CN111521066A - 一种轻质双波段透明装甲及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种轻质双波段透明装甲及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及透明装甲领域,具体涉及一种轻质双波段透明装甲及其制备方法。包括迎弹面、缓冲层和防飞溅层,所述迎弹面采用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷为基材,缓冲层包括两层硼硅酸玻璃,防飞溅层采用聚碳酸酯‑PC材料为基材,所述迎弹面与缓冲层之间、两层硼硅酸玻璃之间、缓冲层与防飞溅层之间分别通过粘接材料连接,所述迎弹面与缓冲层之间、缓冲层的两层硼硅酸玻璃之间的粘接材料为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛‑PVB,缓冲层与防飞溅层之间的粘接材料为聚氨酯‑PU,粘接材料通过真空热复合工艺粘接两侧基材,所述迎弹面与防飞溅层的外表面分别镀制有双波段增透膜,所述双波段增透膜由TiO2和SiO2作为高、低折射率材料复合构成。本发明还提供了一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及透明装甲领域,具体涉及一种轻质双波段透明装甲及其制备方法。
背景技术
装甲车辆在复杂作战环境下,由于装甲车观瞄、探测系统的作战重要性和较大外廓尺寸,使其成为敌军火力优先攻击目标。因此,在保证装甲车辆作战环境态势感知能力同时,亟需提高观瞄探测系统的抗弹能力,即在装甲车观瞄探测系统光学窗口增设透明装甲,即具有光学透明性、防子弹、炮弹碎片与岩石碎片冲击的装甲,以提高装甲车辆的生存力,现有装甲车辆的观瞄窗户的玻璃具有厚度大、质量重的缺陷,不能保证车辆的技术性能和机动能力,并且压缩了内部操作人员的空间,同时透光效果也较差
因此,有必要解决上述问题。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种轻质双波段透明装甲及其制备方法,针对满足STANAG 3级防护标准传统防弹玻璃的厚度大(≥100mm)、面密度高(约185 kg/m2)以及可见光和1064nm激光透光率低(≤60%)的瓶颈问题,对透明装甲进行防弹结构以及光学增透薄膜设计,采用高强度、高硬度以及可见光和近红外波段高透过率的陶瓷作为装甲迎弹面,通过装甲表面镀制增透薄膜以及真空热复合成型工艺,以解决装甲车辆观瞄、探测系统窗口部件高透光、轻质化与抗弹性兼容的问题,使透明装甲具备了轻质、超薄结构的结构特点,增加了车内空间,满足装甲车“轻量化”的发展需求,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种轻质双波段透明装甲,包括迎弹面、缓冲层和防飞溅层,所述迎弹面采用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷为基材,缓冲层包括两层硼硅酸玻璃,防飞溅层采用聚碳酸酯-PC材料为基材,所述迎弹面与缓冲层之间、两层硼硅酸玻璃之间、缓冲层与防飞溅层之间分别通过粘接材料连接,所述迎弹面与缓冲层之间、缓冲层的两层硼硅酸玻璃之间的粘接材料为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB,缓冲层与防飞溅层之间的粘接材料为聚氨酯-PU,粘接材料通过真空热复合工艺粘接两侧基材,所述迎弹面与防飞溅层的外表面分别镀制有双波段增透膜,所述双波段增透膜由TiO2和SiO2作为高、低折射率材料复合构成。
一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、清洁基材,镀膜前对基材进行清洁处理并擦拭干净。
S2、迎弹面增透,对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S3、防飞溅层增透,对聚碳酸酯-PC外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S4、结构调整,迎弹面、缓冲层与防飞溅层依次放置;
S5、成型制备,轻质透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺制备。
S6、切割,根据需要切割成特定的不同形状。
进一步地,所述S2的具体步骤为:
采用真空镀膜工艺,将镁铝尖晶石陶瓷基片悬浮固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到3~4×10-3Pa时,打开加热灯丝将基片加温至100℃,恒温1h后,开启电子枪,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替蒸发高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为10min和8min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
进一步地,所述S3的具体步骤为:
采用磁控溅射镀膜工艺,将聚碳酸酯-PC固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到1~2×10-4Pa时,充入氩气至0.55Pa,将基片加温至85℃,采用1500W功率,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替溅射高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为7min和3min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
进一步地,所述S4的具体步骤为:
增透处理后的镁铝尖晶石陶瓷、两层的硼硅酸玻璃与增透处理后的聚碳酸酯-PC依次放置并固定位置,组成轻质双波段透明装甲的基本结构。
进一步地,所述S5的具体步骤为:
轻质双波段透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺,尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃层合结构采用PVB真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备,硼硅酸玻璃-PC层合结构采用PU真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备。
优选地,所述迎弹面采用厚度8.5mm双波段增透铝酸镁尖晶石陶瓷。
优选地,所述缓冲层采用厚度均为7.5mm的两层双波段高透过率的肖特Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃。
优选地,所述防飞溅层采用厚度为4.5mm的沙比克HLG5 聚碳酸酯-PC。
与现有技术相比,本发明所具有的有益效果为:
1、本发明通过各层结构之间的有效配合,在法线角为0度、100m的距离上可防住53式7.62mm穿甲弹,在满足STANAG3级防护标准的基础上,将轻质透明装甲的厚度降至30mm,相对于现有技术中动辄大于100mm的装甲厚度有大幅度减少,有效拓展了车内空间。
2、本发明通过提出一种新型结构的透明装甲的面密度可达到70 kg/m2,相对现有技术中的面密度水平均在185 kg/m2的传统防弹玻璃,具有明显轻量化的优势,明显提高了装甲车机动性能,
3、本发明通过对防弹面和防飞溅层的基材进行增透处理,使可见光或1064nm激光的透过率至少达到85%,有效解决了现有技术中透光率低于60%的问题。
附图说明
图1为本发明整体结构示意图;
图2为防弹面镀膜结构示意图;
图3为防飞溅层镀膜结构示意图;
图4为Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃反射率仿真结果图;
图5为PC反射率仿真结果图;
图6为尖晶石陶瓷反射率仿真结果图;
图7为透明装甲透过率优化仿真结果图;
图8为 PVB真空热复合工艺曲线图;
图9为PU真空高压热复合工艺曲线图;
图中:1为防弹面、2为缓冲层、3为防飞溅层。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
参见图1至图3,本发明提供了一种轻质双波段透明装甲,包括迎弹面1、缓冲层2和防飞溅层3,所述迎弹面1采用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷为基材,缓冲层2包括两层硼硅酸玻璃,防飞溅层3采用聚碳酸酯-PC材料为基材,所述迎弹面1与缓冲层2之间、两层硼硅酸玻璃之间、缓冲层2与防飞溅层3之间分别通过粘接材料连接,所述迎弹面1与缓冲层2之间、缓冲层2的两层硼硅酸玻璃之间的粘接材料为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB,缓冲层2与防飞溅层3之间的粘接材料为聚氨酯-PU,粘接材料通过真空热复合工艺粘接两侧基材,所述迎弹面1与防飞溅层3的外表面分别镀制有双波段增透膜,所述双波段增透膜由TiO2和SiO2作为高、低折射率材料复合构成。
本发明还提供了一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,
一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、清洁基材,镀膜前对基材进行清洁处理并擦拭干净。
S2、迎弹面增透,对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S3、防飞溅层增透,对聚碳酸酯-PC外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S4、结构调整,迎弹面、缓冲层与防飞溅层依次放置;
S5、成型制备,轻质透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺制备。
S6、切割,根据需要切割成特定的不同形状。
进一步地,所述S2的具体步骤为:
采用真空镀膜工艺,将镁铝尖晶石陶瓷基片悬浮固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到3~4×10-3Pa时,打开加热灯丝将基片加温至100℃,恒温1h后,开启电子枪,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替蒸发高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为10min和8min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
进一步地,所述S3的具体步骤为:
采用磁控溅射镀膜工艺,将聚碳酸酯-PC固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到1~2×10-4Pa时,充入氩气至0.55Pa,将基片加温至85℃,采用1500W功率,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替溅射高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为7min和3min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
进一步地,所述S4的具体步骤为:
增透处理后的镁铝尖晶石陶瓷、两层的硼硅酸玻璃与增透处理后的聚碳酸酯-PC依次放置并固定位置,组成轻质双波段透明装甲的基本结构。
进一步地,所述S5的具体步骤为:
轻质双波段透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺,尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃层合结构采用PVB真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备,硼硅酸玻璃-PC层合结构采用PU真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备。
优选地,所述迎弹面采用厚度8.5mm双波段增透铝酸镁尖晶石陶瓷。
优选地,所述缓冲层采用厚度均为7.5mm的两层双波段高透过率的肖特Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃。
优选地,所述防飞溅层采用厚度为4.5mm的沙比克HLG5 聚碳酸酯-PC。
本发明防弹结构设计所涉及的原理为:
透明装甲材料共包括迎弹面、缓冲层和防飞溅层三层结构功能层,三层结构中间采用聚合物粘结层复合,其中:
迎弹面
目前,蓝宝石、镁铝尖晶石以及氮氧化铝三种陶瓷由于其高强度、高硬度以及紫外、可见光、和近红外波段具有良好直线透过率(超过80%)等特性,采用透明陶瓷替代传统钢化玻璃作为迎弹面,可极大地降低弹头侵彻深度,消耗能量,从而降低了对缓冲层材料的耗能要求,可以减少迎弹面和缓冲层厚度,实现轻质减重的目的,适用于红外/可见光透明装甲制备。
通过研究在同样射击情况(53式7.62mm API,射速840±15m/s),同等缓冲及防飞溅条件下,通过研究三种透明陶瓷材料的面密度与子弹侵彻剩余速度之间的关系,发现蓝宝石、镁铝尖晶石以及氮氧化铝三种陶瓷的抗弹性能依次升高。国内氮氧化铝陶瓷由于粉体及制备工艺的限制,最大陶瓷尺寸不大于120mm,尚不能满足观瞄、探测系统窗口的尺寸需求。镁铝尖晶石陶瓷相较于蓝宝石具有密度低(3.57~3.58 g/cm3)、成本低等优势。因此本专利采用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷作为透明装甲的迎弹面。
此外, 在满足抗弹性能条件下,通过研究陶瓷厚度与面密度之间的关系,发现随着陶瓷厚度的增加,装甲面密度逐渐降低,最终趋于水平稳定在某一特定的面密度条件下。因此可以通过增加镁铝尖晶石迎弹面的厚度,以降低装甲整体面密度,实现轻质化。
缓冲层
穿甲弹侵彻透明装甲迎弹面过程中弹头受压而碎裂,并在撞击点四周会形成圆锥形的碎裂区。尽管陶瓷高硬度特性可以对弹头产生较大的反作用力,降低弹头速度。然而仍需缓冲材料对穿甲弹剩余能量进行损耗。缓冲材料需具备低密度、高强度、可见及红外高透光率等特点,从而实现双波段透光、减重以及抗弹等性能,表1是透明装甲用缓冲材料性能明细
表1 透明装甲用缓冲材料性能明细
从表1看出,肖特Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃具有优异的透光性能,厚度、重量可减少12%~15%,实现轻质减薄的指标要求。此外,硼硅酸玻璃相较于其他材料,由于高强度的特性,保障了透明装甲的抗弹性能以及可靠性,适用于本专利中的缓冲层。
防飞溅层
穿甲弹侵彻透明装甲缓冲层过程中,缓冲层材料吸收剩余能量碎裂,会造成其背层碎片飞溅。透明装甲通常会在缓冲层背板增附聚合物作为防飞溅层,聚合物由于其高强高韧的特性可以为透明装甲背部操作人员及仪器设备提供保护。
常用聚合物防飞溅面采用亚克力-PMMA、聚碳酸酯-PC材料。PC的韧性与其主链分子运动有关,该分子运动在受到高连撞击时仍在继续,能有效地消耗撞击能力。PMMA吸收撞击能量的能力远远低于PC。此外PC具有优异的光学性能和在低温环境下良好的抗冲击性能。因此本专利采用聚碳酸酯-PC作为防飞溅面材料。
粘接层
考虑到功能层间的粘接力强度、环境稳定新以及层间光学匹配(具体见“2、双波段增透设计”)等,选用聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB和聚氨酯-PU两种聚合物粘接材料分别对尖晶石陶瓷-Borofloat33-Borofloat33, Borofloat33-PC层合结构进行真空热复合粘接处理。
本发明双波段增透结构设计所涉及的原理为:
为增强本专利中透明装甲的整体透光率,降低光于各介质面处发生的光反射损耗,即降低反射率。因此,综合其他指标,透明装甲迎弹面、缓冲层、防飞溅以及粘接材料均应尽可能选用折射率较为接近的材料以降低光在材料内部功能层间反射损耗,如镁铝尖晶石折射率1.75~1.79、肖特Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃折射率为1.47、选型PC折射率1.74、PVB胶片折射率1.48、PU胶片折射率1.76。其中尖晶石陶瓷-Borofloat33-Borofloat33层间均采用折射率为1.48的PVB层合粘接,Borofloat33与PVB折射率近乎一致,因此PVB-Borofloat33-PVB-Borofloat3可视为整体光学材料;同理,Borofloat33-PC层间采用折射率为1.76的PU层合粘接,PU-PC可视为整体光学材料。
本专利中透明装甲材料光反射损耗主要发生在空气-尖晶石陶瓷、尖晶石陶瓷-Borofloat33-PC以及PC-空气间,通过模拟仿真计算各损耗界面的反射率,为透明装甲的可见光和1064nm激光双波段增透设计提供支撑。
图4是仿真的Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃的反射率,入射媒质为PC,出射媒质为尖晶石陶瓷,由图中可以看出,这两个界面的反射率较小,仅为0.4%~0.6%,可以忽略不计。
图5是仿真的PC的反射率,入射和出射媒质分别是空气和Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃,由图中可以看出,PC界面的反射率较高,为5%左右,传播过程中对光的损失比较严重。
图6是仿真的是尖晶石陶瓷的反射率,是入射媒质Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃,出射媒质空气,由图中可以看出,尖晶石界面的反射率很高,达到9%左右,传播过程中对光的损失严重。
因此,本专利中的透明装甲结构可见光和1064nm激光双波段增透的主要工作是针对迎弹面及PC面外表面进行增透膜系设计和膜层制备。其中,增透膜系设计主要通过TFC光学薄膜设计软件完成,选用TiO2和SiO2作为高、低折射率材料,经过设计使薄膜层数与反射率达到最优。针对迎弹面尖晶石陶瓷,通过真空镀膜的方式在外表面镀制双波段增透膜;考虑到PC材料的耐温性,避免真空蒸镀因高温对材料造成的影响,针对PC采用磁控溅射镀膜的方式在外表面镀制双波段增透膜。
图7是仿真的是透明装甲进行双波段增透后的仿真结果,由图中可以看出,反射率通过减反膜系设计并优化后可由原来的14%~15%减少至2%~4%。
本发明真空高压热复合成型工艺所涉及的原理为:
轻质透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺,尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃层合结构采用PVB真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备,尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃-PC层合结构采用PU真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备。其中图8为尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃层合结构真空高压热复合工艺曲线,图9为尖晶石-光学玻璃-光学玻璃-PC层合结构真空高压热复合工艺曲线。
上面仅对本发明的较佳实施例作了详细说明,但是本发明并不限于上述实施例,在本领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化,各种变化均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种轻质双波段透明装甲,其特征在于:包括迎弹面(1)、缓冲层(2)和防飞溅层(3),所述迎弹面(1)采用镁铝尖晶石陶瓷为基材,缓冲层(2)包括两层硼硅酸玻璃,防飞溅层(3)采用聚碳酸酯-PC材料为基材,所述迎弹面(1)与缓冲层(2)之间、两层硼硅酸玻璃之间、缓冲层(2)与防飞溅层(3)之间分别通过粘接材料连接,所述迎弹面(1)与缓冲层(2)之间、缓冲层(2)的两层硼硅酸玻璃之间的粘接材料为聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB,缓冲层(2)与防飞溅层(3)之间的粘接材料为聚氨酯-PU,粘接材料通过真空热复合工艺粘接两侧基材,所述迎弹面(1)与防飞溅层(3)的外表面分别镀制有双波段增透膜,所述双波段增透膜由TiO2和SiO2作为高、低折射率材料复合构成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、清洁基材,镀膜前对基材进行清洁处理并擦拭干净;
S2、迎弹面增透,对镁铝尖晶石陶瓷外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S3、防飞溅层增透,对聚碳酸酯-PC外表面镀制双波段增透膜;
S4、结构调整,迎弹面、缓冲层与防飞溅层依次放置;
S5、成型制备,轻质透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺制备;
S6、切割,根据需要切割成特定的不同形状。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S2的具体步骤为:
采用真空镀膜工艺,将镁铝尖晶石陶瓷基片悬浮固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到3~4×10-3Pa时,打开加热灯丝将基片加温至100℃,恒温1h后,开启电子枪,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替蒸发高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为10min和8min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S3的具体步骤为:
采用磁控溅射镀膜工艺,将聚碳酸酯-PC固定并开始抽真空,当真空度达到1~2×10- 4Pa时,充入氩气至0.55Pa,将基片加温至85℃,采用1500W功率,分别以0.1nm/s和0.25nm/s的速率交替溅射高折射率的TiO2和低折射率的SiO2两种材料,镀制时间分别为7min和3min,镀制2个周期的复合增透薄膜。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S4的具体步骤为:增透处理后的镁铝尖晶石陶瓷、两层的硼硅酸玻璃与增透处理后的聚碳酸酯-PC依次放置并固定位置,组成轻质双波段透明装甲的基本结构。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于,所述S5的具体步骤为:
轻质双波段透明装甲采用真空高压热复合成型工艺,尖晶石-硼硅酸玻璃-硼硅酸玻璃层合结构采用PVB真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备,硼硅酸玻璃-PC层合结构采用PU真空高压热复合工艺曲线进行成型制备。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于:所述迎弹面采用厚度8.5mm双波段增透铝酸镁尖晶石陶瓷。
8.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于:所述缓冲层采用厚度均为7.5mm的两层双波段高透过率的肖特Borofloat33硼硅酸玻璃。
9.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于:所述防飞溅层采用厚度为4.5mm的沙比克HLG5 聚碳酸酯-PC。
10.根据权利要求2所述的一种轻质双波段透明装甲的制备方法,其特征在于:迎弹面与缓冲层之间的粘接材料为总厚度1.52mm的积水聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB聚合物,缓冲层的两层硼硅酸玻璃之间的粘接材料为总厚度2.28mm的积水聚乙烯醇缩丁醛-PVB聚合物,缓冲层与防飞溅层之间的粘接材料为总厚度1.8mm的郝氏新材料H-6LV聚氨酯-PU聚合物。
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