CN111448063A - 具有改善的低温响应的功能层的夹层玻璃 - Google Patents
具有改善的低温响应的功能层的夹层玻璃 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111448063A CN111448063A CN201880079097.6A CN201880079097A CN111448063A CN 111448063 A CN111448063 A CN 111448063A CN 201880079097 A CN201880079097 A CN 201880079097A CN 111448063 A CN111448063 A CN 111448063A
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- glass
- layer
- laminated glass
- heating circuit
- laminated
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Abstract
在较低的温度下,功能层的性能并不理想。通过将功能层与电阻式加热电路相结合,可以克服这一限制。该加热电路使用最小的功率,来将玻璃保持在可接受的操作所需的温度或之上。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及车辆夹层玻璃领域。
背景技术
为了响应政府对提高车辆燃油经济性的监管要求,以及公众对节能环保产品不断提高的认识和需求,世界各地的车辆原装设备制造商都在努力提高车辆的能源效率。
为了提高能源效率,关键要素之一是轻量化和太阳能控制。如今,传统且成本较低的材料和工艺正逐渐被创新性的新材料和工艺所取代。这些新材料和工艺虽然有时价格较高,但由于其重量较轻,相应地提高了燃料效率,因此相较于传统材料和工艺仍然得以更广泛的应用。一些新材料和工艺除了有重量较轻的优势,还带来了更多的功能。车辆玻璃也不例外。
减轻车辆重量可以大大改善能源消耗,这对于电动车辆来说尤其重要。这一改善能够直接转化为续航能力的提高,因此成为了消费者关注的关键问题。
多年来,标准的车辆挡风玻璃的厚度为5.4毫米。近些年我们看到该厚度已经降到了4.75毫米。虽然0.65毫米的厚度降低似乎意义不大,但以典型的标准碱石灰浮法玻璃每立方米2600公斤的密度来计算,厚度每降低1毫米,每平方米的重量就减少2.6公斤。典型的1.2平方米的挡风玻璃从5.4毫米减到4.75毫米,重量就减少了至少2公斤。在一辆总共有6平方米玻璃的车辆上,将所有车窗的厚度减少1毫米,相当于节省了15.6公斤的重量。
此外,由于车辆玻璃面积的逐渐增加,在这个过程中其他较重的材料也在不断被取代。这种趋势的一个例子就是如今流行的大玻璃全景式车顶。全景式挡风玻璃是指挡风玻璃上的上缘被大幅延伸,使之成为车顶的一部分。
然而,如果使用退火碱石灰浮法玻璃,玻璃的厚度是有限制的。风荷载作用下的应力一直是一个因素,特别是随着挡风玻璃尺寸的增加,风荷载的问题更加令人担忧。玻璃正在成为越来越多的车辆的结构元素,其对车辆的刚度和强度有很大的贡献。固定式玻璃,一旦用相对柔软的固化聚氨脂粘合后,就会被装上更高模量的粘合剂。因此,曾经被橡胶垫圈和软质丁基胶粘剂隔离的玻璃现在更容易受到来自路面颠簸和车辆扭转的负荷。
如今,外层为2.1毫米、内层为1.6毫米、塑料夹层为0.76毫米的挡风玻璃,其总厚度略低于4.5毫米。这种挡风玻璃正成为一种常见材料,但是这种厚度可能已经到达了传统退火碱石灰浮法玻璃的极限。
使用更薄的玻璃,以及使用化学钢化玻璃已经成为降低玻璃的厚度和重量的关键技术之一。
虽然影响声音传播的因素很多,但其中最重要的是密度和质量。随着密度和质量的降低,传声量也会增加。当车辆玻璃变薄、变轻时,声音衰减会随着质量的降低而降低。密度也会影响到一些常用于化学钢化的玻璃成分选择,这些玻璃成分的密度比碱石灰浮法玻璃低。
如果材料的密度发生变化,当能量通过该材料时,声音衰减就会增加。在标准夹层玻璃中,从玻璃到塑料再到玻璃的转换导致了密度的变化,其声音衰减的效果比相同厚度的单片玻璃的衰减效果要好得多。
为了抵消因使用更薄更轻的玻璃而造成的声音衰减效果不足,以及改善普通夹层玻璃的声音衰减,一种方法是在夹层玻璃中使用声学夹层。这种声学夹层能够抑制声音传播,其对声音的衰减能力超过了普通夹层玻璃。该夹层全部或部分由一层比普通塑料层更软、更有弹性的塑料组成。在某些频率下,典型的衰减量可达6分贝。
一种车用非声学PVB夹层的典型玻璃化转变温度为20℃,而声学PVB的玻璃化转变温度可能低至0℃。在正常的夹层玻璃装配室温度下(<20℃),声学PVB夹层难以处理。声学PVB夹层往往非常柔软且具有粘性,使其难以处理,也很难在夹层玻璃组装时将其在定位玻璃上。所以需要在低于正常的装配室环境温度下,组装含有这些类型的单片声学PVB的夹层玻璃。为了解决这个缺点,一些三层夹层产品被引入。在所述三层产品中,较软的材料被夹在两层薄的普通PVB材料之间。整体厚度仍与普通PVB夹层相似。处理方式与普通PVB夹层相似。
声学PVB夹层的缺点之一是性能会随着温度的下降而下降。在较低的温度下,声学夹层的性能并不比标准夹层好。
同样,通过减少车辆上的太阳能负载,能源消耗可以被大大改善。特别是在气候较暖的情况下,还可以通过减少空调装置的负载,并使车辆在关闭车窗的情况下运行,从而改善空气动力学。这对电动车辆来说尤其重要,因为这种改善能够直接转化为车辆续航能力的提高。
红外吸收玻璃和红外反射玻璃是目前用于改善太阳能控制的两种主要技术。
红外吸收玻璃的铁含量比普通透明玻璃高,使其呈现出绿色的色度。玻璃中的铁化合物可以吸收太阳能。还有一些塑料含有吸收太阳能的化合物,可以和夹层玻璃一起使用,从而达到同样的效果。这些材料通过在能量进入车厢之前吸收能量,减少了车辆的太阳能负载。虽然吸热窗可以非常有效地减少太阳能负载,但玻璃会升温,并通过对流传导和辐射将部分吸收的能量转移到车厢内。
一种更有效的方法是将能量反射回大气中,使玻璃保持低温。这可以通过使用各种红外反射膜和镀膜来实现。
红外镀膜和薄膜通常太软,不能暴露在表层。它们必须作为夹层产品的内部层之一进行制作,以防止薄膜或镀膜的损坏和降解。与钢化单层玻璃相比,夹层窗的优点之一是除了含有吸热成分和夹层外,夹层窗还可以利用这些红外反射镀膜和薄膜。
通常,在同一夹层上可以采用红外吸收和红外反射相结合的技术。红外吸收层被放置在红外反射层的后面,以吸收未被反射的红外线。
红外反射镀膜包括但不限于通过磁控溅射真空沉积(MSVD)以及通过热解、喷涂、控制气相沉积(CVD)、浸渍等其他方法应用的各种金属/介质分层镀膜,也包括但不限于本发明中已知的其他方法。
红外反射薄膜包括金属涂覆的塑料基材和有机基材的非金属光学膜,可以将红外线反射。大多数红外反射膜是由涂有金属镀膜的塑料薄膜基材组成,该金属镀膜中含有红外反射分层。
吸热玻璃和热反射玻璃的缺点之一是,即使在不必要或不需要的时候,对太阳能负载的减少也会一直存在。在寒冷的气候以及需要加热的时候,如果能够利用太阳的能量为车内加热,将是非常有利的。
使用内燃机(ICE),可以解决加热的需求。内燃机的效率很低,所以有丰富的废热可以利用。一般的内燃机动力车辆的加热器容量为4-5kW。而在电动车辆中,虽然有一些来自电池的废热,但至少大部分车内加热必须通过电阻式加热系统来提供。
最好是采用暗色的吸热色调。这样可以在把太阳能挡在外面时,减少空调的负荷。在需要加热时,让尽可能多的太阳能进来。
为了控制通过夹层玻璃的光和能量的传输水平,有许多技术可供选择:电变色、光变色、热变色和电场敏感膜,这些技术可以被用于设计夹层玻璃。特别值得关注的是电变色、悬浮粒子装置(SPD)薄膜和聚合物分配液晶(PDLC)薄膜,我们可以根据电信号改变玻璃的透光率。
SPD是一种可变着色技术,可以根据施加的电场来控制和改变着色程度。SPD可以从关闭状态下的暗色转变到开启状态下的相对颜色较浅暗色。在SPD薄膜中含有针状颗粒的微观液滴,即光谷,悬浮在基体中。在关闭状态下,颗粒处于随机的排列状态,阻挡了光的传输。排列的程度和由此产生的色度可以随着施加的电压而变化。在开启状态和关闭状态下的透光率也可以通过改变活性材料的厚度和成分来改变。在关闭状态下,仍然可以透过SPD看清楚另一侧。
PDLC是一种光散射技术,它可以从关闭状态下的不透明转变到开启状态下的透明。在PDLC薄膜中,微观的液晶液滴悬浮在聚合物基体中。在关闭状态下,液态晶体处于随机排列状态并散射光,进而保护了隐私。在关闭状态下,薄膜基本上是不透明的。当施加电场时,晶体排列并允许光线通过。散射的程度可以通过改变施加电压的振幅来改变。通过改变活性材料的厚度和成分,也可以改变开启和关闭状态下的透光水平。PDLC主要是一种用于保护隐私的产品,但它也可以用于太阳能控制,因为它可以减少太阳能的传导。
SPD和PDLC玻璃都是通过在夹层玻璃上添加一层特殊的薄膜来制造的。该薄膜由活性材料组成,夹在两层薄的塑料层之间,每层塑料层都有一层透明的导电镀膜。
为了整合到夹层玻璃中,薄膜的每一面都需要含有一层塑料夹层,以便将薄膜与夹层玻璃的其他层粘合在一起。薄膜被层压在两层塑料粘合夹层之间,以形成夹层玻璃。
当电流通过活性材料时,电变色材料会发生化学反应,类似电池充放电的功能。活性材料在由明向暗变化或由暗向明变化时,活性材料会发生氧化或还原反应。这是一个相对缓慢的过程,其切换时间为几分钟。
然而,SPD和PDLC的工作原理不同,中间没有发生化学反应。组成活性材料的分子在电场的存在下会发生动力学变化。因此SPD和PDLC的切换时间是以秒或低于一秒为单位,这使得它比电变色材料的切换时间要快好几个数量级。这也是这两种薄膜技术相较于电变色材料的主要优势之一。
电变色、SPD和PDLC都可以用于太阳能控制,因为它们可以降低透光率,并减少传输到车厢内的能量。
采用这些可变透光率技术的夹层玻璃有时被称为“智能”玻璃或可切换玻璃。
一个缺点是,这种智能玻璃只能在有限的温度范围内工作。
悬浮在活性材料中的微观液滴(SPD)的粘度和液晶本身(PDLC)的粘度是温度的函数。随着温度的降低,切换时间会相应增加。在足够低的温度下,材料将无法改变状态。实际温度将取决于制备上述材料的配方。
在温度升高时,PDLC将会达到一个状态极点。在这个点上,PDLC会变得清晰,不会切换到光散射状态。SPD仍会切换,但切换速度要慢得多。
而电变色材料,其切换状态相对较慢,需要依靠化学反应,在较低的温度下也需要较长的时间。
因此,由于这些温度的限制,电变色、PDLC和SPD的使用也受到了限制。
因此需要生产一种具有功能层(例如可切换层和声学夹层等)的夹层玻璃,能够在较低的温度下保持良好的性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的缺点,提供一种夹层玻璃,包括玻璃外层、玻璃内层、位于玻璃外层和玻璃内层之间的功能层,以及位于功能层和其中一个玻璃层之间的至少一个电阻加热电路,其中所述至少一个电阻加热电路向功能层提供热量,并改善其在低温下的响应。
本发明所使用的手段包括但不限于:印刷银料、导电镀膜玻璃、导电涂膜和内嵌线。所述加热电路不需要除冰或除雾,因此可以设计成功耗最小的加热电路。
优点:低温操作时间更长;较低的温度下切换时间更短;更低的能源消耗;使用标准的车辆玻璃工艺和设备制造。
附图说明
图1A示出一种典型的车辆夹层玻璃的截面视图。
图1B示出一种带有镀膜和性能薄膜的典型车辆夹层玻璃的截面视图。
图2为一种含有可变透光率薄膜的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图3为一种含有可变透光率薄膜和网印银电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图4为一种在表面二上含有可变透光率薄膜和透明导电镀膜玻璃电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图5为一种含有可变透光率薄膜和透明导电涂膜电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图6为一种含有可变透光率薄膜和内嵌线电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图7为一种带有声学PVB夹层和网印银电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图8为一种在表面二上带有声学PVB夹层和透明导电镀膜玻璃电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图9为一种带有声学PVB夹层和透明导电涂膜电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
图10为一种带有声学PVB夹层和内嵌线电阻加热电路的挡风玻璃的爆炸图。
附图标记
4 塑料粘接夹层
6 遮蔽层
12 性能膜
18 镀膜
37 母线
42 涂膜
44 SPD膜/可切换膜
46 银料加热电路
48 钨丝加热电路
101 表面一
102 表面二
103 表面三
104 表面四
201 玻璃外层
202 玻璃内层
具体实施方式
以下用术语来描述本发明的夹层玻璃。图1A和1B中示出了典型的车辆夹层玻璃的截面视图。所述夹层玻璃由两层玻璃组成,即玻璃外部或外层201和玻璃内部或内层202。它们通过塑料粘接夹层4永久地粘合在一起。位于车辆外部的玻璃表面被称为表面一101。与玻璃外层201相对的一面是表面二102。位于车辆内部的玻璃表面是指表面四104。与玻璃内层202的相对的一面为表面三103。表面二102和表面三103由塑料粘接夹层4粘合在一起。还可以在玻璃上添加遮蔽层6。遮蔽层通常由印在表面二102或表面四104中的一个或多个之上的黑色搪瓷片组成。所述夹层玻璃还可以包括在一个或多个上述表面上的镀膜18。所述夹层玻璃还可以包括在至少两个塑料粘合夹层4之间层压的性能膜12。
塑料粘合夹层具有将相邻层的主要面相互粘合的主要功能。在将一层玻璃层与另一层玻璃层2粘合时,所选择的材料通常为透明塑料。用于车辆时,最常用的粘接夹层是聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)。除了聚乙烯醇缩丁醛之外,还可以使用离子型聚合物、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、原位灌注(CIP)液体树脂和热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)。除了将玻璃层粘合在一起之外,还可以使用具有更强能力的夹层。
本发明可包括旨在抑制声音的夹层。这种夹层整体或部分由一层比常用塑料层更软、更有弹性的塑料层组成。该夹层也可以是具有太阳能衰减特性的类型。
在一些实施例中,本发明包括至少一个设计用于抑制声音的功能层。这样的夹层整体或部分由比常用塑料层更软、更有弹性的塑料层构成。在一些实施例中,该功能层是声学PVB夹层。额外的塑料夹层和性能膜可以与声学消声夹层一起使用。
车用塑料夹层是由具有一定厚度公差和工艺变化的挤压工艺制成的塑料夹层。光滑表面往往会粘在玻璃上,很难在玻璃上固定,也很难截留空气。为了方便处理塑料片材并从夹层玻璃中去除空气,通常在塑料表面进行压花处理,从而使片材产生额外的变化。车用PVB夹层的标准厚度为0.38毫米和0.76毫米(15密耳和30密耳)。
可使用的玻璃类型包括但不限于:典型的车辆玻璃常用碱石灰浮法类别,以及铝硅酸盐、铝硅酸锂、硼硅酸盐、玻璃陶瓷和各种其他无机固体非晶组合物。这些组合物经过玻璃化后被归类为玻璃,包括不透明玻璃。玻璃层可以由吸热玻璃组合物以及红外反射和其他类型的镀膜组成。
玻璃层可以经退火或强化。有两种工艺可以用来提高玻璃的强度。一种是热强化,即快速冷却(淬火)热玻璃。另一种是化学钢化,通过离子交换化学处理达到同样的效果。在化学钢化过程中,玻璃外表面及附近的离子与较大的离子交换。这些离子交换会使玻璃外层处于压缩状态,抗压强度可达到1000Mpa。
热强化全钢化碱石灰浮法玻璃,抗压强度至少在70Mpa以上,可用于除挡风玻璃以外的所有车辆的位置。热强化(钢化)玻璃在玻璃的外表面有一高压缩性的玻璃层,在玻璃内部由热软化玻璃快速冷却后产生的张力来平衡。当钢化玻璃破损时,拉伸和压缩不再平衡,玻璃破碎成小颗粒,边缘钝化。钢化玻璃的强度比退火的夹层玻璃高得多。由于所需要的快速传热,典型的车辆热强化工艺的厚度极限在3.2毫米到3.6毫米之间。使用典型的鼓风机式低压空气淬火系统无法实现较薄玻璃所需的高表面压缩。
夹层安全玻璃是通过将两片玻璃,即玻璃外层201和退火玻璃的玻璃内层202用塑料粘合夹层4粘合在一起。如图1所示,该塑料粘合夹层4是由透明塑料或保温塑料层的薄片组成的。退火玻璃是已经从弯曲温度通过玻璃化转变范围缓慢冷却的玻璃。这个过程可以消除玻璃在弯曲过程中留下的应力。退火后的玻璃可破碎成带有锋利边缘的大碎片。当夹层玻璃破碎时,碎裂的玻璃碎片就像拼图一样,被塑料层固定在一起,以保持玻璃的结构完整性。挡风玻璃已经破碎的车辆仍然可以进行操作。塑料粘合夹层还有助于防止物体从外部撞击夹层玻璃,在发生碰撞的情况下加强了对乘员的支持。
许多车辆玻璃上的黑色釉料印记遮蔽层,既起到了功能上的作用,也起到了美学上的作用。玻璃上的黑色不透明印记的作用是保护用于将玻璃与车辆粘接的聚亚安酯粘合剂,使其免受紫外线的照射和可能导致的降解。所述黑色不透明印记还可以将粘合剂从车辆外部遮挡住。黑色的遮蔽层必须耐用,从而在各种暴露和天气条件下保持车辆的使用寿命。美学上的部分要求是,黑色需要具有暗色光泽的外观。并且,不同的零件之间外观要保持一致,不同的时间段内的遮蔽层外观也要保持一致。今天生产的零件需要与20年前生产和使用的零件需要互相匹配。这些零件还需要与车辆上的其他零件相匹配,因为它们可能不是由同一制造商制造的,也不是用相同配方的釉料制造的。目前已经开发出了能够满足这些要求的标准车辆黑色搪瓷油墨(釉料)。
黑色搪瓷釉料是由颜料、载体、粘结剂和细磨玻璃组成。有时也会添加其他材料,以提高某些性能:烧结温度、抗粘性、耐化学性等。在对玻璃进行加热和弯曲之前,用丝网或喷墨印刷工艺将黑色釉料涂在玻璃上。在弯曲过程中,随着平板玻璃的加热,釉料中的玻璃粉会软化、熔化,并与玻璃表面融合。这时,黑色釉料印记就会成为玻璃中永久的一部分。当这种情况发生时,釉料就会被“烧结”。这是一种玻璃化过程,与在浴室设备、陶器、瓷器和电器上涂抹搪瓷的过程非常相似。
玻璃层的形成可以使用重力弯曲、压弯、冷弯或本领域已知的任何其他常规方法。用于形成玻璃层的重力弯曲和压弯方法在本领域是众所周知的,在本申请中将不再讨论。
冷弯法是一种相对较新的技术。顾名思义,玻璃在非高温的情况下被弯曲成最终形状,而不需要使用热量。在曲率最小的零件上,可以将一块平板玻璃冷弯到零件的轮廓。这是因为随着玻璃厚度的减少,玻璃片的弹性越来越大,可以在不引起足够高的应力水平情况下进行弯曲。高应力水平可以显著增加断裂的长期可能性。退火后的薄片碱石灰浮法玻璃,厚度约为1毫米,可以弯曲成大半径(大于6米)的圆柱形。当玻璃经过化学强化或热强化后,玻璃可以承受更高的应力,并可以沿两条主轴弯曲。该工艺主要用于将化学钢化后的薄玻璃片(<=1毫米)弯曲成型。
圆柱形的单方向半径可以小于4米。复合弯曲的形状,即两个主轴方向上的曲面,每个方向上的曲率半径可以小到8米左右。当然,这在很大程度上取决于零件的表面积和基材的类型和厚度。
冷弯玻璃会一直处于拉伸状态,容易使与之粘合的弯曲层的形状发生扭曲。因此,必须对弯曲层进行补偿以抵消张力。对于曲率较高的复杂形状,可能需要在冷弯前对平板玻璃进行部分热弯。
将待冷弯曲的玻璃放置在弯曲的玻璃层上,并在待冷弯曲的玻璃和弯曲的玻璃层之间放置粘接层。该组件被放置在一个真空袋中。真空袋是一组不透气的塑料片,将组件包围起来,并将塑料片边缘粘合在一起。使空气从组件中排空,同时也对组件施加压力迫使各层接触。之后将抽空的真空袋中的组件加热以密封组件。接下来,组件被放置到高压釜中,加热组件并施加高压。这就完成了冷弯过程,因为此时的平板玻璃已经符合弯曲层的形状,并被永久地贴上了。冷弯工艺与标准的真空袋/高压釜工艺非常相似,只是后者在玻璃堆栈中加入了一个未弯曲的玻璃层,这在本领域是众所周知的。
为了控制通过夹层玻璃的光和能量的传输水平,有许多技术可供选择。为了整合到夹层玻璃中,薄膜的每一面都需要有片状塑料夹层,以便将薄膜与夹层玻璃的其他层粘合在一起。薄膜被层压在两层塑料粘合夹层之间,以形成夹层玻璃。
本发明提出的在较低温度下改变透光率和/或声音衰减的能力是通过在玻璃上增加电阻式加热电路来提高的。
电阻式加热电路通常被设置在车辆后视镜上,以便通过融化冰雪和清雾使视野清新并提高安全性。在一些挡风玻璃上也有加热电路。一些车辆的雨刮器在不使用时隐藏在引擎盖线以下,这种车辆上需要设置一个加热雨刮器休息区,以保持雨刮器在不使用时的清洁,并在使用时防止休息区沉积冰雪。装有安全摄像头的挡风玻璃也需要有加热电路,可以快速清理摄像头视野内的部分挡风玻璃。大多数车辆都配备了挡风玻璃热风除霜系统。有的车辆还配备了全风挡玻璃电阻式加热系统。在各种类型的加热回路的生产中,多种技术可以被采用。一般来说,对于大多数气候条件和典型的玻璃,要想获得良好的除冰性能,每平方分米至少需要4-5瓦的功率密度。对于要求较高的应用,如雨刮器休息区,功率密度可高达15瓦/平方分米。
最佳的切换温度约为10-20℃,尽管这个温度将因技术和制造商的不同而有所差异化。同样,该范围的下限也不尽相同。在2.5-3瓦范围内的功率密度足以使可切换材料的温度上升并保持接近最佳温度。电路的实际功率密度将取决于技术、玻璃的位置和制造商。
多种类型的电阻式加热电路可以被用于车辆玻璃中,这些加热电路都可以用于本发明的实施例中。
全表面挡风玻璃加热通常是通过使用导电透明镀膜来实现的。这种镀膜被直接真空溅射在玻璃上,由多层金属和电介质组成。响应于电阻在2-6欧姆/平方的范围内,需要一个电压转换器来达到所需的功率密度。由于维持切换所需的功率密度较低,可以使用标准的12V电源。
银料是最常用的一种加热电路,用于背光灯、加热雨刮器架和相机除霜器。它也是最具有成本效益的一种。细银粉与载体、粘结剂和细磨玻璃混合在一起。有时也会加入其他材料,以提高某些性能:烧结温度、抗粘性、耐化学性等。在对玻璃进行加热和折弯之前,将银料用丝网或喷墨印刷工艺涂在玻璃上。在弯曲过程中,随着平板玻璃的加热,玻璃中的粉末状玻璃会变软融化,与玻璃表面融合。银料印记就成为玻璃的永久组成部分。在这一过程中,银料即被“烧结”。这是一种玻璃化过程,与在浴室设备、陶器、瓷器和电器上涂抹搪瓷的过程非常相似。电阻可以低至2毫欧/平方,线宽可以窄至0.5毫米。银印刷的主要缺点是烧结后的银的观感,其颜色可以从深橙色到芥末黄色变化,取决于印刷在玻璃的空气面上还是锡面上。
透明的导电镀膜也可以用来制作电阻加热电路。这也是非常相似的,其制作方法与透明导电镀膜玻璃的制作方法相同。需要一个电压变换器来达到挡风玻璃全表面加热所需要的功率密度。由于本发明的功率密度较低,可以使用标准的12V电源。
在夹层玻璃的塑料粘合层中嵌入细线,可形成一种内嵌线电阻加热电路。其中所述线可以通过加热或超声的作用被嵌入到塑料中。钨是一种首选材料,因为它的抗拉强度是铜的10倍,而且它呈平坦的黑色。加热挡风玻璃通常使用18-22微米范围内的钨丝,该钨丝几乎是不可见的。所述线采用类似于振荡的正弦波图案进行嵌入,以减少在特定照明条件下可能出现的眩光。对于挡风玻璃以外位置的玻璃,可以使用更大直径的金属丝。所述线通常采用数控机床进行嵌入。
微网电阻加热电路由非常细的导电线组成,通过真空溅射技术沉积在非导电基材上,如玻璃或塑料等。使用类似于生产集成电路的平版印刷工艺在基板上进行遮蔽形成图案。由于线宽可以达到10微米,这种微网在实际应用中是不可见的。此方法的主要优点是设计出的图案可以非常精确地控制加热。由于导体不需要是透明的,所以厚度可以比涂覆整个基板时的厚度大得多。由于只需要一层金属层,因此工艺也比较简单。
加热电路可以通过手动或自动的方式进行操作。这两种方法均可用于除冰和除雾的应用。该电路可以根据用户的要求进行操作。一般情况下,可以使用定时器来限制功耗和防止过热。可以设置温度反馈,以实现闭环控制。由于大多数现代车辆具有车内和车外温度传感器,因此车辆气候控制装置可以根据温度来操作电路。为了达到最佳效率,可以使用光传感器来检测切换速度,并根据测量的切换速度和切换温度来操作加热电路。
全景式挡风玻璃的上边缘被大幅延伸,使该挡风玻璃包括车顶的一部分。
图2展示了现有技术的夹层全景玻璃车顶。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。在两层透明塑料粘合夹层4之间夹着一层SPD膜44,其相对的两端为母线37。夹层全景玻璃车顶可以在约0至60℃的环境温度范围内工作。在这些条件下,SPD膜44在开启状态下(由暗色到透明)的透光率为20%,对非通电状态的响应时间为1s到5。而在关闭状态(由透明到暗色)下的透光率为2%,对非通电状态的响应时间为5s到10s。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
应当理解的是,虽然本实施例的可切换技术是SPD,同样的加热电路也可被整合到利用其它可切换技术的夹层玻璃中。同样地,虽然本发明的示例性实施例是全景式车顶,但同样的加热电路也可以被整合到声学夹层玻璃的设计中,作为车辆的挡风玻璃、后窗、门窗,或应用在车辆的任何其他玻璃位置。
实施例说明
1.图3所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第一实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。在表面四104上丝印有银料加热电路46,其线宽为0.6毫米,功率密度为3瓦/平方分米。丝网印刷的银料母线37用于连接印刷的加热线。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。在两层透明塑料粘合夹层4之间夹着一层SPD膜44,其相对的两端为母线37。本实施例中的夹层全景玻璃车顶在环境温度低至0℃的环境中工作。SPD膜44在开启状态下(由暗色到透明)的透光率为20%,对非通电状态的响应时间为1s到5s。而在关闭状态(由透明到暗色)下的透光率为2%,对非通电状态的响应时间为5s到10s。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
2.图4所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第二实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。印刷后,对玻璃外层201进行加热以烧结黑色印记。在烧结后,通过MSVD工艺在玻璃外层上涂覆一层透明的银基镀膜18,该银基镀膜18具有每平方2.5欧姆的片状电阻。在12V的条件下,加热电路的功率密度为3瓦/平方分米。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线37用于为涂覆的加热电路供电。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。在两层透明塑料粘合夹层4之间夹着一层SPD膜44,其相对的两端为母线37。本实施例中的夹层全景玻璃车顶在环境温度低至0℃的环境中工作。SPD膜44在开启状态下(由暗色到透明)的透光率为20%,对非通电状态的响应时间为1s到5s。而在关闭状态(由透明到暗色)下的透光率为2%,对非通电状态的响应时间为5s到10s。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
3.图5所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第三实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。该加热电路包括通过MSVD工艺的塑料电镀膜42,用于涂覆具有每平方2.5欧姆的片状电阻的透明银基镀膜。在12V的条件下,加热电路的功率密度为3瓦/平方分米。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线37用于为涂覆的加热电路供电。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。在两层透明塑料粘合夹层4之间夹着一层SPD膜44,其相对的两端为母线37。本实施例中的夹层全景玻璃车顶在环境温度低至0℃的环境中工作。SPD膜44在开启状态下(由暗色到透明)的透光率为20%,对非通电状态的响应时间为1s到5s。而在关闭状态(由透明到暗色)下的透光率为2%,对非通电状态的响应时间为5s到10s。一层透明塑料粘合夹层4将SPD膜44与导电电镀膜42粘合在一起,并加入第三透明塑料粘合夹层4将电镀膜粘合在玻璃外层201上。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
4.图6所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第四实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102上。内嵌的钨丝加热电路48,其功率密度为3瓦/平方分米,被嵌入到位于SPD薄膜44和玻璃内层202之间的透明塑料粘合夹层中。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线用来向导线加热元件提供12V电能。玻璃外层201采用重力弯曲工艺进行热弯曲。玻璃内层202采用冷弯工艺进行弯曲。在两层透明塑料粘合夹层4之间夹着一层SPD膜44,其相对的两端为母线37。本实施例中的夹层全景玻璃车顶在环境温度低至0℃的环境中工作。SPD膜44在开启状态下(由暗色到透明)的透光率为20%,对非通电状态的响应时间为1s到5s。而在关闭状态(由透明到暗色)下的透光率为2%,对非通电状态的响应时间为5s到10s。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
5.实施例5与实施例1相同,但用PDLC膜代替SPD。
6.实施例6与实施例2相同,但用PDLC膜代替SPD。
7.实施例7与实施例3相同,但用PDLC膜代替SPD。
8.实施例8与实施例4相同,但用PDLC膜代替SPD。
9.图7所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第一实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。在表面四104上丝印有银料加热电路46,其线宽为0.6毫米,功率密度为每平方分米3瓦。丝网印刷的银料母线37用于连接印刷的加热线。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
10.图8所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第二实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。印刷后,对玻璃外层201进行加热以烧结黑色印记。在烧结后,通过MSVD工艺在玻璃外层上涂覆一层透明的银基镀膜18,该银基镀膜18具有每平方2.5欧姆的片状电阻。在12V的条件下,加热电路的功率密度为3瓦/平方分米。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线37用于为涂覆的加热电路供电。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
11.图9所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第三实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102和表面四104上。该加热电路包括通过MSVD工艺的塑料电镀膜42,用于涂覆具有每平方2.5欧姆的片状电阻的透明银基镀膜。在12V的条件下,加热电路的功率密度为3瓦/平方分米。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线37用于为涂覆的加热电路供电。该玻璃层采用重力弯曲工艺对玻璃层进行热弯曲。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
12.图10所示的夹层全景玻璃车顶展示了第四实施例。该夹层玻璃由标准的碱石灰浮法2.5毫米厚的透明玻璃外层201和2.1毫米的碱石灰浮法太阳光绿色玻璃内层202组成。遮蔽层6被丝网印刷在表面二102上。内嵌的钨丝加热电路48,其功率密度为3瓦/平方分米,被嵌入到位于SPD薄膜44和玻璃内层202之间的透明塑料粘合夹层中。薄且平坦的镀锡铜母线用来向导线加热元件提供12V电能。玻璃外层201采用重力弯曲工艺进行热弯曲。玻璃内层202采用冷弯工艺进行弯曲。组装后的层压加工,采用标准的车辆层压设备。
可以注意到,在实施例1至8中的夹层全景玻璃车顶也能够在0至60℃的环境温度范围内工作,具有前文所述的SPD性能。
应当理解的是,本申请不限于在上文中描述和说明的实施例。本领域技术人员将理解,可以进行无数的变体和/或修改,而不会背离本发明的精神。本发明仅由权利要求书所定义。
Claims (10)
1.一种夹层玻璃,其特征在于,包括:
玻璃外层;
玻璃内层;
位于玻璃外层和玻璃内层之间的至少一个功能层;以及
位于所述至少一个功能层和所述玻璃内外层的其中一层之间的至少一个电阻加热电路;
其中,所述至少一个电阻加热电路向所述功能层提供热量以改善其在低温下的响应。
2.根据权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述至少一个功能层中的至少一个功能层是可切换层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述至少一个功能层中的至少一个功能层是声学塑料夹层。
4.根据权利要求2所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述可切换层在小于0℃的环境温度下从暗色切换到透明,响应时间的范围在约1s至5s之间。
5.根据权利要求2所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述可切换层在小于0℃的环境温度下从透明切换到暗色,响应时间的范围在约1s至5s之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,进一步包括红外反射镀膜或红外反射薄膜。
7.根据权利要求2所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述可切换层为浮粒子装置(SPD)薄膜、聚合物分配液晶(PDLC)、液晶(LC)和电变色中的一种或多种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,所述电阻加热电路为内嵌线加热电路、银料加热电路、透明导电涂膜加热电路和透明导电镀膜玻璃加热电路中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求1所述的可变透光率夹层玻璃,其中,玻璃内层是冷弯玻璃层。
10.根据权利要求1所述的夹层玻璃,其特征在于,至少一个所述玻璃层是化学钢化玻璃层。
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US62/596,852 | 2017-12-10 | ||
PCT/IB2018/059793 WO2019111235A1 (en) | 2017-12-07 | 2018-12-07 | Laminated glazing having a functional layer with improved low temperature response |
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EP4242739A4 (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2024-10-23 | Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd | FILM FOR LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICE, LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICE AND LIGHT ADJUSTING DEVICE |
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CN112154065A (zh) * | 2019-04-29 | 2020-12-29 | 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 | 具有可电控光学性能的复合玻璃板以及复合玻璃板装置 |
DE102019133073B3 (de) * | 2019-12-04 | 2021-01-28 | Hochschule Düsseldorf Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Verbundglasscheibe mit einer Sichtabdeckung |
FR3122612B1 (fr) * | 2021-05-06 | 2024-07-19 | Saint Gobain | Element vitre pour l’isolation acoustique d’un véhicule |
JPWO2022249991A1 (zh) * | 2021-05-25 | 2022-12-01 | ||
WO2022266482A1 (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2022-12-22 | Carlex Glass America, Llc | Glass product and method of producing glass product |
WO2023016757A1 (de) | 2021-08-10 | 2023-02-16 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Beheizbare fahrzeugverglasung |
KR20240048523A (ko) | 2021-08-24 | 2024-04-15 | 쌩-고벵 글래스 프랑스 | 온도 의존적 스위칭 동작을 갖고 전기적으로 제어할 수 있는 광학특성을 갖는 글레이징 유닛 |
WO2024003875A1 (en) * | 2022-06-30 | 2024-01-04 | Agp Worldwide Operations Gmbh | Variable light transmission glazing with complex shape and method of manufacture |
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- 2018-12-07 DE DE112018006248.1T patent/DE112018006248T5/de not_active Withdrawn
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