power electronic devices, and particularly relates to a method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of a switching tube of a three-level rectifier.
Background
Compared with the traditional two-level rectifier, the three-level rectifier has the advantages of low voltage stress of a power device, good waveform frequency spectrum, small voltage change rate, small waveform distortion and the like, and is widely applied to medium-voltage and high-power electric energy conversion and electric transmission occasions. The three-level rectifier has been developed to date, and a large number of topologies are generated, and the basic topologies of the three-level rectifier mainly include a midpoint clamping type, a cascade type, a flying capacitor type, and the like. Among them, the Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) rectifier has been widely used in practice because of its simple topology, relatively stable performance, and easy control of devices.
Despite significant technological advances in this area, semiconductors and their associated circuitry remain the primary cause of failure in industrial applications. According to the study, printed circuit boards resulted in about 26% of circuit equipment failures, while semiconductor and solder failures resulted in about 34% of power equipment failures. Power switch failures are typically caused by high thermal or electrical stress, which can lead to short circuit and open circuit failures. Failure of the gate driver or other control circuit is also a very important cause of converter failure, accounting for 53.1% of all converter failures. Such failures are typically caused by interruption of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) activation signal, resulting in a permanent IGBT open failure. At present, current and voltage signals of a certain time are needed for detecting the open-circuit fault of the three-level rectifier, a large amount of mathematical processing is needed, the algorithm is complex, the training requirement on the algorithm is high, the method is not suitable for popularization and use, and no method can be used for simultaneously detecting the short-circuit fault and the open-circuit fault of the rectifier.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: in order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for diagnosing the short-circuit and open-circuit faults of the switching tube of the three-level rectifier.
The technical scheme is as follows: a method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of a switching tube of a three-level rectifier comprises the following steps:
(1) detecting and collecting operation data of the diode neutral point clamped three-level rectifier circuit, wherein the operation data comprises a switching state, a bridge arm phase voltage, the polarity of an alternating current side phase current and a clamping diode current;
(2) the model of the diode neutral point clamping type three-level rectifier carries out fault classification according to the short circuit state and the open circuit state of a circuit, and the fault classification comprises the following three types:
a type: no switching device fails;
b type: only one switching device has a short-circuit fault;
class C: only one switching device has an open circuit fault;
(3) based on a current circulation path method, the NPC three-level rectifier circuit working in different switching states is subjected to fault characteristic analysis according to B-type short-circuit faults or C-type open-circuit faults respectively to obtain single-tube short-circuit fault or open-circuit diagnosis information, and the single-tube short-circuit fault or open-circuit diagnosis information is correspondingly input into a single-tube short-circuit fault diagnosis module or a single-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis module to carry out fault diagnosis and determine the fault type.
Furthermore, 4 IGBT switching devices S connected in series for each phase bridge arm in B type x1 -S x4 The method comprises the following steps of:
(A101) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a1 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the current on the cross current side of the a phase is in the negative direction, the bridge arm of the a phase is in an O state, and if the clamping diode VD is used a2 When the current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, the switching device S is judged a1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the cross current side of a is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Without current, clamping diode VD a2 Has current and a cross current side current is not equal to VD of the clamping diode a2 Upper current, determining the switching device S a1 A short circuit occurs;
(A102) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a4 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the a-phase current-crossing side is in a positive direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Is supplied with current, determines the switching device S a4 Short circuit failure;
when the current on the cross current side of a is in the negative direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Upper current, VD a2 Has no current, and a intersects with the current on the current side and VD a1 When the currents are not equal, the switching device S is determined a4 Short circuit failure;
(A103) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a3 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the a-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD a2 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged a3 Short-circuiting;
(A104) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a2 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD a1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged a2 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(B101) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b1 The process of diagnosing the occurrence of the short-circuit fault is as follows:
when the current on the cross current side of the phase b is in the negative direction, the bridge arm of the phase b is in an O state, and if the clamping diode VD is in a voltage limiting state b2 When the current flowing through the switching element S is not 0, the switching element S is judged b1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the cross current side of the b is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 Without current, clamping diode VD b2 Has current and b cross current side current is not equal to the clamp diode VD b2 Upper current, determining the switching device S b1 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(B102) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b4 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the b-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the cross current side of the b phase is in a positive direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 On the current flowing, determines the switching device S b4 Short-circuiting;
when the current on the cross current side of b is in the negative direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 Upper current, VD b2 Has no current, and b intersects the current-side current and VD b1 Are not equal, the switching device S is judged b4 Short-circuiting;
(B103) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b3 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the b-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD b2 The current flowing in the switching element S is not 0, and the switching element S is judged b3 Short-circuiting;
(B104) switching device S for a b-phase bridge arm b2 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the b-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD b1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged b2 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(C101) switching device S for a c-phase bridge arm c1 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the current on the cross current side of the c phase is in the negative direction, the bridge arm of the c phase is in an O state, and the clamping diode VD c2 When the current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, the switching device S is judged c1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the side of the c cross current is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Without current, clamping diode VD c2 Is charged with electricityCurrent, and c-cross current side current is not equal to the clamp diode VD c2 Upper current, determining the switching device S c1 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(C102) switching device S c4 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the c-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the side of the c-phase current intersection is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Is supplied with current, determines the switching device S c4 Short-circuiting;
when the current on the cross current side of the capacitor is in the negative direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Upper current, VD c2 C has no current, and c has a current crossing with VD c1 When the currents are not equal, the switching device S is determined c4 Short-circuiting;
(C103) switching device S c3 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the c-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD c2 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged c3 Short-circuiting;
(C104) switching device S c2 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the c-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD c1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged c2 A short-circuit fault occurs.
Further, to the switching device S a1 -S a4 The steps for diagnosing the single-tube open-circuit fault characteristics are as follows:
(A201) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a1 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
when the a-phase load current is in a positive direction and the a-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the load current of the a-phase is in the negative direction and the switching state of the a-phase is P, if the load current flows through the clamping diode VD a1 Is not 0, and the voltage U an Is not equal to U dc1 The AC side phase current is equal to the clamp diode VD a1 Upper current, determining the switching device S a1 An open circuit fault occurs;
(A202) for a phase bridge armSwitching device S a4 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
when the a-phase switch state is N, the a-phase load current is in the positive direction, and if the a-phase load current flows through the clamping diode D a2 Is not 0 and the phase voltage Uan is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined a4 Opening a circuit;
(A203) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a2 The single tube open circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
in P state, i a <At 0, if there is no current on the a phase, the clamp diode VD a1 The current at is also 0, and U an <0, determination of the switching device S a2 Single tube open circuit failure;
in the O state, when i a >When 0, the rectifier does not fail; when i is a <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; the conditions for judging the fault at this time are as follows: ia (ia)<At 0, the clamping diode VD a1 No current above, phase voltage U an <0; for distinguishing from short-circuit fault, time-alternating side phase current i different from short-circuit fault a Is equal to the clamping diode VD a1 A current on the substrate;
(A204) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
if the fault occurs in the N state, i a >At 0, there is no current on the a phase, the clamping diode VD a2 Upper current is 0, and U an >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i a >At 0, the clamping diode VD a2 No current above, phase voltage U an >0, time alternating side phase current i different from short-circuit fault a Is equal to the clamping diode VD a2 A current on the substrate;
(B201) s for b-phase bridge arm b1 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when the b-phase load current is in a positive direction and the b-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the b-phase load current is in negative direction and the b-phase switch state is P, if a fault occurs, the fault flows through the clamping diodeTube VD b1 Is not 0, and the voltage U bn Is not equal to U dc1 . The phase current on the AC side at this time is equal to the clamp diode VD b1 Upper current, unlike a short circuit fault;
(B202) s for b-phase bridge arm b4 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when the b-phase switch state is N, the b-phase load current is in the positive direction, and when the b-phase switch state is N, the b-phase load current flows through the clamping diode D b2 Is not 0 and phase voltage Ubn is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined b4 Open circuit failure;
(B203) s for b-phase bridge arm b2 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S b2 When open-circuit fault occurs, the b-phase bridge arm only has N state and i b >The O state at 0 is valid;
when a fault occurs in the P state, i b <At 0, no current is in phase b, and the clamping diode VD b1 The current at is also 0, and U bn <0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i b >At 0, the rectifier will not fail. When i is b <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; when i is b <At 0, the clamping diode VD b1 No current above, phase voltage U bn <0; decision switch device S b4 Open circuit failure;
(B204) s for b-phase bridge arm b3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S b3 When open-circuit fault occurs, the b-phase bridge arm only has P state and i b <The O state at 0 is valid;
if the fault occurs in the N state, i b >At 0, no current is in phase b, and the clamping diode VD b2 Upper current is 0, and U bn >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i b >At 0, the clamping diode VD b2 No current above, phase voltage U bn >0, alternating side phase current i b Is equal to the clamping diode VD b2 A current on the substrate;
(C201) s for c-phase bridge arm c1 The single tube open circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process comprises the following steps:
when the c-phase load current is in a positive direction and the c-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the c-phase load current is in the negative direction and the c-phase switch state is P, if a fault occurs, the fault flows through the clamping diode VD c1 Is not 0, and the voltage U cn Is not equal to U dc1 ；
(C202) S to c-phase bridge arm c4 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S c4 When an open-circuit fault occurs, the state of the switch of the c-phase bridge arm N is only influenced;
when the c-phase switch state is N, the c-phase load current is in the positive direction, and when the c-phase load current flows through the clamping diode D c2 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U cn Is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined c4 Open circuit failure;
(C203) s to c-phase bridge arm c2 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S c2 When open-circuit fault occurs, the c-phase bridge arm only has N state and i c >The O state at 0 is valid. When a fault occurs in the P state, i c <At 0, no current is on the c-phase, the clamping diode VD c1 The current at is also 0, and U cn <0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i c >At 0, the rectifier will not fail. When i is c <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; when i is c <When 0, if the clamping diode VD c1 No current above, phase voltage U cn <0, determination of S c2 Single tube open circuit failure;
(C204) s to c-phase bridge arm c3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S c3 When open-circuit fault occurs, the c-phase bridge arm only has P state and i c <The O state at 0 is valid;
if the fault occurs in the N state, i c >At 0, no current is on the c-phase, the clamping diode VD c2 Upper current is 0, and U cn >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i c >At 0, the clamping diode VD c2 No current above, phase voltage U cn >0, time alternating side phase current i different from short-circuit fault c Is equal to the clamping diode VD c2 The current in the capacitor.
Further, in the method, for the switching device S a1 -S a4 And fault output is always kept after the short circuit or open circuit fault of the single tube is judged.
Furthermore, the diagnostic failure categories in the method have 25 cases, wherein the A category is 1 category, the B category comprises 12 categories, and the C category comprises 12 categories.
Furthermore, the method is used for switching the tube S a1 -S a4 When a fault occurs, the fault diagnosis module outputs a high level.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the invention can simultaneously detect the short circuit or short circuit fault of a single switch tube. The method realizes the diagnosis of the open-circuit short-circuit fault of the switching tube of the NPC three-level rectifier by utilizing the switching state, the bridge arm phase voltage, the alternating current polarity and the clamping two-turn-off current. Compared with the fault diagnosis method based on the signals, the diagnosis method does not need to process the fault diagnosis signal, and the short-circuit and open-circuit faults can be directly identified according to the characteristics of the selected signals. Compared with the fault diagnosis method based on knowledge, the method can realize online diagnosis, does not need to learn and train a large amount of fault data, and greatly reduces the workload. In addition, the diagnosis method does not need to carry out complex algorithm operation, and has simple logic diagnosis thought, high diagnosis speed and high reliability.
Drawings
FIG. 1(a) is a schematic diagram of forward current when the switch state is 'P' in the embodiment;
FIG. 1(b) is a schematic diagram showing the flow of forward current when the switch state is 'O' in the embodiment;
FIG. 1(c) shows the positive when the bridge arm is in the 'N' state in the embodimentTo current through S x3 And S x4 The current of (a); a schematic diagram;
FIG. 1(d) shows the case where the switch state is 'P' in the embodiment, the current passes through S from the positive pole of the DC side x1 ，S x2 A current schematic of (a);
in the embodiment of FIG. 1(e), when the bridge arm is in the 'O' state, the current passes through the neutral point D from the DC side x1 ，S x2 A schematic diagram of the path to the bridge arm termination point;
FIG. 1(f) shows the state of the switch at 'N' in the embodiment, D x3 And D x4 Providing a current path;
fig. 2(a) is a schematic diagram of a current flow path before a short-circuit fault occurs in the switching device when the current on the current-intersecting side is in a negative direction;
fig. 2(b) is a schematic diagram of a current flow path after a short-circuit fault occurs in the switching device when the current on the current-intersecting side of a is in a negative direction;
fig. 2(c) is a current flow path diagram before the switching device fails when the current on the cross current side a is in the positive direction;
fig. 2(d) is a current flow path diagram after the switching device has failed when the current on the cross current side of a is in the positive direction;
FIG. 3(a) shows a switching device S a3 A schematic diagram of a current flow path before short circuit;
FIG. 3(b) shows a switching device S a3 A schematic diagram of a current circulation path after short circuit;
FIG. 4 switching device S a1 Schematic diagram of current circulation path before and after open circuit.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of explaining the technical solution disclosed in the present invention in detail, the following description is further made with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention provides a method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of a switching tube of a three-level rectifier, which specifically comprises the following steps:
(S1) the switching state, the bridge arm phase voltage, the polarity of the ac side current, and the clamp diode current of the diode NPC three-level rectifier circuit are selected as the fault characteristics. NPC three-level rectifier each phase composed of4 IGBT switching devices are connected in series, each switching device is connected with 1 freewheeling diode in anti-parallel, and a three-phase bridge arm is connected with two capacitors C connected in series in parallel 1 ,C 2 . Two IGBT switching devices in the middle of each phase are connected with two diodes connected in series in parallel, and the middle point of the two diodes connected in series is connected with two series capacitors C 1 ,C 2 At the midpoint of (i.e. V) d At the voltage of/2, the middle points (a, b and C) of 4 series-connected IGBT switching devices of each phase are input and connected with a corresponding three-phase power supply, the alternating-current side phase current is the current output by the power supply of each phase, and the bridge arm phase voltage is the middle point (a, b and C) of each phase and 2 series-connected capacitors C 1 ，C 2 The switching state is a driving signal for controlling the on and off of 4 series-connected IGBT switching devices, and the NPC three-level rectifier has three switching states, which are P, O, N respectively. The P state is a driving signal for controlling the conduction of 2 IGBT switching devices above each phase and the disconnection of 2 IGBT switching devices below each phase, the O state is a driving signal for controlling the conduction of 2 IGBT switching devices in the middle of each phase and the disconnection of the other 2 IGBT switching devices, and the N state is a driving signal for controlling the conduction of 2 IGBT switching devices below each phase and the disconnection of two IGBT switching devices above each phase.
(S2) a model of the NPC three-level rectifier is established, and fault classification is carried out according to actual operation single-tube open circuit and single-tube short circuit faults, wherein the three types of the faults are 25.
1) The first type is: and (4) normally operating, and no switching device generates short-circuit open-circuit fault.
2) The second type: short-circuit fault occurs to only one switching device, namely, each phase bridge arm is provided with 4 IGBT switching devices (S) connected in series x1 -S x4 In 12 cases, short-circuit failure occurs in any of the switching tubes "a", "b", and "c").
3) In the third category: only one switching device has open-circuit fault, namely 4 IGBT switching devices (S) connected in series in each phase bridge arm x1 -S x4 And the open-circuit fault occurs in any one of the switching tubes i, a, b and c), and the number of the switching tubes is 12.
(S3) in view of circuit symmetry, taking an A-phase bridge arm as an example, performing single-tube short-circuit fault characteristic analysis of the second type in the step (2) on four switching tubes working in a P, O, N state to obtain a single-tube short-circuit fault diagnosis basis, inputting the single-tube short-circuit fault diagnosis basis to a single-tube short-circuit fault diagnosis module for diagnosis, and diagnosing 13 types of first type and second type faults of the NPC three-level rectifier.
(S4) performing single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic analysis of the second type in the step (2) on four switching tubes of the a-phase bridge arm in a P, O, N state to obtain a single-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis basis, inputting the single-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis basis to the single-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis module for diagnosis, and diagnosing a third type of faults of the NPC three-level rectifier under 12 conditions.
Specifically, fig. 1 shows a current flowing path of the three-phase NPC rectifier based on the switching states and a flowing direction of the phase current, each phase arm can output three switching states, ('P' and 'O' and 'N'), and the corresponding voltage is a voltage from an arm midpoint 'x (a, b, c)' to a neutral point 'N', as shown in fig. 1. The switch state 'P' expresses that the two switches S at the top of the bridge arm x1 And S x2 Are simultaneously conducted and bridge arm voltage V xn Is + V dc /2. The switch state 'O' means that the middle two switches S x2 And S x3 Are simultaneously conducted and have a voltage V xn Is 0V. When the switch state is 'N', then the two lowest switches Sx3 and Sx4 are simultaneously turned on, and V is at this time xn is-V dc /2。
According to phase current i x In the direction of (1), each leg of the three-phase NPC rectifier has 6 current paths. FIG. 1(a) shows that when the switch state is 'P', a forward current flows through D x2 And D x1 Leading to the dc side anode. When the switching state is 'O', as shown in FIG. 1(b), a forward current flows through S x3 And D x2 Leading to the neutral point. In most cases, if the NPC rectifier operates well at unity power factor, the path of forward current flow is in the switching state of 'P' and 'O'. When the bridge arm is in 'N' state, the forward current passes through S as shown in FIG. 1(c) x3 And S x4 . There are three reverse current paths, corresponding to the current forward path, depending on the switching state, as shown in fig. 1 (d-f). When the switch state is' PThe current passes through S from the positive pole of the direct current side x1 ，S x2 . When the bridge arm is in an 'O' state, the current passes through D from a neutral point on the direct current side x1 ，S x2 And flows to the bridge arm termination point. Finally, when the switch state is 'N', D x3 And D x4 Providing a current path.
The switching state, the bridge arm phase voltage, the alternating current side current and the clamping diode current of the NPC three-level rectifier are respectively extracted as fault characteristics, and short-circuit and open fault characteristics under different switching states are analyzed based on a current circulation path method. In view of the symmetry of the circuit, taking the a-phase bridge arm as an example, the single-tube short-circuit characteristics of 4 switching tubes of the a-phase bridge arm are analyzed.
(A) Short circuit fault
When a short-circuit fault occurs, three continuous switching devices of the same bridge arm are conducted at the same time at a certain moment, and at the moment, the bus capacitor C 1 Or C 2 Is shorted. The invention only considers the short-circuit fault of a single switch tube, so that only one switch tube which has the short-circuit fault can be accurately judged firstly, and no matter whether other switch tubes meet the fault condition, the first switch tube which meets the fault condition is only required to be kept output.
(101) Short circuit of external switching device
Firstly, a switching device S a1 The occurrence of a short-circuit fault is taken as an example. When the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is P state or N state, the switching device S a1 The short circuit does not affect the rectifier output. Therefore, the operating conditions of the rectifier before and after the fault of the a-phase bridge arm in the O state need to be compared to judge whether the short-circuit fault occurs. When the current on the cross current side of a is in a negative direction, if a fault occurs, the switching device S a1 、S a2 、S a3 And a clamping diode VD a2 Torch C with DC bus 1 The short-circuit, current flow paths before and after the fault are shown in fig. 2(a) and (b). The switching device S is obtained by comparing the difference of current circulation paths before and after the fault a1 The diagnosis basis of the short-circuit fault is as follows: when the a-phase bridge arm is in an O state, the a-phase load current is in a negative direction, and the clamping diode VD a2 When the current flowing upward is not 0, the switching device S is explained a1 Take place ofAnd (4) short-circuiting.
When the current on the cross current side of a is in the positive direction, if a fault occurs, the switching element S a1 、S a2 、S a3 And a clamp diode VD a2 Will also connect the DC bus capacitor C 1 The short circuit and the current flow paths before and after the fault are shown in fig. 2(c) and (d). Can obtain i a >0-time switching device S a1 Basis of short-circuit failure: clamping diode VD a1 Without current, clamping diode VD a2 Has current, and the a-phase current is not equal to the VD of the clamping diode a2 At the time of the upper current, the switching device S is explained a1 A short-circuit fault occurs.
Similarly, the switching device S a4 The short-circuit fault judgment method comprises the following steps: when the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the a-phase current-crossing side is in a positive direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Has current flowing, the switching device S is explained a4 And (4) short-circuiting. When the current on the cross current side of a is in the negative direction, the clamping diode VD a1 Upper current, VD a2 Has no current, and a intersects with the current on the current side and VD a1 The currents on are not equal.
(102) Internal switching device short circuit
Firstly, a switching device S a3 The occurrence of a short-circuit fault is taken as an example. Switching device S a3 The current flow paths before and after the short circuit are shown in fig. 3(a) and (b). When the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is O state or N state, the switching device S a3 The short circuit does not affect the rectifier output. The operation conditions of the rectifier before and after the fault of the a-phase bridge arm in the P state are compared to judge whether the short circuit occurs. When the a-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD a2 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, which indicates that the switching device S a3 And (4) short-circuiting.
Similarly, the switching device S a2 The short-circuit fault judgment method comprises the following steps: and when the switch state of the a-phase bridge arm is N. If the clamping diode VD a1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, indicating that the switching device S a2 A short-circuit fault occurs.
In addition, all short-circuit faults are fault conditions which can occur at the moment of judging the fault,the fault conditions may coincide with each other. When the switching tube has a fault, the fault diagnosis module outputs a high level. With S a1 For example, when a short-circuit fault occurs, except for the judgment of S a1 The module will output high level and judge S a4 The module of (2) will also output high level, but the judgement fault basis that every switch tube used all designs according to self parameter characteristics, when a certain switch tube broke down, must output corresponding high level at first, and the quantity of high level is also the most. Therefore, when the judgment conditions are coincident, the invention adopts a counting module to record the quantity of the high level output by each switching tube, and can make accurate judgment.
(B) Open circuit fault
(201) External switching device open circuit
Firstly, a switching device S a1 An open fault occurs as an example. When the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is N state or O state, the switching device S a1 The open circuit does not affect the rectifier output. Therefore, the operation conditions of the rectifier before and after the fault in the state of the a-phase bridge arm P need to be compared, and whether the open-circuit fault occurs or not is further judged. When the a-phase load current is positive and the a-phase switch state is P, the current passes through D a2 ，D a1 And the current flows to the bus capacitor, so that no fault occurs. When the load current of the phase a is in a negative direction and the switching state of the phase a is P, if a fault occurs, the phase current of the phase a can only pass through the clamping diode VD from the midpoint n of the bus capacitor a1 Switching device S a2 To the ac side, which means that the switch state is changed from P to O. I is a >The 0, P-state pre-and post-fault current flow paths are shown in fig. 4, where the dashed lines represent the pre-fault current flow paths and the solid lines represent the post-fault current flow paths.
As can be seen from fig. 4, when the a-phase load current is in the negative direction and the a-phase switching state is P, the current flows through the clamp diode VD a1 Is not 0, and the voltage U an Is not equal to U dc1 . In order to distinguish the open-circuit fault from the short-circuit fault, a judgment condition is added: i.e. i a ＝i d1 . When the above conditions are satisfied, the switching device S a1 An open circuit fault occurs.
Similarly, when switching device S a4 When an open-circuit fault occurs, the O switch state and the P switch state of the a-phase bridge arm are not influenced. Therefore, if the a-phase switch state is N, the a-phase load current is in the positive direction and flows through the clamping diode D a2 Is not 0, and the voltage U an Is not equal to U dc2 Now, the switching device S is explained a4 And (4) opening the circuit. To distinguish between open-circuit and short-circuit faults, a condition may be imposed: i.e. i a ＝i d2 。
(202) Internal switching device open circuit
When the switching device S a2 In the event of an open-circuit fault, the current cannot flow from the switching device S a2 Flows upwards, so the a-phase arm i a <P switch state loss at 0, i a <O-switch state loss at 0. The a-phase bridge arm only has N state and i a >The O state at 0 is valid. When a fault occurs in the P state, i a <At 0, there is no current on the a phase, the clamping diode VD a1 The current at is also 0, and U an <0. If the fault occurs in the O state, when i a >At 0, current passes through S a3 、D a2 The rectifier will not fail. When i is a <When 0, the current path changes, and the current can only pass through D from the midpoint n of the direct current bus a4 And D a3 To the ac side. This means that the switch state is changed from O to N. The conditions for judging the fault at this time are as follows: i.e. i a <At 0, the clamping diode VD a1 No current above, phase voltage U an <0. In order to distinguish from the short-circuit fault, a judgment condition is added: i.e. i a Is equal to i da1 。
Similarly, when switching device S a3 When open-circuit fault occurs, a phase bridge arm i a >N loss of on-off state at 0, i a >O-switch state loss at 0. The a-phase bridge arm only has P state and i a <The O state at 0 is valid. Thus, if a fault occurs in the N state, i a >At 0, there is no current on the a phase, the clamping diode VD a2 Upper current is 0, and U an >0. If the fault occurs in the O state, when i a >At 0, the clamping diode VD a2 There is no current on the upper side of the transformer,phase voltage U an >0, to distinguish from a short-circuit fault, a judgment condition is added: i.e. i a Is equal to i d2 。
The method can effectively diagnose open circuit and short circuit faults in the rectifier, has simple operation, quick diagnosis, reliable result and lower hardware cost, can be applied to application occasions with different power grades, and has bright characteristics and popularization.
Claims (5)
1. A method for diagnosing short-circuit and open-circuit faults of a switching tube of a three-level rectifier is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) detecting and collecting operation data of the diode neutral point clamped three-level rectifier circuit, wherein the operation data comprises a switching state, a bridge arm phase voltage, the polarity of an alternating current side phase current and a clamping diode current;
(2) establishing a model of a diode neutral point clamping type three-level rectifier, and classifying faults according to the short circuit state and the open circuit state of a circuit, wherein the fault categories comprise the following three categories:
a type: no switching device fails;
b type: only one switching device has a short-circuit fault;
class C: only one switching device has an open circuit fault;
(3) based on a current circulation path method, carrying out fault characteristic analysis on NPC three-level rectifying circuits working in different switching states according to B-type short-circuit faults or C-type open-circuit faults respectively to obtain diagnosis information of single-tube short-circuit faults or open-circuit faults, correspondingly inputting the diagnosis information into a single-tube short-circuit fault diagnosis module or a single-tube open-circuit fault diagnosis module for fault diagnosis, and determining fault types;
each phase of the model of the diode neutral point clamping type three-level rectifier is formed by connecting 4 IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) switching devices in series, and the 4 IGBT switching devices are S in sequence from top to bottom x1 、S x2 、S x3 、S x4 (ii) a Each switching device is connected with 1 freewheeling diode in inverse parallel, and D is respectively x1 、D x2 、D x3 、D x4 Three-phase bridge arms connected in parallel and in seriesCapacitor C 1 ,C 2 (ii) a Two IGBT switching devices S in the middle of each phase x2 、S x3 With two clamping diodes VD in series x1 、VD x2 Parallel connection of two series-connected clamping diodes VD x1 And VD x2 Is connected with two series capacitors C 1 ,C 2 At the midpoint of (i.e. V) d At the voltage of/2, the middle point of each phase of 4 series-connected IGBT switching devices is input and connected with a corresponding three-phase power supply, the alternating-current side phase current is the current output by each phase of power supply, and the bridge arm phase voltage is the middle point of each phase and 2 series-connected capacitors C 1 ，C 2 The voltage between the intermediate points of (a); x is a or b or c;
for IGBT switching device S with 4 bridge arms in series connection in each phase in B type x1 -S x4 The method comprises the following steps of:
(A101) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a1 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the current on the a-phase cross current side is in the negative direction, the a-phase bridge arm is in an O state, if the clamping diode VD a2 When the current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, the switching device S is judged a1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the cross current side of a is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Without current, clamping diode VD a2 Has current and a cross current side current is not equal to VD of the clamping diode a2 Upper current, determining the switching device S a1 A short circuit occurs;
(A102) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a4 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the cross current side of a is in a positive direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Is supplied with current, determines the switching device S a4 Short circuit failure;
when the current on the cross current side of a is in a negative direction, if the clamping diode VD a1 Upper current, VD a2 Has no current, and a intersects with the current on the current side and VD a1 When the currents are not equal, the switching device S is determined a4 Short circuit failure;
(A103) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a3 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the a-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD a2 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged a3 Short-circuiting;
(A104) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a2 The short-circuit fault diagnosis process is as follows:
when the switching state of the a-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD a1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged a2 A short-circuit fault occurs;
(B101) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b1 The process of diagnosing the occurrence of the short-circuit fault is as follows:
when the current on the cross current side of the phase b is in the negative direction, the bridge arm of the phase b is in an O state, and if the clamping diode VD is in a voltage limiting state b2 When the current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, the switching device S is judged b1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the cross current side of the b is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 Without current, clamping diode VD b2 Has current, and the b-phase current is not equal to the VD of the clamping diode b2 Upper current, determining the switching device S b1 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(B102) switching device S for a b-phase bridge arm b4 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the b-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the cross current side of the b phase is in a positive direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 Is supplied with current, determines the switching device S b4 Short-circuiting;
when the current on the cross current side of b is in the negative direction, if the clamping diode VD b1 Upper current, VD b2 Has no current, and b intersects the current-side current and VD b1 Are not equal, the switching device S is judged b4 Short-circuiting;
(B103) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b3 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the b-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD b2 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged b3 Short-circuiting;
(B104) switching device S for b-phase bridge arm b2 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the b-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD b1 The current flowing in the switching element S is not 0, and the switching element S is judged b2 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(C101) switching device S for c-phase bridge arm c1 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the current on the cross current side of the c phase is in the negative direction, the c-phase bridge arm is in an O state, and the clamping diode VD c2 When the current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, the switching device S is judged c1 A short circuit occurs;
when the current on the side of the c cross current is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Without current, clamping diode VD c2 Has current and c cross current side current is not equal to the clamp diode VD c2 Upper current, determining the switching device S c1 Short-circuit failure occurs;
(C102) switching device S c4 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the c-phase bridge arm is in an O state and the current on the side of the c-phase current intersection is in the positive direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Is supplied with current, determines the switching device S c4 Short-circuiting;
when the current on the side of the cross current is in the negative direction, if the clamping diode VD c1 Upper current, VD c2 C has no current, and c has a current crossing with VD c1 When the currents are not equal, the switching device S is determined c4 Short-circuiting;
(C103) switching device S c3 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the c-phase bridge arm is in a P switch state, if the clamping diode VD c2 The current flowing in the switching element S is not 0, and the switching element S is judged c3 Short-circuiting;
(C104) switching device S c2 The short-circuit fault judgment process is as follows:
when the switching state of the c-phase bridge arm is N, if the clamping diode VD c1 The current flowing in the upper circuit is not 0, and the switching device S is judged c2 A short-circuit fault occurs.
2. The method of claim 1 for diagnosing short and open faults in switching tubes of a three-level rectifier, characterized in that: to the switching device S x1 -S x4 The steps for diagnosing the single-tube open-circuit fault characteristics are as follows:
(A201) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a1 The single tube open circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
when the a-phase load current is in a positive direction and the a-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the load current of the a-phase is in the negative direction and the switching state of the a-phase is P, if the load current flows through the clamping diode VD a1 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U an Is not equal to U dc1 The AC side phase current is equal to the clamp diode VD a1 Upper current, determining the switching device S a1 An open circuit fault occurs;
(A202) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a4 The single tube open circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
when the state of the a-phase switch is N, the a-phase load current is in the positive direction, and if the a-phase load current flows through the clamping diode VD a2 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U an Is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined a4 Opening a circuit;
(A203) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a2 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
in P state, a phase of AC side current i a <At 0, if there is no current on the a phase, the clamping diode VD a1 The upper current is also 0 and the phase voltage U an <0, determination of the switching device S a2 Single tube open fault;
in the O state, when i a >At 0, the rectifier will not fail; when i is a <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; the conditions for judging the fault at this time are as follows: i all right angle a <At 0, the clamping diode VD a1 No current on, phase voltage U an <0; to distinguish from a short-circuit fault, the alternating-side phase current i is different from the short-circuit fault a Is equal to the clamping diode VD a1 A current on the substrate;
(A204) switching device S for a-phase bridge arm a3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis method comprises the following steps:
if the fault occurs in the N state, i a >At 0, there is no current on the a phase, the clamping diode VD a2 Upper current is 0 and phase voltage U an >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i a >At 0, the clamping diode VD a2 No current above, phase voltage U an >0, an alternating-side phase current i different from the short-circuit fault a Is equal to the clamping diode VD a2 A current on the substrate;
(B201) s for b-phase bridge arm b1 The single tube open circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process comprises the following steps:
when the b-phase load current is in a positive direction and the b-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the b-phase load current is in the negative direction and the b-phase switch state is P, if a fault occurs, the fault flows through the clamping diode VD b1 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U bn Is not equal to U dc1 (ii) a At this time, the phase current on the AC side is equal to the voltage of the clamping diode VD b1 Upper current, unlike a short circuit fault;
(B202) s for b-phase bridge arm b4 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when the state of the b-phase switch is N, the b-phase load current is in the positive direction, and when the b-phase load current flows through the clamping diode VD b2 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U bn Is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined b4 Open circuit failure;
(B203) s for b-phase bridge arm b2 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S b2 When open-circuit fault occurs, the b-phase bridge arm only has N state and b-phase alternating-current side phase current i b >The O state at 0 is valid;
when a fault occurs in the P state, i b <At 0, no current is in phase b, and the clamping diode VD b1 The upper current is also 0 and the phase voltage U bn <0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i b >When 0, the rectifier does not fail; when i is b <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; when i is b <At 0, the clamping diode VD b1 No current on, phase voltage U bn <0; decision switch device S b2 Open circuit failure;
(B204) s for b-phase bridge arm b3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S b3 When open-circuit fault occurs, the b-phase bridge arm only has P state and i b <The O state at 0 is valid;
if the fault occurs in the N state, i b >At 0, no current is in phase b, and the clamping diode VD b2 Upper current is 0 and phase voltage U bn >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i b >At 0, the clamping diode VD b2 No current on, phase voltage U bn >0, alternating side phase current i b Is equal to the clamping diode VD b2 A current on the substrate;
(C201) s for c-phase bridge arm c1 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when the c-phase load current is in a positive direction and the c-phase switch state is P, no fault occurs;
when the c-phase load current is in the negative direction and the c-phase switch state is P, if a fault occurs, the fault flows through the clamping diode VD c1 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U cn Is not equal to U dc1 ；
(C202) S for c-phase bridge arm c4 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when switching device S c4 When an open-circuit fault occurs, the state of the switch of the c-phase bridge arm N is only influenced;
when the c-phase switch state is N, the c-phase load current is in the positive direction, and when the c-phase load current flows through the clamping diode VD c2 Is not 0, and the phase voltage U cn Is not equal to U dc2 Then, the switching device S is determined c4 Open circuit failure;
(C203) s for c-phase bridge arm c2 Single tube open circuit fault deviceThe diagnostic procedure was characterized as follows:
when switching device S c2 When open-circuit fault occurs, the c-phase bridge arm only has N state and c-phase alternating-current side phase current i c >The O state at 0 is valid; when a fault occurs in the P state, i c <At 0, no current is on the c-phase, the clamping diode VD c1 The upper current is also 0 and the phase voltage U cn <0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i c >When 0, the rectifier does not fail; when i is c <At 0, the switch state is changed from O to N; when i is c <When 0, if the clamping diode VD c1 No current above, phase voltage U cn <0, determination of S c2 Single tube open circuit failure;
(C204) s for c-phase bridge arm c3 The single-tube open-circuit fault characteristic diagnosis process is as follows:
when the switching device S c3 When open-circuit fault occurs, the c-phase bridge arm only has P state and i c <The O state at 0 is valid;
if the fault occurs in the N state, i c >At 0, no current is in phase c, and the clamping diode VD c2 Upper current is 0 and phase voltage U cn >0；
If the fault occurs in the O state, when i c >At 0, the clamping diode VD c2 No current above, phase voltage U cn >0, alternating side phase current i unlike short-circuit fault c Is equal to the clamping diode VD c2 The current in the capacitor.
3. The method of diagnosing short and open switching tube faults in a three-level rectifier according to claim 1, wherein: in the method for the switching device S a1 -S a4 And fault output is always kept after the short circuit or open circuit fault of the single tube is judged.
4. The method of diagnosing short and open switching tube faults in a three-level rectifier according to claim 1, wherein: the diagnostic fault category in the method has 25 cases, wherein the A category is 1 category, the B category comprises 12 categories, and the C category comprises 12 categories.
5. The method of diagnosing short and open switching tube faults in a three-level rectifier according to claim 1, wherein: in the method, when the switch tube S is switched on and off a1 -S a4 When a fault occurs, the fault diagnosis module outputs a high level.
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