CN111607073B - 一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111607073B CN111607073B CN202010455794.6A CN202010455794A CN111607073B CN 111607073 B CN111607073 B CN 111607073B CN 202010455794 A CN202010455794 A CN 202010455794A CN 111607073 B CN111607073 B CN 111607073B
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- dioxolane
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及嵌段共聚物的技术领域,尤其涉及一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
脂肪族聚酯是一类生物可降解、生物可相容的聚酯材料,由脂肪族环酯单体经均聚制备得到,具有良好的药物耐受性、溶解性,能够长期保持力学性能,广泛应用在植入器械、药物释放、伤口敷料等领域。例如,聚-ε-己内酯、聚丙交酯和聚(2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯)等均聚物具有高结晶度和亲油性,存在降解速率慢、机械性能差、亲水性差、细胞粘附性差等问题,在组织工程方面的应用因此受到限制。
应用其他单体与脂肪族环酯单体共聚能够调节聚合物的物理化学性能(PolymerReview 2017,58,164-207)。目前常用偶联剂法合成多嵌段共聚物,例如α,ω-双羟基聚酯或聚醚前驱体与二异氰酸酯及其类似物偶联剂反应,形成酰胺连接点,合成多嵌段共聚物。但多步操作、偶联剂片段残留在聚合物中改变原聚合物结构与性质、聚合物与前驱体嵌段分离困难等问题限制该方法的应用。
本申请的发明人于2014年首次提出了两仪聚合的概念,两仪聚合是一种全新的开环聚合方法,在引发剂两端分别引发可控活性的阳离子和阴离子开环聚合,反应末期,阴、阳离子链末端间自发发生偶联反应,从连锁聚合变为逐步聚合,从单体直接出发,一步合成多嵌段聚合物。并以此聚合方法首次制备得到了ε-己内酯和四氢呋喃的多嵌段聚合物(Macromolecules 2014,47,2219-2225)。但该多嵌段共聚物是亲油聚合物,并且不具备形状记忆性能,这限制了其在生物工程、药物等领域中的进一步应用。
聚二氧戊环的主链上交替分布着乙二醇和缩甲醛单元,乙二醇单元为聚合物提供良好的水溶性,对温度敏感;缩甲醛单元在弱酸性条件下可降解(Macromolecules 1994,27,3963-3972)。因此,聚二氧戊环作为温度和pH敏感的水溶性聚合物,广泛应用于构筑功能化凝胶、纳米粒子和药物传输载体等领域。但在本申请的发明人前期的研究中发现,聚二氧戊环的制备中存在着链末端的缩甲醛单元解聚,释放甲醛的问题。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明首次公开了一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物,以脂肪族聚酯链段和二氧戊环-脂肪族环酯的无规共聚链段为重复单元,该多嵌段共聚物具有优异的形状记忆性能、生物相容性和生物可降解性,且具有两亲性,可以在水溶液中组装为纳米粒子。
具体技术方案如下:
一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物,以脂肪族聚酯链段和二氧戊环-脂肪族环酯的无规共聚链段为重复单元,结构通式如下式(Ⅰ):
式中,Y选自脂肪族环酯开环形成的产物,m选自1~500,n选自1~500,x选自1~30;
所述脂肪族环酯选自内酯、交酯、环碳酸酯中的至少一种;
所述内酯的结构通式如下式(1),所述交酯的结构通式如下式(2),所述环碳酸酯的结构通式如下式(3):
式中:R1~R16独立地选自氢原子、碳数为1~5的烷基或芳基,n1为0~3,n2为0~3。
本发明公开了一种结构新颖的多嵌段共聚物,仅以脂肪族聚酯链段和二氧戊环-脂肪族环酯的无规共聚链段为重复单元,不含额外的偶联剂片段,从而保持原聚合物的结构和性质,与偶联剂法合成的多嵌段聚合物的结构和性质完全不同。
优选的,所述脂肪族环酯选自ε-己内酯、δ-戊内酯、乙交酯、丙交酯、2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯中的至少一种。经试验发现,采用上述优选的脂肪族环酯制备得到的多嵌段共聚物,均具有形状记忆性能,其形状记忆形变温度在0~80℃。
当脂肪族环酯选自ε-己内酯时,制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构通式如下式(Ⅰ-1):
当脂肪族环酯选自δ-戊内酯时,制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构通式如下式(Ⅰ-2):
当脂肪族环酯选自乙交酯时,制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构通式如下式(Ⅰ-3):
当脂肪族环酯选自丙交酯时,制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构通式如下式(Ⅰ-4):
当脂肪族环酯选自2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯时,制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构通式如下式(Ⅰ-5):
进一步优选,所述多嵌段共聚物中,m选自1~120,n选自1~60,x选自1~10;再优选,m选自8~60,n选自2~30,x选自1~10。
优选参数下的多嵌段共聚物,其形状记忆形变温度为30℃~40℃,接近人体体温,且回复率高,有望在人造血管、血管支架、人造心脏瓣膜等生物组织工程领域得到应用。
优选的,所述多嵌段共聚物的数均分子量为10~500kg/mol。
本发明还公开了所述二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,包括:
以二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯为单体,以稀土催化剂和环氧引发剂作为共催化体系,经两仪聚合制备得到。
本发明首次以二氧戊环为作为单体,采用稀土催化剂和环氧引发剂为共催化体系,同时引发二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的阳离子开环共聚合和环酯的配位阴离子聚合,反应末期自发发生阴、阳离子端的扩链反应,一步从单体出发,直接合成聚酯聚醚多嵌段共聚物;二氧戊环引入温度和pH敏感的水溶性链段,合成两亲性多嵌段共聚物;多嵌段结构表现出多个熔点,赋予了产物优异的形状记忆性能;共聚物由聚酯均聚链段和二氧戊环与环酯的无规共聚链段作为交替嵌段,重复的硬-软嵌段结构赋予共聚物优异的弹性和相分离性质。此外,经试验发现,通过该共聚制备工艺,还意外解决了二氧戊环共聚时链末端解聚问题。分析其原因是二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯共聚端基偶联成多嵌段产物时,起到了封端聚二氧戊环的作用。
本发明的制备工艺中,对于脂肪族环酯的种类没有特殊要求。具体可选自内酯、交酯、环碳酸酯中的至少一种;所述内酯的结构通式如上式(1),所述交酯的结构通式如上式(2),所述环碳酸酯的结构通式如上式(3)。
如,当R1~R6为氢原子,n1为2的内酯是δ-戊内酯;R1~R6为氢原子,n1为3的内酯是ε-己内酯;R7~R10为氢原子的交酯是乙交酯;R7、R9为氢原子,R8、R10为甲基的交酯是丙交酯;n2为1,R11~R16为氢原子的环碳酸酯是三亚甲基环碳酸酯;n2为1,R11~R14为氢原子,R15、R16为甲基的环碳酸酯是2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯。
为获得具有形状记忆功能的多嵌段共聚物,优选的,所述脂肪族环酯选自ε-己内酯、δ-戊内酯、乙交酯、丙交酯、2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯中的至少一种。
本制备工艺中,所述稀土催化剂的结构式为LnA3,式中,Ln代表稀土元素,为镧系元素、Sc、Y中的至少一种;A选自烷氧基、苯氧基、苯甲酸基、硼氢根、三氟甲磺酸根、苯磺酸根、羧酸根、卤素中的至少一种,或者是上述任一基团的带有烷基或芳基取代基的衍生物;
经试验发现,本制备工艺中,稀土催化剂中Ln的种类选择尤为重要,优选的,所述Ln选自铥(Tm)或铒(Er)。相对于镥(Lu)和钪(Sc),优选的Ln种类制备的产物具有特殊的多嵌段结构,以聚酯链段和二氧戊环-环酯无规共聚链段为重复单元。
所述稀土催化剂中,A的种类没有特殊要求。
当A选自烷氧基,稀土催化剂的结构式为(a):
当A选自苯氧基,稀土催化剂的结构式为(b):
当A选自苯甲酸基,稀土催化剂的结构式为(c):
当A选自硼氢根,稀土催化剂的结构式为(d):
当A选自三氟甲磺酸根,稀土催化剂的结构式为(e):
当A选自苯磺酸根,稀土催化剂的结构式为(f):
当A选自羧酸根,稀土催化剂的结构式为(g):
当A选自卤素,稀土催化剂的结构式为(h):
基于聚合行为和所得聚合物理化性质,优选的,A选自三氟甲磺酸根、带有烷基或芳基取代基的三氟甲磺酸根或卤素。
本制备工艺中,对于环氧引发剂的种类没有特殊要求,具体可选自环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、氧化环己烯、氧化苯乙烯、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、甲氧基聚乙二醇环氧、双环氧化丁二烯、1,5-己二烯二环氧化物、二缩水甘油醚、1,2,7,8-二环氧辛烷、二氧化乙烯基环己烯、1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚、聚乙二醇二环氧乙烷甲基醚、新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚、间苯二酚二缩水甘油醚、1,6-己二醇二缩水甘油醚、1,4-双[(缩水甘油氧)甲基]环己烷、季戊四醇缩水甘油醚中的至少一种。
本制备工艺中,单体、催化剂、引发剂的摩尔比可在一个较宽的范围内调节。
所述二氧戊环与所述脂肪族环酯的摩尔比为0.01~100,优选为0.1~10。
本发明中,单体总和即为二氧戊环和脂肪族环酯。
所述单体总和与所述稀土催化剂的摩尔比为10~2000,优选为50~2000。
所述单体总和与所述环氧引发剂的摩尔比为10~2000,优选为50~2000。
所述两仪聚合的温度为-20~100℃,优选为0~60℃。
所述两仪聚合的时间为5min~30d,优选为30min~15d。
所述两仪聚合为本体聚合或溶液聚合,若采用溶液聚合,采用的溶剂为甲苯、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、甲基四氢呋喃、乙腈、二氧六环、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、四甲基脲、二甲亚砜、环丁砜、硝基苯、苯甲腈、N-甲基吡咯烷酮中的一种或几种。
本发明还公开了一种自组装纳米粒子,由包含所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物在水溶液中自组装得到。
本发明公开的多嵌段共聚物具有两亲性,可以直接在水溶液中自组装得到纳米粒子;还可以负载阿霉素等药物或包覆金、银纳米粒子。
优选的,所述自组装纳米粒子的粒径为10~1000nm。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明首次公开了一种二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物,以脂肪族聚酯链段和二氧戊环-脂肪族环酯的无规共聚链段为重复单元,具有生物相容性、生物可降解性及两亲性,可以在水溶液中组装为纳米粒子。通过筛选特定的脂肪族环酯原料,制备得到的多嵌段共聚物还具有优异的形状记忆性能,并能将其形状记忆温度控制在30℃~40℃,接近人体体温,且回复率高达90%,有望在人造血管、血管支架、人造心脏瓣膜等生物组织工程领域得到应用。
本发明还公开了所述二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,通过将二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯共聚端基偶联成多嵌段产物时,起到了封端聚二氧戊环的作用,还意外解决了二氧戊环共聚时链末端解聚问题。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的二氧戊环与ε-己内酯多嵌段共聚物的1H NMR谱图;
图2为实施例1制备的二氧戊环与ε-己内酯多嵌段共聚物的凝胶渗透色谱(SEC)曲线;
图3为实施例1制备的二氧戊环与ε-己内酯多嵌段共聚物薄膜的照片;
图4为实施例1制备的二氧戊环与ε-己内酯多嵌段共聚物自组装得到的纳米粒子的TEM图。
具体实施方式
为了进一步理解本发明,下面结合实施例对本发明制备的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的合成方法进行具体描述,但本发明并不限于这些实施例,该领域技术人员在本发明核心指导思想下做出的非本质改进和调整,仍然属于本发明的保护范围。
产物表征:二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的化学结构采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,在Bruker Avance DMX 400MHz超导核磁共振仪上测量,以氘仿为溶剂,四甲基硅烷为内标。分子量和分子量分布采用凝胶渗透色谱(SEC)测定,应用Waters凝胶色谱,配备2414RI探测器,Waters Styragel HR3和HR4色谱柱,THF为淋洗剂,流速为1mL/min,柱温为40℃,市售窄分布的聚苯乙烯为标样。聚合物组装得到的纳米粒子应用动态光散射(DLS,Zetasizer Nano Series(Malvern Instrument))测试,测试角度为90°,测试波长为657nm,每个样品检测3次。纳米粒子形貌和尺寸应用透射电子显微镜(TEM,HITACHIHT7700)测量。在铜网上滴加一滴聚合物溶液,干燥后滴加一滴0.7%的磷钨酸水溶液。铜网在红外灯下干燥1小时待测,测试加速电压为80kV。
实施例1
室温下,三氟甲磺酸铒(0.06g,0.1mmol)、1.2mL二氧戊环(DO,1.3g,17.3mmol)、1mLε-己内酯(CL,1.0g,8.8mmol)依次加入20mL长颈管中,震荡充分溶解长颈瓶中的试剂,加入0.1mL含有引发剂环氧丙烷(5.8mg,0.1mmol)的二氧戊环溶液,催化剂、引发剂、ε-己内酯、二氧戊环的投料摩尔比为1:1:88:176。用火焰将长颈管封口,置于恒温60℃条件下反应。7天后,开管终止反应,向聚合体系中加入适量四氢呋喃稀释聚合物,在冷正己烷中沉淀,静置后倒出上清液,真空干燥至恒重。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定(图1),本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=60,n=20,x=2。
经1H NMR谱图测定,端基不含缩甲醛结构,不能解聚。
经SEC测定(图2),本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的分子量为42kg/mol,分子量分布为1.6。
实施例2
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用三氟甲磺酸铥为催化剂引发聚合,氧化环己烯为引发剂,催化剂、引发剂、ε-己内酯、二氧戊环的摩尔比为1:1.5:10:100,40℃恒温反应7天。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=8,n=2,x=10。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为26kg/mol,分子量分布为1.8。
实施例3
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用三氟甲磺酸镥为催化剂引发聚合,氧化苯乙烯为引发剂。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=0,n=12,x=1,m为0是因为三氟甲磺酸镥只能催化二氧戊环和ε-己内酯的阳离子开环共聚,阴离子端不能增长,也不能扩链。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为5kg/mol,分子量分布为1.3。
实施例4
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用三氟甲磺酸钪为催化剂引发聚合。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=0,n=21,x=1,m为0是因为三氟甲磺酸钪只能催化二氧戊环和ε-己内酯的阳离子开环共聚,阴离子端不能增长,也不能扩链。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为8kg/mol,分子量分布为1.3。
实施例5
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用三氟甲磺酸铥为催化剂引发聚合,催化剂、引发剂、ε-己内酯、二氧戊环的摩尔比为1:1.5:100:100,反应1天。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=55,n=10,x=1。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为16kg/mol,分子量分布为1.2。
实施例6
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用氯化铥为催化剂,氧化环己烯为引发剂,催化剂、引发剂、ε-己内酯、二氧戊环的摩尔比为1:1.5:50:130。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=10,n=30,x=8。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为108kg/mol,分子量分布为1.4。
实施例7
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯为环酯单体,催化剂、引发剂、2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯、二氧戊环的摩尔比为1:1.5:100:100。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=56,n=25,x=4。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为80kg/mol,分子量分布为1.6。
实施例8
其他聚合条件与实施例1相同,所不同的是用L-丙交酯为环酯单体,催化剂、引发剂、L-丙交酯、二氧戊环的摩尔比为1:1.5:100:100。
经核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)测定,本实施例制备的多嵌段共聚物的结构式如下:
式中,m=45,n=21,x=6。
经SEC测定,所得共聚物分子量为132kg/mol,分子量分布为1.7。
应用测试:
一、形状记忆性能
应用例1
将实施例1制备的多嵌段共聚物溶解在适量四氢呋喃中,转移至聚四氟乙烯模具中,25℃下缓慢挥发48小时成膜,厚度0.1mm。将聚合物薄膜塑形为特定形状1,在40℃下定型30分钟。随后用两块载玻片压制成平面,在0℃定型30分钟,保持其暂时的平面形状。最后撤去压力,在40℃下加热聚合物薄膜,观察发现,该聚合物薄膜恢复到最初的特定形状1,形状回复率为90%。
应用例2
将实施例1制备的多嵌段共聚物按上述应用例1中的方法制备聚合物薄膜并将其塑形为特定形状1,然后在35℃下加热固定形状30分钟,在0℃下保持临时平面状,最后在35℃下加热,观察发现,该聚合物薄膜恢复到形状1,形状回复率为80%。
应用例3
将实施例6制备的多嵌段共聚物(该聚合物与实施例1相比,化学组成、分子量均不相同,导致其形变温度不同)按上述应用例1中的方法制备聚合物薄膜并将其塑形为特定形状1。然后在30℃下加热固定形状30分钟,在0℃下保持临时平面状,最后在30℃下加热,观察发现,该聚合物薄膜恢复到形状1,形状回复率为70%。
上述应用例说明,本发明制备的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物具有优异的形状记忆功能,通过调节共聚物分子量和组分调整其形状记忆形变温度为30~40℃,接近人体温度,因此有望应用于生物组织工程领域等领域。
二、自组装性能
应用例4
将实施例1制备的多嵌段共聚物(1mg)溶解在1mL四氢呋喃中,30min内,1mL去离子水逐滴加入搅拌的聚合物溶液中。转移混合溶液至透析膜中,透析48小时除去有机溶剂,得到自组装的纳米粒子。
经动态光散射(DLS)测试,所得纳米粒子的平均粒径为100nm;经TEM图像中观察到粒径为40nm的球状纳米粒子。
Claims (9)
2.根据权利要求1所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物,其特征在于,所述脂肪族环酯选自ε-己内酯、δ-戊内酯、乙交酯、丙交酯、2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物,其特征在于,所述多嵌段共聚物的数均分子量为10~500kg/mol。
4.一种根据权利要求1~3任一一项权利要求所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
以二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯为单体,以稀土催化剂和环氧引发剂作为共催化体系,经两仪聚合制备得到。
5.根据权利要求4所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述脂肪族环酯选自内酯、交酯、环碳酸酯中的至少一种,所述内酯的结构通式如上式(1),所述交酯的结构通式如上式(2),所述环碳酸酯的结构通式如上式(3);
所述稀土催化剂的结构式为LnA3,式中,Ln代表稀土元素,为镧系元素、Sc、Y中的至少一种;A选自烷氧基、苯氧基、苯甲酸基、硼氢根、三氟甲磺酸根、苯磺酸根、羧酸根、卤素中的至少一种,或者是上述任一基团的带有烷基或芳基取代基的衍生物;
所述环氧引发剂选自环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、氧化环己烯、氧化苯乙烯、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、甲氧基聚乙二醇环氧、双环氧化丁二烯、1,5-己二烯二环氧化物、二缩水甘油醚、1,2,7,8-二环氧辛烷、二氧化乙烯基环己烯、1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚、聚乙二醇二环氧乙烷甲基醚、新戊二醇二缩水甘油醚、间苯二酚二缩水甘油醚、1,6-己二醇二缩水甘油醚、1,4-双[(缩水甘油氧)甲基]环己烷、季戊四醇缩水甘油醚中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述脂肪族环酯选自ε-己内酯、δ-戊内酯、乙交酯、丙交酯、2,2-二甲基三亚甲基环碳酸酯中的至少一种;
所述稀土催化剂中,Ln选自铥或铒,A选自三氟甲磺酸根、带有烷基或芳基取代基的三氟甲磺酸根或卤素。
7.根据权利要求4所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述二氧戊环与所述脂肪族环酯的摩尔比为0.01~100;
单体总和与所述稀土催化剂的摩尔比为10~2000;
单体总和与所述环氧引发剂的摩尔比为10~2000;
所述两仪聚合的温度为-20~100℃,时间为5min~30d。
8.一种自组装纳米粒子,其特征在于,由包含如权利要求1~3任一一项权利要求所述的二氧戊环与脂肪族环酯的多嵌段共聚物在水溶液中自组装得到。
9.根据权利要求8所述的自组装纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述自组装纳米粒子的粒径为10~100nm。
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