CN111602569A - 一种豇豆秋季栽培方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种豇豆秋季栽培方法:(1)品种选择;(2)种子处理;(3)整地、施基肥;(4)播种;(5)水分;(6)追肥;(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至40cm~60cm时,单行搭“1”字架;(8)病虫害防治:根据不同的病虫害采取不同的措施防治;(9)采收:采收豇豆,开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期。本发明豇豆秋季栽培方法通过合理施基肥和追肥、栽培密度调控等技术措施来实现秋季豇豆栽培,能够减少化学肥料的使用,提高病虫害防治的效率,延长豇豆采收时间,凸显农产品质量安全,保障了产量,提高了生产效益;进一步的,本发明方法可操作性强,能够实现稳产增收。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种豇豆栽培方法,特别涉及一种豇豆秋季栽培方法。
背景技术
豇豆(Vigna unguiculata),俗称豆角、豆等,食用嫩荚。广西豇豆年种植面积超过3万hm2,是广西“西菜东运”、“南菜北运”豇豆生产外运基地。近年来,随着土地流转、精准扶贫的开展,豇豆生产面积也在不断的扩大。北海地处北部湾,日照强,温度高,无霜期长,属亚热带季风型海洋性气候带,年平均气温约23℃,降雨量超1600mm,非常适合豇豆的生长。2018年,北海市种植豇豆面积达1.45万hm2,产量超40万吨,产值20多亿元,产品销往全国各地;据不完全统计,北海市的三区一县,27个乡镇中有20多万人在从事豇豆生产及相关行业;带动了当地劳动人口及返乡人员就业问题。
传统习惯秋季生产豇豆,一是生产中大量使用复合肥,二是为追求经济效益一味加大豇豆的种植密度;从而导致肥料利用率不高并加剧了土地的污染,种植密度的增大不利于大田通风透光,导致病虫害的发生的频率加大而增加了防治的难度;不利于延长豇豆的采收时间,豇豆的产量得不到保障。因此,探索一种豇豆秋季栽培方法应用于生产尤为必要。
公开于该背景技术部分的信息仅仅旨在增加对本发明的总体背景的理解,而不应当被视为承认或以任何形式暗示该信息构成已为本领域一般技术人员所公知的现有技术。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,旨在解决目前豇豆栽培过程中栽培密度高、病虫危害频繁、肥料使用不当等问题。
一种豇豆秋季栽培的方法是北海豇豆秋季生产中通过使用当地原材料生产的海洋生物有机肥作基肥、采用1字型搭架方式、实行根际追肥和根外追肥相结合等措施进行豇豆秋季栽培,延长了豇豆采收时间,增加了栽培产量。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案如下:
一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种1h~3h,并用0.2%~0.3%的福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:于定植前10d足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥750kg~1000kg、复合肥5kg~10kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥均匀撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤30cm~40cm,翻耙肥、土混合均匀,土壤如有结块需打碎混匀后土地平整起垄;畦宽120cm~140cm、沟宽30cm~40cm,畦高15cm~20cm;
(4)播种:8月上旬至9月上旬播种,种子直播,株距20cm~30cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种2~4粒,播种深度为0.5cm~1.0cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.25kg~1.75kg;
(5)水分:播种后3d~5d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,少供水,若土地干旱的确需要补水,可淋少水使畦面微湿便可;开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:播种后40d,中耕培土,在畦面距离植株根部20cm~25cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔5d~10d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%的硼砂水溶液,共计施肥4~7次;
(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至40cm~60cm时,单行搭“1”字架,每隔200cm~300cm与地面垂直插直径10cm~15cm的粗竹签1根,竹签之间拉细网固定,并将植株引蔓上架,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓出现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留2~3节摘心;当主蔓长至220cm~250cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,应疏减植物下部老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:根据不同的病虫害采取不同的措施防治;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,一般开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期,采摘注意保护好花序中的花芽,不能连花柄一起采下。
作为优选,步骤(1)中所述的品种为农丰3号豆角。
作为优选,步骤(1)中所述的福美双可湿性粉剂为50%的福美双可湿性粉剂,即有效成分占50%的福美双可湿性粉剂。
作为优选,步骤(2)中所述的复合肥为(N:P2O5:K2O=12:11:18),海洋生物有机肥为虾肽肥(有机质含量≥45%,N+P2O5+K2O≥5%)。
作为优选,步骤(8)中,根据不同的病虫害采取不同的措施防治为物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板20块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱等虫害;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板20块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马等虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%的甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液,10%的苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;
枯萎病:30%的噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
化学方法灭杀蓟马:25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液,0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液,3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液交替喷雾使用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明豇豆秋季栽培方法通过合理施基肥和追肥、栽培密度调控等技术措施来实现秋季豇豆栽培,能够减少化学肥料的使用,提高病虫害防治的效率,延长豇豆采收时间,凸显农产品质量安全,保障了产量,提高了生产效益;进一步的,本发明方法可操作性强,能够实现稳产增收。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式进行详细描述,但应当理解本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。下列实施例中采用的豇豆品种为农丰3号豆角,复合肥为(N:P2O5:K2O=12:11:18),海洋生物有机肥为虾肽肥(有机质含量≥45%,N+P2O5+K2O≥5%),皆为市售所得。50%福美双可湿性粉剂指有效成分占50%的福美双可湿性粉剂,下列实施例中0.2%~0.3%的50%福美双可湿性粉剂是指,20ml~30ml的50%福美双可湿性粉剂兑水10kg。50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂指有效成分占50%的多菌灵可湿性粉剂,75%的百菌清可湿性粉剂指有效成分占50%的百菌清可湿性粉剂,25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂指有效成分占25%的乙基多杀霉素水分散剂,1.5%甲维盐乳油指有效成分占1.5%的甲维盐乳油,10%虫螨腈悬浮剂指有效成分占10%的虫螨腈悬浮剂,75%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂指有效成分占75%的甲基托布津可湿性粉剂,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂指有效成分占10%的苯醚甲环唑水分散剂。其余相同,实施例中X%的某剂,一般指有效成分占X%的某剂。
实施例1
一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,种植地点为:广西北海市南康镇八一村豇豆生产基地,操作步骤如下:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的农丰3号豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种2h,并用0.2%~0.3%的(20ml~30ml兑水10kg)50%福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:根据豇豆生长特点宜选择通透性好,灌溉排水便利,光照充裕,土壤有机质丰富的地块;上茬作物收获后清理田地,深翻栽培土,利用太阳高温进行土壤消毒;结合整地施基肥,于定植前10d结合足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥750kg、复合肥5kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥均匀撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤30cm,翻耙肥、土混合均匀,土壤如有结块需打碎混匀后土地平整起垄;畦宽120cm、沟宽30cm,畦高15cm;
(4)播种:8月上旬播种,种子直播,株距30cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种3粒,播种深度为0.5cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.3kg;
(5)水分:播种后4d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,少供水,若土地干旱的确需要补水,可淋少水使畦面微湿便可;开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:根据豇豆的生长特点,前期少施肥,播种后40d,结合中耕培土在畦面距离植株根部25cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔10d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%(2g·kg-1)的硼砂水溶液,共计施肥4次(从每隔10天施肥一次算起,一共施肥4次);;
(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至约40cm时,单行搭“1”字架,每隔250cm与地面垂直插直径15cm的粗竹签1根,竹签之间拉细网固定,并将植株引蔓上架,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓出现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留3节摘心;当主蔓长至230cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,应疏减植物下端老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:培育健壮适龄幼苗,提高植株抗病虫能力,合理实行水旱轮作,清除杂株、病株、杂草和清洁田园,减少病虫源,加强肥水管理;
用物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板20块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱等虫害;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板20块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马等虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%的甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液,10%的苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;
枯萎病:30%的噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
化学方法灭杀蓟马,即25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液,0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液,3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,一般开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期,采摘注意保护好花序中的花芽,不能连花柄一起采下。
实施例2
一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,种植地点为:广西北海市合浦县石湾镇垌心村豇豆生产基地,操作步骤如下:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的农丰3号豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种1h,并用0.2%~0.3%的(20ml~30ml兑水10kg)50%福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:根据豇豆生长特点宜选择通透性好,灌溉排水便利,光照充裕,土壤有机质丰富的地块;上茬作物收获后清理田地,深翻栽培土,利用太阳高温进行土壤消毒;结合整地施基肥,于定植前10d结合足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥1000kg、复合肥10kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥均匀撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤35cm,翻耙肥、土混合均匀,土壤如有结块需打碎混匀后土地平整起垄;畦宽130cm、沟宽40cm;畦高20cm;
(4)播种:8月中旬播种,种子直播,株距25cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种3粒,播种深度为1.0cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.7kg;
(5)水分:播种后3d~5d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,少供水,若土地干旱的确需要补水,可淋少水使畦面微湿便可;开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:根据豇豆的生长特点,前期少施肥,播种后40d,结合中耕培土在畦面距离植株根部20cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔8d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%(2g·kg-1)的硼砂水溶液,共计施肥5次(从每隔10天施肥一次算起,一共施肥5次);
(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至约40cm时,单行搭“1”字架,每隔250cm与地面垂直插直径15cm的粗竹签1根,竹签之间拉细网固定,并将植株引蔓上架,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓出现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留3节摘心;当主蔓长至230cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,应疏减植物下端老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:培育健壮适龄幼苗,提高植株抗病虫能力,合理实行水旱轮作,清除杂株、病株、杂草和清洁田园,减少病虫源,加强肥水管理;
用物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板30块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱等虫害,每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板30块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马等虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%的霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;二选一交替使用;
枯萎病:30%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液;70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
化学方法灭杀蓟马:25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液;0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液;3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,一般开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期,采摘注意保护好花序中的花芽,不能连花柄一起采下。
检测:
将步骤(3)中使用的基肥分别替换为A(海洋生物有机肥500kg、复合肥2.5kg),B(海洋生物有机肥750kg、复合肥5kg),D(复合肥50kg),其余操作与实施例2完全相同,分别统计各相关数据。其中,实施例2采用的基肥标记为C(海洋生物有机肥1000kg、复合肥10kg);A和D为对照组。
结果分析
采收期对采用基肥A、B、C、D时种植所得豇豆农艺性状、产量和主要病害等数据进行采集,结果如下:豇豆产量对比由高到低为C﹥B﹥D﹥A,C、B、A方法分别比D高10.6%、8.8%、-3.7%;同时采集了豇豆煤霉病、枯萎病、锈病的数据,B方法煤霉病、枯萎病、锈病发病率为4.3%、3.8%、3.2%,低于其他三种施肥方法,说明按照试验方法B进行豇豆栽培能够获得最好的效果,详见表1和表2:
表1不同施肥方法对豇豆农艺性状及产量的影响
表2不同施肥方法抗性调查
施肥方法 | 煤霉病发病率 | 枯萎病发病率 | 锈病发病率 |
A(CK) | 10.2 | 5.7 | 8.6 |
B | 8.3 | 3.8 | 5.2 |
C | 9.6 | 4.6 | 6.8 |
D(CK) | 15.4 | 8.5 | 12.9 |
实施例3
一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,种植地点为:广西北海市南康镇八一村豇豆生产基地,操作步骤如下:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的农丰3号豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种2h,并用0.2%~0.3%的(20ml~30ml兑水10kg)50%福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:根据豇豆生长特点宜选择通透性好,灌溉排水便利,光照充裕,土壤有机质丰富的地块;上茬作物收获后清理田地,深翻栽培土,利用太阳高温进行土壤消毒;结合整地施基肥,于定植前10d结合足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥750kg、复合肥5kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥均匀撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤30cm,翻耙肥、土混合均匀,土壤如有结块需打碎混匀后土地平整起垄;畦宽120cm、沟宽30cm;畦高15cm;
(4)播种:9月上旬播种,种子直播,株距30cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种3粒,播种深度为0.5cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.75kg;
(5)水分:播种后5d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,少供水,若土地干旱的确需要补水,可淋少水使畦面微湿便可;开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:根据豇豆的生长特点,前期少施肥,播种后40d,结合中耕培土在畦面距离植株根部20cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔7d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%(2g·kg-1)的硼砂水溶液;共计施肥7次(从每隔10天施肥一次算起,一共施肥7次);
(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至约35cm时,单行搭“1”字架,每隔200cm与地面垂直插直径10cm的粗竹签1根,竹签之间拉细网固定,并将植株引蔓上架,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓出现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留3节摘心;当主蔓长至220cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,应疏减植物下端老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:培育健壮适龄幼苗,提高植株抗病虫能力,合理实行水旱轮作,清除杂株、病株、杂草和清洁田园,减少病虫源,加强肥水管理;
用物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板40块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱等虫害,每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板40块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马等虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%的霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;二选一交替使用;
枯萎病:30%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液;70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
用化学方法诱杀蓟马:25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液;0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液;3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,一般开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期,采摘注意保护好花序中的花芽,不能连花柄一起采下。
检测:
将步骤(7)中搭架、整蔓采用“人”字型搭架栽培:蔓长25cm进行插纤,搭人字形架,蔓长40cm时开始引蔓,将豆蔓呈“S”形缠绕在竹纤上,其余操作与实施例3完全相同,将该操作所得结果标记为F,实施例3所得结果标记为E。
结果分析
豇豆产量对比由高到低为E﹥F,同时采集了豇豆煤霉病、枯萎病、锈病的数据,其中设计栽培方法E煤霉病、枯萎病、锈病发病率为7.4%、3.6%、2.3%,低于设计栽培方法F,说明按照试验设计E进行豇豆栽培能够获得更好的效果,详见表3和表4:
表3不同栽培密度对豇豆商品性状影响
表4不同栽培密度抗性调查
栽培密度 | 煤霉病发病率 | 枯萎病发病率 | 锈病发病率 |
E | 13.6 | 3.6 | 11.4 |
F | 18.2 | 7.1 | 16.8 |
北海地区高温高湿气候环境下,豇豆秋季栽培生育期受到环境因素影响,基肥施用海洋生物有机肥加复合肥,结合根际、根外追肥,降低栽培密度,减少了防治药剂的使用量,延长豇豆秋季栽培采收时间,达到丰产、优质、高效的目的。
对比实施例1
一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,种植地点为:广西北海市合浦县石湾镇垌心村豇豆生产基地,操作步骤如下:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的农丰3号豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种1h,并用0.2%~0.3%的(20ml~30ml兑水10kg)50%福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:根据豇豆生长特点宜选择通透性好,灌溉排水便利,光照充裕,土壤有机质丰富的地块;上茬作物收获后清理田地,深翻栽培土,利用太阳高温进行土壤消毒;结合整地施基肥,于定植前10d结合足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥1000kg、复合肥10kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥均匀撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤35cm,翻耙肥、土混合均匀,土壤如有结块需打碎混匀后土地平整起垄;畦宽130cm、沟宽40cm;畦高20cm;
(4)播种:8月中旬播种,种子直播,株距25cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种3粒,播种深度为1.0cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.7kg;
(5)水分:播种后3d~5d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,少供水,若土地干旱的确需要补水,可淋少水使畦面微湿便可;开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:根据豇豆的生长特点,前期少施肥,播种后40d,结合中耕培土在畦面距离植株根部20cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔8d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%(2g·kg-1)的硼砂水溶液,共计施肥5次(从每隔10天施肥一次算起,一共施肥5次);
(7)搭架、整蔓:蔓长25cm进行插纤,搭人字形架,蔓长40cm时开始引蔓,将豆蔓呈“S”形缠绕在竹纤上,采用单蔓整枝,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留3节摘心,当主蔓长至250cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,疏减植物下端老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:培育健壮适龄幼苗,提高植株抗病虫能力,合理实行水旱轮作,清除杂株、病株、杂草和清洁田园,减少病虫源,加强肥水管理;
用物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板30块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱等虫害,每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板30块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马等虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%的霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液;10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;二选一交替使用;
枯萎病:30%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液;70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
用化学方法诱杀蓟马:25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液;0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液;3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液等药剂交替喷雾使用;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,一般开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期,采摘注意保护好花序中的花芽,不能连花柄一起采下。
统计采用实施例2和对比实施例1方法栽培的豇豆相应数据,结果如表5所示:
表5
从表5中可以看出,采用本法搭蔓方式能够延长豇豆从播种至始收,实施例1(“1”字架)为48天,对比实施例1(S型架)为52天,实施例1(“1”字架)比对比实施例1(S型架)始收期早4天,前期产量高于后者;实施例1(“1”字架)比对比实施例1(S型架)生育期长2天,加上前者始收期比后者早4天,所以实施例1(“1”字架)每667m2的产量高于对比实施例1(S型架)。
前述对本发明的具体示例性实施方案的描述是为了说明和例证的目的。这些描述并非想将本发明限定为所公开的精确形式,并且很显然,根据上述教导,可以进行很多改变和变化。对示例性实施例进行选择和描述的目的在于解释本发明的特定原理及其实际应用,从而使得本领域的技术人员能够实现并利用本发明的各种不同的示例性实施方案以及各种不同的选择和改变。本发明的范围意在由权利要求书及其等同形式所限定。
Claims (5)
1.一种豇豆秋季栽培方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)品种选择:选用商品性好、产量高、无鼠尾、耐贮运、抗病抗逆性强的豇豆品种;
(2)种子处理:播种前先晒种1h~3h,并用0.2%~0.3%的福美双可湿性粉剂拌种消毒;
(3)整地、施基肥:于定植前10d足施基肥、细耙精耕,每667m2使用海洋生物有机肥750kg~1000kg、复合肥5kg~10kg,将海洋生物有机肥和复合肥撒于待耕种土壤表面,深翻土壤30cm~40cm,翻耙肥、土混合,起垄;畦宽120cm~140cm、沟宽30cm~40cm,畦高15cm~20cm;
(4)播种:8月上旬至9月上旬播种,种子直播,株距20cm~30cm,畦面开穴,每穴播种2~4粒,播种深度为0.5cm~1.0cm,播种后覆盖壤土,然后淋足水,以畦面湿透为宜,每667m2用种量1.25kg~1.75kg;
(5)水分:播种后3d~5d后淋缓苗水1次,苗期要保持土地干爽,开花结荚期逐渐加大水份供应,使土壤相对湿度维持在60%~70%,遇雨天及时排水,畦面不能积水;
(6)追肥:播种后40d,中耕培土,在畦面距离植株根部20cm~25cm开沟,每667㎡施复合肥5kg;播种后50d,每667㎡施复合肥15kg、硫酸钾5kg;播种后60d:每667㎡施复合肥20kg、硫酸钾5kg;之后每隔5d~10d施肥1次,每667㎡每次施复合肥10kg、硫酸钾7.5kg,并在植株叶面混合喷施含萘乙酸10mg·kg-1和0.2%的硼砂水溶液,共计施肥4~7次;
(7)搭架、整蔓:当植株长至40cm~60cm时,单行搭“1”字架,每隔200cm~300cm与地面垂直插直径10cm~15cm的粗竹签1根,竹签之间拉细网固定,并将植株引蔓上架,主蔓第一花序出现后,去除花序以下侧芽;主蔓第一花序以上各节位上的侧枝,保留花芽;主蔓出现第一花序后约20d,叶腋间的侧枝留2~3节摘心;当主蔓长至220cm~250cm高时,摘芯封顶,植株底部若出现枝叶过于密闭,导致透光通风降低,应疏减植物下部老叶,保持通风透光性;
(8)病虫害防治:根据不同的病虫害采取不同的措施防治;
(9)采收:采收应已过农药安全间期且经快速检测检验合格的豇豆,开花后7d~10d豇豆籽粒未明显凸起时为合适采收期。
2.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆秋季栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的品种为农丰3号豆角。
3.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆秋季栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述的福美双可湿性粉剂为50%的福美双可湿性粉剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆秋季栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的复合肥为(N:P2O5:K2O=12:11:18),海洋生物有机肥为虾肽肥(有机质含量≥45%,N+P2O5+K2O≥5%)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的豇豆秋季栽培方法,其特征在于:步骤(8)中根据不同的病虫害采取不同的措施防治为物理防治方法诱杀蚜虫和蓟马:用黄板诱杀蚜虫,用蓝板诱杀蓟马;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm黄板20块诱杀蚜虫和粉虱虫害;每667m2悬挂规格为25cm×30cm蓝板20块诱杀各种蝇类和蓟马虫害;
猝倒病:苗期易感染,交替使用72.2%霜霉威水剂600~800倍液,30%噁霉灵3000倍液,50%敌克松可溶性粉剂1000~1500倍液防治;
煤霉病:高温和雨后暖湿闷热易发病,特别是排水不畅的地块发病严重;发病初期交替使用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500~800倍液;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂600~1000倍液防治,每隔3d~5d喷1次,连续使用3次;
锈病:75%的甲基托布津可湿性粉剂800~1000倍液,10%的苯醚甲环唑水分散剂1000~1200倍液防治;
枯萎病:30%的噁霉灵可湿性粉剂1500~2000倍液,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂600~800倍液;
化学方法灭杀蓟马:25%乙基多杀霉素水分散剂1000~2000倍液、1.5%甲维盐乳油1500~3000倍液或10%虫螨腈悬浮剂1200~1500倍液药剂交替喷雾使用;
潜叶蝇:交替使用1.8%阿维菌素2500~3000倍液、10%灭蝇胺1500~2000倍液或1.8%爱福丁乳油1500~2000倍液喷雾防治;
豇豆荚螟:用20%溴氰菊酯500倍液、1.8%阿维菌素1000倍液交替防治,从初花期至花期基本结束,每6d~7d喷1次;
蚜虫:10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂2000~3000倍液,0.9%虫螨克乳油1500~2000倍液,3%啶虫脒乳油1500倍液药剂交替喷雾使用。
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