CN1114714A - 减少等容循环发动机排出的废气污染 - Google Patents

减少等容循环发动机排出的废气污染 Download PDF

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CN1114714A
CN1114714A CN95102743A CN95102743A CN1114714A CN 1114714 A CN1114714 A CN 1114714A CN 95102743 A CN95102743 A CN 95102743A CN 95102743 A CN95102743 A CN 95102743A CN 1114714 A CN1114714 A CN 1114714A
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N·A·佩里
J·W·卢斯
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Abstract

一种减少汽油发动机运行期间排出的废气中NOx和烃污染排放量的方法,包括使汽油燃料分配到调至主要在空燃比在λ为约0.9-约1.15之间运行的汽油发动机中,所说汽油燃料含有少量(1)三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物和(2)烷基铅抗爆剂。组份(1)和(2)按比例溶解于所说燃料中,以致燃料中以(1)形式存在的锰的重量与以(2)形式存在的铅的重量基本相等,用于所述燃料中的(1)和(2)的量应足以使使用所说燃料的空燃比在λ为约0.9-约1.15之间运行的发动机废气中NOx和烃的量均有所减少。这里的λ是实际空燃比与化学计量空燃比之比。化学计量空燃比λ值为1。

Description

减少等容循环发动机排出的废气污染
本发明涉及把使用汽油型燃料的火花点火式内燃发动机排出的废气污染减到最少的新方法。
在世界各地,于可用基础汽油中使用适宜量的四乙基铅来增加其辛烷值是必须和惯用的做法。本发明的目的是,与用相同或类似辛烷值燃料按惯例操作所产生的废气污染相比,降低从汽油发动机排出的废气中氧化氮(NOx)和烃污染的排放量。本发明的另一目的是在使上述废气污染降低的同时,避免或至少降低使用无铅汽油时排气门易衰退的发动机中排气门的衰退。本发明的再一目的是在实现上述优良的排气污染控制结果的同时,通过使用较少金属含量的燃料获得所需燃料的辛烷值。
上述一种或多种目的是通过下述方法来实现的,即将汽油燃料分配至等容循环发动机,该汽油燃料含有少量(1)三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物和(2)烷基铅抗爆剂,其中(1)和(2)按比例溶解于所述燃料中,以致燃料中以(1)形式存在的锰的重量与以(2)形式存在的铅的重量基本相等,这里所说的少量的(1)和(2)应足以降低使用所说燃料的空燃比在λ为约0.9—约1.15之间的发动机废气中NOx和烃的量,这里的λ是实际空燃比与化学计量空燃比之比值。对于化学计量的空燃比λ值为1。根据本发明的方法从实验中所得数据表明,根据本发明方法在调到至少主要在空燃比在λ为约0.9—约1.15之间运行的汽油发动机中使用上述燃料组合物,即可使发动机废气中NOx和烃污染排放量分别平均减少14.6%和26%。在可比的燃料辛烷值水平下NOx污染排放量的最大降低往往发生在空燃比在λ为约0.9—约0.95之间。虽然λ为约0.95-1.03时废气中烃的量也大大降低,但在可比的燃料辛烷值水平下,空燃比在λ为约1.03-1.15时废气中烃污染排放量最少。为了得到NOx和烃废气污染减少和控制的最佳结果,优选将所述燃料分配到调至主要在λ为约1.0至约1.15之间运行的汽油发动机中。在此λ为约1.0至约1.15之间的范围内,废气中一氧化碳污染排放量也很低。
因此,本发明还涉及使用含有较少的降低废气污染量的下述(1)和(2)的汽油型燃料于汽油发动机中,从而控制调至主要在空燃比在λ为约0.9—约1.15之间运行的汽油发动机排除的废气中NOx和烃的量的用途,(1)三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物,(2)烷基铅抗爆剂,其中(1)和(2)按比例溶解于所说燃料中,以致燃料中以(1)形式存在的锰的重量与以(2)形式存在的铅的重量基本相等。“以(1)形式存在的锰的重量与以(2)形式存在的铅的重量基本相等”意指化合物(1)提供的锰的重量与化合物(2)提供的铅的重量,彼此相差不超过20%。优选此重量差不超过10%。最优选彼此相差的重量不超过2%,从实用观点来看,此情况下重量相等。
如上所述,使用上述燃料组合物的发动机被调至主要在空燃比在λ为上述特定值之间运行,这里所说的“主要”意指在发动机正常操作时,起动和关闭间总时间的50%以上的时间是在此特定λ范围内的空燃比条件下运行的。优选发动机起动和关闭间总时间的至少60%,更优选至少75%的时间,要将发动机调至在此特定的λ范围内运行。实施本发明时,发动机在此特定λ范围内运行的时间百分数越大,与通常的同样辛烷值的铅燃料相比,废气污染降低的越多。
图1、2和3示出了下面将介绍的某些污染试验的结果。
用于本发明实施方案的汽油可以是传统的混合物或此汽油沸点范围内的烃混合物,或它们可以含有氧饱和掺合物,例如,有适宜沸腾温度和适宜燃料溶解度的醇和/或醚,如甲醇、乙醇、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE)、叔戊基甲基醚(TAME),和由在汽油沸点范围内的“充氧”汽油和/或烯烃形成的含氧混合产品。这样本发明涉及汽油的用途,其中包括满足政府关于基本燃料本身的组成,用于燃料成分、性能标准、毒物学考虑和/或环境考虑各种规定的所谓改性汽油。用于所说燃料中的充氧组分、去污剂、抗氧化剂、抗乳化剂等的量可依满足政府所作的各种规定而变化,其条件是所使用的这些物质的量不得对实施本发明所可能得到的废气污染控制性能有大的影响。含一种或多种其量为最多至约20%重量,优选约5-15%重的燃料可溶解的醚和/或其它氧化剂的汽油在本发明中的应用构成了本发明的优选实施方案。
下表I中列出了一般无任何添加剂或氧饱和掺合料的传统型烃类汽油的各种性质。
                                         表I
         性质     实验方法     测定值
         IBP     ASTM D86    30℃
         5%     ASTM D86    42℃
         10%     ASTM D86    51℃
         20%     ASTM D86    60℃
         30%     ASTM D86    71℃
         40%     ASTM D86    86℃
         50%     ASTM D86    103℃
         60%     ASTM D86    114℃
         70%     ASTM D86    124℃
         80%     ASTM D86    140℃
         90%     ASTM D86    165℃
         95%     ASTM D86    187℃
         FBP     ASTM D86    222℃
         RVP     ASTM D323    7.4psi
         硫     ASTM D3120    199 ppm wt
        比重     ASTM D287    54.8°API
     氧化稳定性     ASTM D525    1440 minutes
  树胶含量,经洗涤的     ASTM D381    0.4mg/100mL
  树胶含量,未经洗涤的     ASTM D381    2.0mg/100mL
含12.8%体积甲基叔丁基醚的一般氧饱和基础汽油燃料掺合料的性质列于下表II中。
                                             表II
      性质     实验方法     测定值
  密度         15℃     ASTM D4052     0.772kg/L
     IBP     ASTM D86     42℃
     10%     ASTM D86     63℃
     50%     ASTM D86     106℃
     90%     ASTM D86     154℃
     FBP     ASTM D86     199℃
%  关闭      70℃F     ASTM D86     16体积%
%  关闭     100℃F     ASTM D86     45体积%
%  关闭     180℃F     ASTM D86     98体积%
     RON     ASTM D2699/86     97.2
     MON     ASTM D2700/86     86.0
     RVP     ASTM D323     0.49bar
     硫     ASTM D3120     <0.01%
   芳香烃     ASTM D1319     46.9体积%
   烯烃     ASTM D1319     2.4体积%
   饱和烃     ASTM D1319     50.体积%
组份(1)适用于本发明实施方案的三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物的例子包括:三羰基环戊二烯锰,三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基二甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基三甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基四甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基五甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基乙基环戊二烯锰,三羰基二乙基环戊二烯锰,三羰基丙基环戊二烯锰,三羰基异丙基环戊二烯锰,三羰基叔丁基环戊二烯锰,三羰基辛基环戊二烯锰,三羰基十二烷基环戊二烯锰,三羰基乙基甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基茚基锰等,包括两种或两种以上这些锰化合物的混合物,优选室温下为液体的三羰基环戊二烯锰,如三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰,三羰基乙基环戊二烯锰,三羰基环戊二烯锰和三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰的液体混合物,三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰和三羰基乙基环戊二烯锰的混合物等。在U.S.2,818,417等公知技术中介绍了这些化合物的制备方法。
组份(2),适用于本发明的烷基铅抗爆化合物的例子包括四甲基铅、甲基三乙基铅、二甲基二乙基铅、三甲基乙基铅、四乙基铅、三丙基铅、二甲基二异丙基铅、四丁基铅和有关的燃料可溶解的其中每个烷基最多有约6个碳原子的四烷基铅化合物。优选四乙基铅。这类化合物的制备方法在文献中有介绍,如US 2,727,052;US 2,727,053;US 3,049,558;和US 3,231,510。烷基铅化合物可以如下述美国专利中介绍的方式与卤素清除剂混合使用,如US 2,398,281;US 2,479,900;US 2,479,901;US 2,479,902;US 2,479,903和US 2,496,983。或者,烷基铅化合物也可不含任何卤素清除剂使用,如US 3,038,792;US 3,038,916;US 3,038,917;US 3,038,918和US 3,038,919中所述。无论哪种情形,适宜的氧化抑制剂或稳定剂均可与烷基铅化合物结合,如US 2,836,568;US 2,836,609;和US2,836,610中所述。实施例
为了证明实施本发明所具有的突出效果,用脉冲火焰燃烧装置,广泛用于研究燃料对废气污染的影响的实验室规模的燃烧设备进行了一系列标准实验。业已证明所说设备定性模拟了在各种运行条件下火花点火式内燃发动机的排气污染性能。用于制备试验燃料的基础燃料是商购的无铅汽油。实施本发明所用的燃料每加仑含0.1克以四乙基铅形式存在的铅,每加仑含0.1克以三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰形式存在的锰。所说燃料还含有0.5理论以二溴乙烷形式存在的溴和1.0理论以二氯乙烷形式存在的氯,一理论为每原子以四乙基铅形式存在的铅两原子卤素。
在λ从0.9至1.15的富至贫的燃烧条件范围内评价实验燃料的废气污染水平。在上述λ为0.9-1.15内的8个空气燃料比值下测定了废气污染。在给定的λ值下进行的每一次测定都平行的进行两次。用在所用空燃比范围内的每一点所测定的废气污染的平均值来计算所说燃料的废气污染总值。
为了进行比较,使用由同样基础燃料所制备的燃料组合物以直接模拟广泛用于墨西哥城的燃料。每加仑该燃料含0.3克铅。随后用所获得的结果来对可比辛烷值水平下的真实情况进行评价,从而得出实施本发明所带来的效果。已发现空燃比在λ为0.9-1.15的整个范围内,废气中NOx污染排放量均有所减少。与模拟用于墨西哥城的比较用的燃料相比,除化学计量外所测试的所有λ值下,所观察到的废气污染相对降低在至少95%统计学置信水平下是显著的。还发现实施本发明时在整个实验室空燃比范围内,烃污染排放量均达到最低。与上述比较燃料相比,除λ值为0.9的最富燃烧条件外,在所实验的整个空燃比范围内,该相对降低在统计学上至少95%的置信水平下是显著的。在比较实验的全部范围内,一氧化碳的排放量没有大的差异。这些实验的所有结果列于表III、表IV和表V,示于图1、2和3中。
                         表III-NOx污染物排放量ppm
    入 惯常方法    本发明方法
    0.90     257     227
    0.95     309     288
    0.98     350     315
    1.00     358     325
    1.02     423     342
    1.05     420     345
    1.10     411     330
    1.15     373     305
                            表IV-烃污染物排放量  ppm
    入     惯常方法     本发明方法
    0.90      2400      2173
    0.95      2373      1942
    0.98      2184      1747
    1.00      1900      1433
    1.02      1870      1438
    1.05      1640      1203
    1.10      1674      976
    1.15      2086      1020
                     表V-一氧化碳污染物排放量    %
     入    惯常方法    本发明方法
    0.90     3.830      3.940
    0.95     2.190      2.245
    0.98     1.420      1.490
    1.00     0.975      0.915
    1.02     0.725      0.660
    1.05     0.450      0.430
    1.10     0.260      0.245
    1.15     0.230      0.210
对在所用空燃比范围内每个点所测定的污染排放量来进行平均以计算燃料的污染排放总值。这些平均值列于表VI中。
                                   表VI
      污染类型 惯常方法   本发明方法
    NOx(ppm,干基     362     309
 Hydrocarbon(ppm,干基     2015     1491
 Carbon Monoxide(%;干基     1.26     1.27
也用瞬态法对实施例本发明的方法所得到的污染排放量与通常的实施方法进行比较。在这些瞬态实验中,使空燃比周期性地在化学计量点附近的方波内改变3%左右。在一次实验中所说波动周期是30秒,在另一实验中所说周期减至10秒。无论对于哪一实验,在开关的几秒之内连续测量污染排放量,并计算平均值。这些瞬态实验所得的平均值列于表VII和VIII中。
                            表VII-30    秒波动期
     污染类型 惯常方法   本发明方法
  NOx(ppm,干基     378     326
烃      (ppm,干基     2097     1943
CO         (%,干基     1.13     1.06
                          表VIII-10    秒波动期
    污染类型   惯常方法Practice    本发明方法
   NOx(ppm,干基     375      331
烃       (ppm,干基     2078      1852
CO        (%,干基     1.04      0.94
从上述结果可以看出用于实施本发明的燃料可含极少量的锰和铅。实验本发明所用的燃料中,这些金属的总量一般维持在每美国加仑燃料约0.025—约0.5克范围内,所说金属如上所述配比且以(1)和(2)化合物形式溶于所说燃料中。(1)和(2)形式的这些金属的总量优选维持在每美国加仑燃料约0.05—约0.3克,更优选约0.1至约0.25克。然而,在上述各种情形中,与含较高浓度烷基铅化合物而不含三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物的相同基础燃料相比,以上述方法运行等容循环发动机所用的特定汽油燃料中组份(1)和(2)的特定的量和比例均必须能降低NOx和烃污染的排放量。
用于实施本发明的特别优选的燃料组合物每美国加仑含约0.08—约0.12克(更优选约0.1克)以三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物形式存在的锰,和约0.08—约0.12克(更优选约0.1克)以四烷基铅形式存在的铅。其它的用于实施本发明的特别优选的燃料组合物每美国加仑含(1)约0.08—约0.12克(更优选约0.1克)以三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物形式存在的锰,(2)约0.08—约0.12克(更优选约0.1克)以四烷基铅化合物形式存在的铅,和(3)约5-15%体积(以最终燃料的总体积为基准计)汽油可溶解的含氧掺和剂,优选醇和/或醚,更优选至少一种燃料可溶解的每分子共有至少5个碳原子的二烷基醚。可以预计实施本发明时,使用含氧饱和掺和化合物(特别是二烷基醚)、锰和铅化合物的燃料将使一氧化碳污染排放量大大降低。
当本发明用于汽车时,优选用于无废气催化剂的车子。然而,也可用于设有抗铅废气催化剂的车子,该催化剂在操作期间即使暴露于铅中其活性也不会显著降低。
测定内燃发动机废气中NOx和烃污染排放量的任何标准步骤均可用于所说目的,只要这种方法在文献中已公开。对于汽车而言,根据联邦试验规程(Federal Test Procedure)(UnitedStates Code of Federal Regulations,Title 40,Part 86,Subparts A and B,适用于轻型汽油载货汽车的部分),优选的研究方法包括将汽车放在汽车底盘测功器上(例如带有直接驱动可变惯量飞轮系统的Clayton Model ECE-50,其模拟1000-8875磅125磅增益同等重量的车)。让车排出的废气通入不锈钢稀释管道,在此与过滤的空气混合。用恒定体积取样器从稀释的废气中取分析用的样品,搜集于通常形式的袋(如用特得拉树脂制的袋)中。此联邦试验规程使用城市测力计驱动程序(anurban dynamometer driving schedule),该程序持续1372秒。该程序依次划分为两段,第一段505秒(瞬时态)和第二段867秒(稳定态)。该规程要求所说冷启动505段和稳定867段,接着吸收10分钟再热启动505段。

Claims (5)

1.一种降低汽油发动机运行期间排出的废气中NOx和烃污染排放量的方法,包括使汽油燃料分配到调至主要在空燃比在λ为约0.9—约1.15之间运行的汽油发动机中,所述汽油燃料含有少量(1)三羰基环戊二烯锰化合物和(2)烷基铅抗爆剂,其中(1)和(2)按比例溶解于所述燃料中,以致燃料中以(1)形式存在的锰的重量与以(2)形式存在的铅的重量基本相等,这里所说的少量的(1)和(2)应足以使使用所述燃料的空燃比在λ为约0.9—约1.15之间的发动机废气中NOx和烃的量均有所减少,这里的λ是实际空燃比与化学计量空燃比之比,所说化学计量的空燃比λ值为1。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中将所述发动机调节到主要在空燃比在λ为1.0-1.15之间运行。
3.如权利要求1的方法,其中所说燃料中每美国加仑含有以(1)形式存在的锰约0.1克和以(2)形式存在的铅约0.1克。
4.如权利要求1的方法,其中(1)为三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰,(2)为四乙基铅。
5.如权利要求1的方法,其中将所述发动机调节到主要在空燃比在λ为1.0-1.15之间运行,其中所述燃料每美国加仑含有以(1)形式存在的锰约0.1克和以(2)形式存在的铅约0.1克,所说的(1)是三羰基甲基环戊二烯锰,(2)是四乙基铅。
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