CN111537699A - Method for distinguishing hard rock stratum of coal mine through multiple indexes - Google Patents

Method for distinguishing hard rock stratum of coal mine through multiple indexes Download PDF

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CN111537699A
CN111537699A CN202010472451.0A CN202010472451A CN111537699A CN 111537699 A CN111537699 A CN 111537699A CN 202010472451 A CN202010472451 A CN 202010472451A CN 111537699 A CN111537699 A CN 111537699A
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rock stratum
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李云鹏
赵善坤
秦凯
刘鹏程
王寅
王新华
赵阳
李一哲
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China Coal Research Institute CCRI
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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for distinguishing a coal mine hard rock stratum by multiple indexes, which comprises a hard rock stratum standard sample preparation method, a hard rock stratum mechanical property testing method, a hard rock stratum geochemical property testing method and a hard rock stratum distinguishing index system. The problem that the traditional hard rock stratum judgment of the coal mine is only judged from the strength characteristic which is a single factor is solved. The method provides deeper and specific discrimination standards for the hard rock stratum from macroscopic and microscopic angles, provides a new method for discriminating the hard rock stratum of the coal mine, and realizes the conversion from single-factor discrimination to multi-factor discrimination of the hard rock stratum of the coal mine.

Description

Method for distinguishing hard rock stratum of coal mine through multiple indexes
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of coal mining, and particularly relates to a method for judging hard rock strata of a coal mine by multiple indexes.
Background
The hard rock stratum has the characteristics of high strength, large thickness, strong integrity and the like, so that the hard rock stratum is not easy to destabilize. When a hard rock stratum exists above a working face, the pressure step can reach hundreds of meters, particularly when a plurality of layers of hard rock stratums exist in overlying strata, the problem of mine pressure display is more complicated, large-area pressure of a top plate can be caused when the mine pressure display is unstable, an underground storm can be caused, secondary disasters such as gas and water can be induced when the mine pressure display is serious, and the safety of underground personnel is threatened. Therefore, the scientific hard rock layer judgment index and the scientific hard rock layer judgment method are mastered, the method has important significance for prediction and prevention of coal mining pressure, and is beneficial to safe and efficient production of a mine.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of single judgment index of the hard rock stratum of the coal mine, the invention provides a method for judging the hard rock stratum of the coal mine by multiple indexes.
A method for distinguishing hard rock layers of coal mines by multiple indexes comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing a hard rock stratum test standard sample, wherein the hard rock stratum test standard sample comprises a hard rock stratum mechanical property test standard sample, a hard rock stratum geochemical property test standard sample and a hard rock stratum structural surface mechanical property test standard sample;
step 2, performing uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength and elastic modulus tests on the hard rock stratum mechanical property test standard sample to determine uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus mechanical parameters of the rock sample;
step 3, performing a triaxial strength test on the mechanical property test standard sample of the hard rock stratum structural surface to determine the parameters of the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the rock sample structural surface;
step 4, performing geochemical characteristic test on the geochemical characteristic test standard sample of the hard rock stratum, and determining mineral composition and geochemical characteristics in the rock sample through XRD diffraction test and all-element test;
and 5: establishing the uniaxial compressive strength, the ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to the tensile strength and the structural surface cohesion C60°/C0°Ratio, structural in-plane friction angle, modulus of elasticity, mineral composition and SiO2With Al2O3And (4) carrying out hard rock layer discrimination of the coal mine by using a multi-index hard rock layer discrimination index system with combined content.
Further, the hard rock mechanical property test standard sample in the step 1 comprises a cylindrical sample and a cubic sample, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps:
cylindrical sample: performing rock core drilling perpendicular to a rock stratum on site or taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, performing rock stratum rock core drilling perpendicular to the rock block in a laboratory, wherein the diameter of the rock core drilling by the two sampling methods is 50 mm; processing the drilled rock core into a standard test piece with the height of 100mm by using a cutting machine; after the end face grinding and flattening processing is carried out by an end face grinding machine, the standard test piece needs to meet the condition that the non-parallelism of two end faces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end faces are perpendicular to the axis of the standard test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees;
cubic sample: taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, and processing the rock block into a cubic standard test piece with a square of 50mm in a laboratory by using a cutting machine; after the end face grinding and flattening processing is carried out by the end face grinding and flattening machine, the standard test piece needs to meet the condition that the non-parallelism of two end faces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end faces are perpendicular to the axis of the test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees.
Further, the specific preparation method of the hard rock stratum structural surface mechanical property test standard sample in the step 1 comprises the following steps: drilling a core at an angle of 30 degrees with the bedding surface of a rock stratum on site, or drilling a core in a laboratory by taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, wherein the bedding surface of the drilled core forms an included angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal plane, and the diameter of the drilled core obtained by the two sampling methods is 50 mm; processing the rock core into a standard test piece with the height of 100mm by using a cutting machine; and (3) grinding the two end surfaces of the test piece by using a grinding machine, wherein the mechanical property test standard sample of the structural surface of the hard rock stratum meets the condition that the non-parallelism of the two end surfaces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end surfaces are perpendicular to the axis of the test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees.
Further, the standard sample for testing the geochemical properties of the hard rock layer in the step 1 is specifically prepared by crushing the rock to be tested by a crusher, and grinding the crushed rock sample into powder with the granularity of less than 44 microns by an agate mortar.
Further, in the discrimination index system in the step 5, the index standard meeting the hard rock stratum is as follows: uniaxial compressive strength of more than or equal to 30MPa, ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength of more than or equal to 6, and structural surface cohesion C60°/C0°The ratio is more than or equal to 20 percent, the internal friction angle of the structural surface is more than or equal to 15 degrees, the elastic modulus is more than or equal to 15GPa, and SiO2And Al2O3In an amount of 70% or more and the mineral composition should comprise quartz, feldspar alumina or aluminosilicate as shown in the following table:
summary of hard formation Property indicators
Figure BDA0002514758630000021
Has the advantages that: the invention provides a novel method for distinguishing a coal mine hard rock stratum by multiple indexes, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial compressive strength-tensile strength ratio and structural surface cohesion ratio (C)60°/C0°) Internal friction angle of structural surface, elastic modulus, mineral composition and SiO2And Al2O3The content of (A) in the hard rock stratum provides a basis for judging the hard rock stratum. The method realizes scientific and accurate discrimination of the hard rock stratum of the coal mine and provides technical support for safe and efficient production of the coal mine.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for multi-index discrimination of hard rock layers of a coal mine according to the present invention;
figure 2 is a typical rock sample XRD diffraction result.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The invention will be described in further detail below with reference to fig. 1-2, which illustrate a hard rock mine in a great homogeneous area as an example:
1. mechanical parameter testing
Test result of uniaxial compressive strength
The saturated uniaxial compressive strength of each lithologic test piece is shown in table 1, the uniaxial compressive strength of the fine sandstone is the highest, and the average is 65.38 MPa; the uniaxial compressive strength of the coarse sandstone and the siltstone is close to each other, and both are smaller than that of the fine sandstone, and the average compressive strength is 42.50MPa and 42.69MPa respectively; the uniaxial compressive strength of the sandy mudstone is minimum, and the average compressive strength is 39.60 MPa; the uniaxial compressive strength of the coal seam is 15.86 MPa. The uniaxial compressive strength of the selected four lithologic rocks is greater than 30MPa, and the conditions of the uniaxial compressive strength of the hard rock stratum are met.
TABLE 1 uniaxial compressive strength measurement results
Figure BDA0002514758630000031
Results of uniaxial tensile Strength test
The uniaxial tensile strength of each lithologic test piece is shown in table 2, the uniaxial tensile strength of the fine sandstone is the highest, and the average tensile strength is 7.20 MPa; the uniaxial tensile strength of the coarse sandstone and the siltstone is the same, and both are smaller than that of the fine sandstone, and the average tensile strength is 7.02 MPa; the sandy mudstone has the minimum uniaxial tensile strength, and the average tensile strength is 5.21 MPa. The uniaxial tensile strength of the selected four lithologic rocks is greater than 5MPa, the ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to the uniaxial tensile strength is 6.1-9.1, and the ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to the uniaxial tensile strength is 6-40, so that brittle failure is easy to occur. The uniaxial tensile strength of the coal bed is obviously lower than that of each rock stratum, and the average tensile strength is 1.35 MPa.
TABLE 2 uniaxial tensile strength measurement results
Figure BDA0002514758630000041
Results of shear strength test
Five angles of 42 degrees, 50 degrees, 58 degrees, 66 degrees, 74 degrees and the like are respectively selected for testing, and the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the rock can be obtained according to the molar-coulomb principle.
The results of the calculation of the cohesion and internal friction angle are shown in Table 3. The cohesion of the fine sandstone is 13.59MPa according to the analysis of the cohesion test result; the siltstone is 10.31 MPa; the coarse sandstone is 8.63MPa again; the cohesive force of the sandy mudstone is the minimum and is 6.30 MPa; the cohesion of the coal bed is obviously smaller than that of each rock and is 2.05 MPa. According to the analysis of the test result of the internal friction angle, the internal friction angle of the coarse sandstone is the largest and is 40.7 degrees; the internal friction angles of the fine sandstone and the siltstone are close to each other, are within the range of 39-40 degrees, only have a difference of 0.5 degrees, and are 39.1 degrees and 39.6 degrees respectively; the internal friction angle of the sandy mudstone is the minimum and is 36.3 degrees; the internal friction angle of the coal seam is significantly smaller than that of rock and is 29.9 degrees. And comprehensively analyzing the shear strength test result, wherein the tested rock stratum test piece has stronger integrity, further testing the structural surface strength of the rock stratum test piece, and determining the integral mechanical property of the hard rock stratum.
TABLE 3 results of measuring cohesion and internal friction angle
Figure BDA0002514758630000042
Fourthly, deformation parameter test result
The elastic modulus and poisson's ratio test results of each lithology test piece are shown in table 4. Analyzing from the angle of elastic modulus, the elastic modulus of the fine sandstone is the maximum, and the average elastic modulus is 25.42 GPa; the elastic modulus of the siltstone is second, and the average is 23.42 GPa; the elastic modulus of the sandy mudstone is the second time, and the average elastic modulus is 18.31 GPa; the elasticity modulus of the coarse sandstone is the minimum and is 15.30 GPa; the coal bed elastic modulus is significantly lower than that of rock and is 3.73 GPa. The siltstone has the largest poisson ratio of 0.24 by analyzing from the poisson ratio; the poisson ratio of the sandy mudstone is 0.22; the fine sandstone poisson ratio is 0.21 again; the poisson ratio of the coarse sandstone is minimum and is 0.17; the poisson ratio of the coal seam is obviously higher than that of rock and is 0.30. The elastic modulus of the four tested rock test pieces is within the range of 15.30-25.42 GPa, and is higher than 15GPa, and the elastic modulus condition of a hard rock stratum is provided.
TABLE 4 results of measurement of deformation parameters
Figure BDA0002514758630000051
2. Structural surface strength testing
According to the theory of single weak surface of the rock structural surface, when the inclination angle of the structural surface of the coal rock test piece is in the range of 45-65 degrees, the test piece is damaged along the structural surface, and therefore, the test is carried out by selecting the included angle of the structural surface of the coal rock test piece and the horizontal plane as 60 degrees. The retrieved coal-rock mass was also tested using mechanical parameters and its bedding was processed at an included angle of 60 °, with the test piece size again being a standard test piece of 50mm x 100mm (diameter x height).
And performing triaxial tests on the coal rock test piece under the three conditions of confining pressure of 5MPa, 10MPa and 15MPa, and drawing a molar stress circle, thereby determining the structural plane strength parameter of the coal rock test piece. Therefore, a triaxial compression test was performed using the MTS815 rock mechanics testing system.
Through the triaxial compression test on each coal rock test piece, the strength parameters of each test piece under different confining pressure conditions are measured, and the test results are shown in table 5. According to the test results in the table 5, the molar stress circles of the lithologic test pieces are respectively drawn by applying an oblique line strength theory. Cohesion of top plate fine sandstone structural surface is 3.66MPa, C60°/C0°26.9%, internal friction angle 17.2 °; cohesion of top plate coarse sandstone structural surface 2.43MPa, c60°/c0°28.2%, internal friction angle 19.5 °; cohesion of top plate siltstone structural surface is 2.92MPa, c60°/c0°28.3% and an internal friction angle of 17.7 °.
The cohesive force of the structural surface of the sandy mudstone of the bottom plate is 1.40MPa,C60°/C0°22.2%, internal friction angle 18.6 °; cohesion of 3-5# coal structural plane 0.22MPa, c60°/c0°10.7 percent and an internal friction angle of 10.6 degrees. The strength of the four tested lithologic rock structural surfaces meets c60°/c0°The structural surface strength condition of the hard rock stratum is provided under the conditions that the internal friction angle is larger than 15 degrees and is larger than 20 percent.
TABLE 5 results of determination of three-axis compressive strength
Figure BDA0002514758630000061
3. XRD diffraction measurement
In the experiment, the top and bottom plates of a typical hard roof mining area, namely a large same mining area rock-carbon system coal seam are selected for test analysis, and XRD (X-ray diffraction) tests are respectively carried out on fine sandstone of the roof, coarse sandstone, siltstone, sandy mudstone of the bottom plate and the coal seam. Grinding a test piece to be tested into powder by using an agate mortar, screening the powder with the granularity smaller than 44 mu m (350 meshes), filling the powder into a test piece frame, flattening the powder by using a glass plate, starting an XRD tester, and setting proper diffraction conditions and parameters for testing. The test results are shown in FIG. 2.
The top plate fine sandstone mainly contains quartz, kaolinite, merkalite, purple iron aluminum vanadium and other minerals, wherein the quartz content is the largest, almost no other minerals are contained, and the top plate fine sandstone belongs to quartz sandstone and is hard in texture; the top plate coarse sandstone contains quartz, kaolinite, dolomite, spodumene and other minerals, wherein the quartz content is highest, the quartz belongs to pore cementation, and the texture is hard; the top plate siltstone mainly contains quartz, kaolinite, siderite, calcite and other minerals, wherein the quartz content is highest, the quartz belongs to pore cementation, and the texture is hard; the bottom plate sandy mudstone mainly contains quartz, kaolinite, muscovite and siderite, wherein the kaolinite has the highest content, belongs to aluminum rock, is cemented in pores, has hard texture and is easy to soften when meeting water. Therefore, the rock stratum of the top and bottom plates of the rock-coal series coal seam in the great same mining area has the characteristic of hard rock stratum mineral composition, and further element composition analysis is carried out.
5. All element testing
Experimental selection and XRD diffraction testingThe same rock specimen was subjected to test analysis. SiO is mainly used in the fine sandstone of the top plate2、Al2O3Mainly contains 95.4% of SiO2The proportion of the sand is more than 70 percent, and the sand belongs to quartz sandstone; SiO is mainly used in the coarse sandstone of the top plate2、Al2O3Mainly contains 90.5% of CaO and Fe2O3The cement is mainly iron and calcium cement; SiO is mainly used in the top plate siltstone2、Al2O3The content of the two is 77.8 percent, and Fe2O3The content reaches 17.2 percent, which indicates that the cementing material is mainly clay and iron cementing material; the bottom plate is mainly made of SiO in sandy mudstone2、Al2O3The content of the two is 97.0%, wherein Al2O3The content reaches more than 40 percent, and the aluminum rock has the characteristic of aluminum rock.
Therefore, the main composition elements of the top and bottom rock layers of the carboniferous coal seams in the great homogeneous mining areas are SiO2、Al2O377.8-97.0% of the two, and four lithologic rock SiO2、Al2O3The proportion is higher than 70%; SiO of coal bed2、Al2O3The content is 48.9 percent, and in addition, the joint cracks in the coal seam develop, and the strength of the coal seam is obviously lower than that of the rock stratum. The top and bottom rock layers of the carboniferous coal bed in the great same mining area have the geochemical properties of hard rock layers.
The hard rock stratum characteristic multi-hand test methods such as hard rock stratum XRD diffraction test, hard rock stratum all-element test, hard rock stratum mechanical parameter test, hard rock stratum structural surface strength test and the like are formed, and the rock-carbon coal bed and the top and bottom plate rock strata in the great same mining area are analyzed. The top and bottom plate rock strata of the coal bed of the rock-carbon system in the great same mining area mainly comprise lithologic properties such as sandstone, siltstone and the like, and mainly comprise minerals such as quartz, kaolinite and the like; the constituent elements are all SiO2、Al2O3The ratio of the two is 77.8-97.0%; the uniaxial compressive strength is more than 30MPa, and the ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to the uniaxial tensile strength is 6.1-9.1 and is within the range of 6-40; the elastic modulus is 15.30-25.42 GPa, and is higher than 15 GPa; structural surface strength satisfies C60°/C0°More than 20 percent and the internal friction angle is more than 15 degrees. Therefore, the top and bottom rock layers of the hard coal bed in the great same mining area have the characteristic of hard rock layers.
It is to be understood that the above description is not intended to limit the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above examples, and those skilled in the art may make modifications, alterations, additions or substitutions within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A method for distinguishing hard rock formations of coal mines by multiple indexes is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, preparing a hard rock stratum test standard sample, wherein the hard rock stratum test standard sample comprises a hard rock stratum mechanical property test standard sample, a hard rock stratum geochemical property test standard sample and a hard rock stratum structural surface mechanical property test standard sample;
step 2, performing uniaxial compressive strength, uniaxial tensile strength and elastic modulus tests on the hard rock stratum mechanical property test standard sample to determine uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus mechanical parameters of the rock sample;
step 3, performing a triaxial strength test on the mechanical property test standard sample of the hard rock stratum structural surface to determine the parameters of the cohesion and the internal friction angle of the rock sample structural surface;
step 4, performing geochemical characteristic test on the geochemical characteristic test standard sample of the hard rock stratum, and determining mineral composition and geochemical characteristics in the rock sample through XRD diffraction test and all-element test;
and 5: establishing the uniaxial compressive strength, the ratio of the uniaxial compressive strength to the tensile strength and the structural surface cohesion C60°/C0°Ratio, structural in-plane friction angle, modulus of elasticity, mineral composition and SiO2With Al2O3And (4) carrying out hard rock layer discrimination of the coal mine by using a multi-index hard rock layer discrimination index system with combined content.
2. The method for distinguishing the hard rock stratum of the coal mine according to the multiple indexes of claim 1, wherein the standard sample for testing the mechanical property of the hard rock stratum in the step 1 comprises a cylindrical sample and a cubic sample, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps:
cylindrical sample: performing rock core drilling perpendicular to a rock stratum on site or taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, performing rock stratum rock core drilling perpendicular to the rock block in a laboratory, wherein the diameter of the rock core drilling by the two sampling methods is 50 mm; processing the drilled rock core into a standard test piece with the height of 100mm by using a cutting machine; after the end face grinding and flattening processing is carried out by an end face grinding machine, the standard test piece needs to meet the condition that the non-parallelism of two end faces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end faces are perpendicular to the axis of the standard test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees;
cubic sample: taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, and processing the rock block into a cubic standard test piece with a square of 50mm in a laboratory by using a cutting machine; after the end face grinding and flattening processing is carried out by the end face grinding and flattening machine, the standard test piece needs to meet the condition that the non-parallelism of two end faces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end faces are perpendicular to the axis of the test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees.
3. The method for distinguishing the hard rock stratum of the coal mine according to the multiple indexes of the claim 1, wherein the concrete preparation method of the standard sample for testing the mechanical property of the structural surface of the hard rock stratum in the step 1 comprises the following steps: drilling a core at an angle of 30 degrees with the bedding surface of a rock stratum on site, or drilling a core in a laboratory by taking a rock block with a square not less than 300mm on site, wherein the bedding surface of the drilled core forms an included angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal plane, and the diameter of the drilled core obtained by the two sampling methods is 50 mm; processing the rock core into a standard test piece with the height of 100mm by using a cutting machine; and (3) grinding the two end surfaces of the test piece by using a grinding machine, wherein the mechanical property test standard sample of the structural surface of the hard rock stratum meets the condition that the non-parallelism of the two end surfaces is less than +/-0.05 mm, the two end surfaces are perpendicular to the axis of the test piece, and the maximum allowable deviation is +/-0.25 degrees.
4. The method for distinguishing the hard rock stratum of the coal mine according to the multiple indexes of claim 1, wherein the hard rock stratum geochemistry property test standard sample in the step 1 is prepared by crushing a rock block to be tested by using a crusher, and grinding the crushed rock sample into powder with the granularity of less than 44 μm by using an agate mortar.
5. The method for distinguishing hard rock formations in coal mines according to claim 1, wherein in the distinguishing index system in step 5, the index standards meeting the hard rock formations are as follows: uniaxial compressive strength of more than or equal to 30MPa, ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength of more than or equal to 6, and structural surface cohesion C60°/C0°The ratio is more than or equal to 20 percent, the internal friction angle of the structural surface is more than or equal to 15 degrees, the elastic modulus is more than or equal to 15GPa, and SiO2And Al2O3The content is 70% or more and the mineral composition should contain quartz, feldspar alumina or aluminosilicate.
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