CN111618415A - Diffusion welding method - Google Patents
Diffusion welding method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111618415A CN111618415A CN202010468571.3A CN202010468571A CN111618415A CN 111618415 A CN111618415 A CN 111618415A CN 202010468571 A CN202010468571 A CN 202010468571A CN 111618415 A CN111618415 A CN 111618415A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/001—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by extrusion or drawing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/14—Preventing or minimising gas access, or using protective gases or vacuum during welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/227—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded with ferrous layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/24—Preliminary treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/22—Ferrous alloys and copper or alloys thereof
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a diffusion welding method, which comprises the following steps: providing a steel matrix, a copper bar and a limiting tool; the steel base body is of an annular structure with a through hole, the copper bar is in interference fit with the through hole of the steel base body, and the limiting tool is provided with a limiting hole which is used for accommodating the steel base body and limiting the steel base body; placing the steel base body in the limiting hole of the limiting tool, and pressing the copper rod into the through hole of the steel base body; and placing an assembly component formed by assembling the steel substrate, the copper bar and the limiting tool into a vacuum furnace with vacuum degree, and heating the assembly component in a vacuum state. The diffusion welding method provided by the invention can reduce the production cost and has stable welding quality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal welding, in particular to a diffusion welding method.
Background
The copper-steel bimetal has the dual characteristics of copper and steel, gives consideration to the strength of the steel and the antifriction and corrosion resistance of the copper, and is widely applied to aerospace, weaponry, ships and engineering machinery.
At present, in order to realize the welding of copper and steel, a steel substrate with blind holes, a copper bar with taper holes and a tapered compression column are often adopted; the force is applied to the end face of the conical pressing column, so that the copper rod with the conical hole generates radial expansion deformation and generates mutual extrusion with the hole wall of the steel matrix, and diffusion welding among the steel matrix, the copper rod and the conical pressing column is realized, but the method has certain defects: (1) the special vacuum diffusion welding equipment is needed to apply pressure to the conical compression leg in the diffusion welding process, so that the cost is high, the efficiency is low, and the mass production is inconvenient. (2) Because the steel matrix is a blind hole, the welding quality is affected by the phenomenon of 'air blocking' generated in the pressing process. (3) The deformation is large in the pressing process, the stress is not uniform, and the copper material is cracked to influence the welding quality. The defects cause that the method cannot be popularized and used.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a diffusion welding method which can solve the problems of high cost and unstable welding quality of copper and steel in diffusion welding in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a diffusion welding method comprising:
providing a steel matrix, a copper bar and a limiting tool; the steel base body is of an annular structure with a through hole, the copper bar is in interference fit with the through hole of the steel base body, and the limiting tool is provided with a limiting hole which is used for accommodating the steel base body and limiting the steel base body;
placing the steel base body in the limiting hole of the limiting tool, and pressing the copper rod into the through hole of the steel base body;
and placing an assembly component formed by assembling the steel substrate, the copper bar and the limiting tool into a vacuum furnace capable of generating vacuum degree, and heating the assembly component in a vacuum state.
Preferably, the outer diameter of the copper rod is 0-0.02 mm larger than the inner diameter of the through hole of the steel substrate; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the limiting tool is in clearance fit with the steel substrate.
Preferably, the surface roughness Ra of the copper bar is 0.4, and the surface roughness Ra of the through hole of the steel substrate is 0.8;
and/or the peripheral surface roughness Ra of the steel substrate is 0.4, and the surface roughness Ra of the limiting hole of the limiting tool is 0.4.
Preferably, the limiting tool is made of graphite materials.
Preferably, the steel substrate and the limiting tool are both of circular structures;
the wall thickness of the limiting tool is 10-20mm larger than that of the steel base body.
Preferably, the vacuum degree of the vacuum furnace is less than or equal to 1.33 × 10-1Pa。
Preferably, the fitting assembly is vertically placed in the vacuum apparatus.
Preferably, the method further comprises:
before the steel base body, the copper bar and the limiting tool are assembled, the surfaces of the steel base body and the copper bar are respectively subjected to activation treatment.
Preferably, before the steel substrate, the copper bar and the limiting tool are assembled, a transition layer is arranged on the surface of the copper bar.
Preferably, the heating of the assembly includes:
and heating the assembly to a preset temperature, preserving heat for a preset time, and cooling after preserving heat for the preset time.
The diffusion welding method provided by the invention utilizes the preloading radial force, the copper bar self-expansion and radial limiting principle to carry out vacuum diffusion welding, does not need to adopt special vacuum diffusion welding equipment, can be carried out in a common vacuum furnace, is convenient for batch production, has low production cost and stable welding quality.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an assembled steel substrate, a copper rod and a limiting tool according to an embodiment of the invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1-steel substrate; 2-a copper rod; and 3-limiting the tool.
Detailed Description
Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of example embodiments to those skilled in the art. The drawings are merely schematic illustrations of the present disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numerals in the drawings denote the same or similar parts, and thus their repetitive description will be omitted.
Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to give a thorough understanding of embodiments of the disclosure. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the subject matter of the present disclosure can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, devices, steps, and the like. In other instances, well-known structures, methods, devices, implementations, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the disclosure.
Spatially relative terms, such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatial terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as "below" other elements or features would then be oriented "above" the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term "lower" can encompass both an upper and a lower orientation. The device may also be otherwise oriented, such as by rotation through 90 degrees or at other orientations and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The invention provides a diffusion welding method, which comprises the following steps:
providing a steel substrate 1, a copper bar 2 and a limiting tool 3; the steel base body 1 is of an annular structure with a through hole, the copper rod 2 is in interference fit with the through hole of the steel base body 1, and the limiting tool 3 is provided with a limiting hole which is used for accommodating the steel base body 1 and limiting the steel base body 1;
placing the steel substrate 1 in the limiting hole of the limiting tool 3, and pressing the copper rod 2 into the through hole of the steel substrate 1 (as shown in fig. 1); the copper rod 2 can be pressed into the through hole through a press machine, and radial pressure can be generated between the copper rod 2 and the steel matrix 1 in advance due to the fact that the copper rod 2 and the steel matrix 1 are in interference fit;
placing an assembly component formed by assembling the steel substrate 1, the copper rod 2 and the limiting tool 3 into a vacuum furnace capable of generating vacuum degree and heating the assembly component in a vacuum state; specifically, the assembly is heated to a preset temperature, then the assembly is kept warm for a preset time, and the assembly is cooled along with a furnace or cooled through gas after the assembly is kept warm for the preset time.
In the heating process of the vacuum furnace, the copper rod 2 is radially expanded due to the large thermal expansion coefficient, the limiting tool 3 generates a superimposed radial pressure by generating a radial limiting effect on the steel matrix 1 and the copper rod 2, the activity of atoms in vacuum is large, and the surfaces of the copper rod 2 and the steel matrix 1, which are contacted with each other, can be subjected to diffusion welding under the action of certain temperature and pressure.
According to the diffusion welding method provided by the invention, the steel base body 1 is matched with the copper rod 2 through the through hole, so that the problem of air holding caused by the matching of the steel base body 1 and the copper rod through the blind hole in the prior art is solved; and because the copper bar 2 is firstly pressed into the through hole of the steel substrate 1 by pressure, the copper bar 2 is not required to be pressed in the diffusion welding process, so that the assembly component assembled by the steel substrate 1, the copper bar 2 and the limiting tool 3 is only required to be placed into a common vacuum furnace for heating, and professional vacuum diffusion equipment capable of applying pressure is not required, thus the production cost can be reduced, the mass production is facilitated, and the welding quality is stable.
In the diffusion welding method provided by the invention, the steel matrix 1 is preferably in a circular ring structure, and the copper bar 2 is cylindrical, so that the diffusion welding between the copper bar 2 and the steel matrix 1 is uniform under the action of radial pressure. Of course, the technical solution provided by the present invention does not exclude the steel substrate 1 from being of other annular structures.
In order to achieve a good diffusion welding effect, a proper interference magnitude is required between the copper rod 2 and the steel matrix 1. Preferably, the outer diameter of the copper rod 2 is 0-0.02 mm larger than the inner diameter of the through hole of the steel substrate 1.
Preferably, the surface roughness Ra of the copper bar 2 is 0.4.
Preferably, the surface roughness Ra of the through-hole of the steel substrate 1 is 0.8, and the outer circumference roughness Ra of the steel substrate 1 is 0.4.
Preferably, the limiting tool 3 is made of a graphite material and is configured to be a circular ring structure with a limiting hole, the limiting hole of the limiting tool 3 and the steel substrate 1 are configured to be in clearance fit, and the fit clearance is shown in table 1 below. The wall thickness of the limiting tool 3 is 10-20mm larger than that of the steel substrate 1. Because of the excellent heat conductivity of the graphite material, the low linear expansion coefficient and the high-temperature strength, the radial limiting effect can be realized in the welding process, the radial force is provided for welding, meanwhile, the limiting tool 3 of the graphite material and the steel matrix 1 do not generate the welding effect, and the graphite material is easy to disassemble and can be repeatedly used after welding. In addition, the surface roughness Ra of the limiting tool 3 is 0.4.
TABLE 1
The diffusion welding method provided by the invention further comprises the following steps: before the steel base body 1, the copper rod 2 and the limiting tool 3 are assembled, the surfaces of the steel base body 1 and the copper rod 2 are respectively subjected to activation treatment.
Specifically, the activation treatment is mainly to remove an oxide film on the metal surface, so that the metal surface activity is increased, and thus the metal element is easily diffusion-welded. Specifically, the copper rod 2 and the steel substrate 1 may be cleaned with acetone, followed by ultrasonic treatment with alcohol, and then dried.
In addition, the diffusion welding method provided by the invention further comprises the following steps: before the steel base body 1, the copper rod 2 and the limiting tool 3 are assembled, a transition layer, such as a nickel layer, is arranged on the surface of the copper rod 2.
The specific process of the diffusion bonding method provided by the present invention is described in detail below.
(1) And processing the steel substrate 1, the copper bar 2 and the limiting tool 3 according to the processing requirements.
(2) And carrying out surface activation treatment on the copper rod 2 and the steel substrate 1 before welding, wherein the surface of the copper rod 2 can be added with a transition layer according to the requirement.
(3) And putting the steel base body 1 into the limiting hole of the limiting tool 3, and pressing the copper bar 2 into the through hole of the steel base body 1 by adopting a press machine.
(4) The assembled assembly is placed into a vacuum furnace (the vacuum furnace can be a common vacuum furnace or a professional vacuum diffusion welding device) meeting the vacuum degree requirement, and preferably, the assembly assembled by the steel substrate 1, the copper bar 2 and the limiting tool 3 is vertically placed in the vacuum furnace, namely, the central line is vertically arranged.
(4) Vacuumizing the vacuum furnace to a certain vacuum degree, preferably, the vacuum degree of the vacuum furnace is less than or equal to 1.33 × 10-1Pa, more preferably, the vacuum degree of the vacuum furnace is less than or equal to 1.33 × 10-2Pa and then gradually increasing the temperature to a preset temperature, which is the welding temperature of copper and steel, and furnace cooling or gas cooling after holding the temperature for a period of time.
(4) And discharging, namely moving the steel substrate 1, the copper bar 2 and the limiting tool 3 out of the vacuum furnace, and removing the limiting tool 3 to obtain a finished product of the copper and steel double-metal blank.
Two specific embodiments are provided below to further describe the diffusion bonding method of the present application.
Example 1:
the method comprises the following steps of welding a copper bar 2 (tin bronze QSn7-0.2) and a steel matrix 1 (structural steel 40CrNiMoA) bimetal blank, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) the method comprises the following steps of processing a copper bar 2 made of tin bronze QSn7-0.2 materials, a steel matrix 1 made of structural steel 40CrNiMoA materials and a limiting tool 3 made of graphite materials according to size requirements. Wherein, the surface of bar copper 2 sets up transition layer nickel, and thickness is 0.005mm, and the method of adding transition layer nickel is electronickelling, guarantees the surface roughness Ra of bar copper 2: 0.4. guarantee (0 ~ 0.02) mm's interference fit between bar copper 2 and the steel substrate 1, the surface roughness Ra of the through-hole of steel substrate 1: 0.8. excircle roughness Ra: 0.4. guarantee (0 ~ 0.01) mm's clearance fit between spacing frock 3 and the steel matrix 1, spacing frock 3's surface roughness Ra: 0.4.
(2) and cleaning the copper bar 2 with the electroplated nickel layer by using acetone, then carrying out ultrasonic treatment (15-20) min by using alcohol, and drying by using hot air. Cleaning a steel substrate 1 by using acetone, performing ultrasonic treatment for 15-20 min by using alcohol, then pickling in 10-15% hydrochloric acid solution by volume, immediately taking out after the surface is shiny, washing by using a large amount of purified water, then performing ultrasonic treatment for 20-30 min by using alcohol, and drying by using hot air.
The steel matrix 1 is arranged in a limiting tool 3, and then the copper bar 2 is pressed into the steel matrix 1 by a press machine, so that the welding surface is prevented from being polluted in the process.
(3) Putting the assembled parts to be welded into a vacuum furnace, vertically placing the parts, and vacuumizing to less than or equal to 1.33 × 10-2Pa, then gradually raising the temperature to 810 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 2h, and then furnace cooling.
(4) And discharging, and removing the limiting tool 3 to obtain a finished product of the bimetallic blank formed by the tin bronze QSn 7-0.2/structural steel 40 CrNiMoA.
Example 2:
the method comprises the following steps of welding a copper bar 2 (tin bronze ZQSn10-2-3) and a steel matrix 1 (structural steel 25Cr3MoA) bimetal blank piece, and specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) the method comprises the following steps of processing a copper bar 2 made of tin bronze ZQSn10-2-3 materials, a steel matrix 1 made of structural steel 25Cr3MoA materials and a limiting tool 3 made of graphite materials according to size requirements. Surface roughness Ra of copper bar 2: 0.4. guarantee (0 ~ 0.02) mm's interference fit between bar copper 2 and the steel substrate 1, the through-hole roughness Ra of steel substrate 1: 0.8, external circle roughness Ra: 0.4. guarantee (0 ~ 0.02) mm's clearance fit between spacing frock 3 and the steel matrix 1, spacing frock 3's surface roughness Ra: 0.4.
(2) the copper rod 2 is cleaned by acetone, then ultrasonic cleaning is carried out for 5-10 min by alcohol, then acid cleaning is carried out in HNO3 solution for 2-4 min, the HNO3 solution is matched with 200-400 g/L, then cold water and hot water cleaning are carried out, then hydrochloric acid solution with volume ratio of 10% -15% is put into the solution for acid cleaning, the copper alloy is taken out after being brightened, purified water is adopted for washing, then the copper alloy is put into alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning for 20-30 min, and hot air is adopted for drying. Cleaning a steel substrate 1 by using acetone, performing ultrasonic treatment for 15-20 min by using alcohol, then pickling in 10-15% hydrochloric acid solution by volume, immediately taking out after the surface is shiny, washing by using a large amount of purified water, then performing ultrasonic treatment for 20-30 min by using alcohol, and drying by using hot air.
(3) The steel matrix 1 is arranged in a limiting tool 3, and then the copper bar 2 is pressed into the steel matrix 1 by a press machine, so that the welding surface is prevented from being polluted in the process.
(4) Putting the assembled parts to be welded into a vacuum furnace, vertically putting the parts, and vacuumizing to less than or equal to 1.33 × 10-2Pa, then gradually increasing the temperature to 850 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1h, and then cooling in air.
(5) Discharging the blank, and removing the limit tool 3 to obtain a finished product of the bimetal blank formed by the tin bronze ZQSn 10-2-3/structural steel 25Cr3 MoA.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Within the scope of the technical idea of the invention, numerous simple modifications can be made to the technical solution of the invention, including combinations of the individual specific technical features in any suitable way. The invention is not described in detail in order to avoid unnecessary repetition. Such simple modifications and combinations should be considered within the scope of the present disclosure as well.
Claims (10)
1. A diffusion welding method, characterized in that the method comprises:
providing a steel matrix, a copper bar and a limiting tool; the steel base body is of an annular structure with a through hole, the copper bar is in interference fit with the through hole of the steel base body, and the limiting tool is provided with a limiting hole which is used for accommodating the steel base body and limiting the steel base body;
placing the steel base body in the limiting hole of the limiting tool, and pressing the copper rod into the through hole of the steel base body;
and placing an assembly component formed by assembling the steel substrate, the copper bar and the limiting tool into a vacuum furnace capable of generating vacuum degree, and heating the assembly component in a vacuum state.
2. The diffusion welding method according to claim 1, wherein an outer diameter of the copper bar is 0 to 0.02mm larger than an inner diameter of the through hole of the steel substrate; and/or the presence of a gas in the gas,
the limiting tool is in clearance fit with the steel substrate.
3. The diffusion welding method according to claim 1, wherein a surface roughness Ra of the copper bar is 0.4, and a surface roughness Ra of the through hole of the steel base body is 0.8;
and/or the peripheral surface roughness Ra of the steel substrate is 0.4, and the surface roughness Ra of the limiting hole of the limiting tool is 0.4.
4. The diffusion welding method of claim 1, wherein the limiting tool is made of a graphite material.
5. The diffusion welding method of claim 4, wherein the steel substrate and the limiting tool are both circular structures;
the wall thickness of the limiting tool is 10-20mm larger than that of the steel base body.
6. The diffusion welding method according to claim 1, wherein the outer circle diameter of the steel substrate is 0-100 mm, and the gap between the steel substrate and the limiting tool is 0-0.01 mm;
or the diameter of the outer circle of the steel base body is 100-150 mm, and the gap between the steel base body and the limiting tool is 0-0.02 mm;
or the diameter of the outer circle of the steel base body is 150-200 mm, and the gap between the steel base body and the limiting tool is 0-0.03 mm;
or the diameter of the outer circle of the steel base body is 200-250 mm, and the gap between the steel base body and the limiting tool is 0-0.04 mm.
7. The diffusion welding method of claim 1, wherein the vacuum degree of the vacuum furnace is 1.33 × 10 or less-1Pa；
And/or the mounting assembly is vertically placed in the vacuum apparatus.
8. The diffusion welding method of any one of claims 1-7, further comprising:
before the steel base body, the copper bar and the limiting tool are assembled, the surfaces of the steel base body and the copper bar are respectively subjected to activation treatment.
9. The diffusion welding method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a transition layer is provided on the surface of the copper bar before the steel substrate, the copper bar and the position limiting tool are assembled.
10. The diffusion welding method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein heating the assembled component specifically comprises:
and heating the assembly to a preset temperature, preserving heat for a preset time, and cooling after preserving heat for the preset time.
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| CN202010468571.3A CN111618415A (en) | 2020-05-28 | 2020-05-28 | Diffusion welding method |
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| CN112756723A (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-05-07 | 中国核电工程有限公司 | Internal pressure brazing method for double sleeves and double-sleeve welding assembly |
| CN114932303A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-08-23 | 庆安集团有限公司 | High-strength stainless steel copper alloy bimetal compounding method |
| CN115229298A (en) * | 2022-09-21 | 2022-10-25 | 河北宇天材料科技有限公司 | Welding method |
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| CN115229298A (en) * | 2022-09-21 | 2022-10-25 | 河北宇天材料科技有限公司 | Welding method |
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