CN111418736A - 一种发酵构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种发酵构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111418736A CN111418736A CN202010338990.5A CN202010338990A CN111418736A CN 111418736 A CN111418736 A CN 111418736A CN 202010338990 A CN202010338990 A CN 202010338990A CN 111418736 A CN111418736 A CN 111418736A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种发酵构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用,属于饲料制备技术领域;所述发酵构树草鱼饲料,包括质量分数为10%~25%的发酵构树;所述发酵构树通过乳酸菌与构树混合厌氧发酵后获得。本发明所述发酵构树草鱼饲料粗蛋白含量高,还含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、碳水化合物及微量元素等营养成分;所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料具有明显促进草鱼生长作用,同时可以改善草鱼肉质,提高草鱼免疫能力,作为豆粕蛋白部分替代饲料具有良好的开发应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料制备技术领域,尤其涉及一种发酵构树草鱼饲料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
草鱼是我国著名的“四大家鱼”之一,具有生长速度快、产量高等优点,是重要的淡水经济养殖对象,我国草鱼年产量达到530万吨以上,深受消费者喜欢。草鱼是典型的草食性鱼类,有些地方养殖户种植或者投放马来眼子草、凤眼莲、象草、苏丹草和黑麦草等常见植物作为草鱼食物来源。但是在大规模、高密度草鱼养殖中,需要投喂具有一定蛋白质含量的饲料,育肥期的草鱼饲料蛋白质含量一般为26%~32%。常见的蛋白质原料中,主要有鱼粉、棉粕、菜粕、大豆粕、膨化大豆粉等,鱼粉中粗蛋白含量最高,但是价格也最高,因此在草鱼饲料中用量较低;棉粕和菜粕粗蛋白含量一般为30~35%,有的可达40%,但是棉粕中含有游离棉酚,菜粕中含有丹宁、植酸、芥子苷等抗营养因子,在原材料加工过程中如果有害物质去除不彻底将影响饲料质量,因此两种原料在鱼类饲料中用量一般控制在20%以下。大豆粕粗蛋白含量高,45%~52%,应用广泛,是绝大多数饲养动物的饲料来源,但是产业链长、价格波动大,受国际市场影响最大。目前需要一种营养价值相当,来源广泛的替代品。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种发酵构树草鱼颗粒饲料及其制备方法和应用;所述发酵构树草鱼饲料包括发酵后的构树,粗蛋白含量高,还含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、碳水化合物及微量元素等营养成分;所述的草鱼饲料具有明显促进生长作用,同时可以改善肉质,提高免疫能力,作为豆粕蛋白部分替代饲料具有良好的开发应用前景。
本发明提供了一种发酵构树草鱼饲料,包括质量分数为10%~25%的发酵构树;
所述发酵构树通过将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得。
优选的,所述发酵构树的含水量<13%。
优选的,乳酸菌与构树混合后的材料的菌含量为103~105个/g。
优选的,包括以下重量份的组分:
发酵构树10~25份、棉粕14.0~19.0份、鱼粉1.0~3.0份、豆粕10.0~15.0份、麦麸6.0~9.0份、菜粕13.0~16.0份、细糠12.0~15.0、玉米麸6.0~10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0~5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9~1.2份、胆碱0.1~0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0~1.3份、膨润土1.8~2.0份、氯化钠0.08~0.1份和沸石粉0.8~0.9份。
优选的,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料为颗粒饲料。
本发明提供了所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得发酵构树;
2)将所述发酵构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉混合获得发酵构树草鱼饲料。
优选的,步骤1)中所述构树为粉碎后的构树茎叶,所述粉碎后的构树茎叶的粒径<5cm。
优选的,步骤1)所述厌氧发酵的温度为28~30℃,所述厌氧发酵的时间为10~15d。
优选的,步骤1)中所述厌氧发酵后还包括干燥的步骤;所述干燥为阴干或30~40℃烘干。
本发明提供了所述发酵构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。
本发明的有益效果:本发明提供的发酵构树草鱼饲料包括发酵后的构树,粗蛋白含量高,还含有丰富的氨基酸、维生素、碳水化合物及微量元素等营养成分;所述的草鱼饲料具有明显促进生长作用,同时可以改善肉质,提高免疫能力,作为豆粕蛋白部分替代饲料具有良好的开发应用前景。根据实施例记载,本发明提供的发酵构树草鱼饲料营养丰富且配比均衡,粗蛋白含量为29.2%,粗纤维为8.6%,粗脂肪含量为5.5%,钙为1.76%,磷为0.90%,17种氨基酸总量为26.0%。
以本发明提供的发酵构树草鱼饲料饲喂草鱼后,草鱼增重率比商品饲料提高12%以上,饲料系数降低降低16.33%。检测草鱼血清成分,饲喂发酵构树草鱼饲料的草鱼总蛋白和白蛋白比商品饲料提高5.19%和7.00%,血糖提高7.67%;甘油三酯和总胆固醇分别降低22.45%和12.12%。发酵构树饲料饲喂的草鱼中总抗氧化能力有所提高,总抗氧化能力活性和碱性磷酸酶比商品饲料提高11.02%和36.27%,同时谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性降低15%以上,具有良好的抗肝损伤及修复肝损伤作用。比较发酵构树饲料与商品饲料草鱼的肉质,饲喂发酵构树饲料草鱼的蛋白质含量比商品饲料提高7.88%以上,而脂肪含量降低12.33%。本发明提供的发酵构树饲料在草鱼上应用具有降低脂肪积累、提高蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力效果。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种发酵构树草鱼饲料,包括质量分数为10%~25%的发酵构树;所述发酵构树通过将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得。
在本发明中,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料中发酵构树的含量优选为12%~20%,更优选为15%。在本发明中,所述发酵构树的含水量优选的<13%。在本发明中,所述发酵构树通过将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得。在本发明中,乳酸菌与构树混合后的材料中菌含量优选为103~105个/g,更优选为104个/g。在本发明中,所述乳酸菌优选为植物乳杆菌,本发明对所述植物乳杆菌的来源没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规市售的植物乳杆菌或自行分离获得的植物乳杆菌均可。
在本发明中,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料优选的包括以下重量份的组分:发酵构树10~25份、棉粕14.0~19.0份、鱼粉1.0~3.0份、豆粕10.0~15.0份、麦麸6.0~9.0份、菜粕13.0~16.0份、细糠12.0~15.0、玉米麸6.0~10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0~5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9~1.2份、胆碱0.1~0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0~1.3份、膨润土1.8~2.0份、氯化钠0.08~0.1份和沸石粉0.8~0.9份,更优选的包括:发酵构树15份、棉粕16.0份、鱼粉1.5份、豆粕13.0份、麦麸8.8份、菜粕14.0份、细糠13.0份、玉米麸7.0份、膨化大豆粉3.2份、草鱼预混料1.0份、胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、膨润土2.0份、氯化钠0.1份、沸石粉0.9份和豆油3.1份。本发明对所述本发明对所述棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠、沸石粉等的来源没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规的市售产品即可。
在本发明中,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料优选为颗粒饲料;所述发酵构树草鱼饲料的粒径优选为3.1~3.2mm,更优选为3.15mm;所述发酵构树草鱼饲料的粒长优选为6.8~7.2mm,更优选为7.0mm。在本发明中,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料的粗蛋白含量优选为29.2%,粗纤维含量优选为8.6%,粗脂肪含量优选为5.5%,钙含量优选为1.76%,磷含量优选为0.90%,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料中17种氨基酸总量为26.0%;所述发酵构树草鱼饲料的pH值优选为5.37,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料的干物质含量优选为92.58%。
本发明还提供了所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:1)将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得发酵构树;2)将所述发酵构树、本发明对所述棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉等混合获得发酵构树草鱼饲料。
在本发明中,将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得发酵构树。在本发明中,所述构树优选为粉碎后的构树茎叶,更优选为粉碎后幼嫩的构树茎叶,在本发明中,所述粉碎后的构树茎叶的粒径优选的<5cm。本发明对所述粉碎的方法没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规的粉碎机粉碎即可。在本发明中,乳酸菌与构树混合后的材料的菌含量优选为103~105个/g,更优选为104个/g。在本发明中,所述厌氧发酵的温度优选为28~30℃,更优选为29℃,所述厌氧发酵的时间优选为10~15d,更优选为10~12d。在本发明中,所述厌氧发酵优选的采用裹包密封方式进行。在本发明中,所述厌氧发酵后优选的还包括干燥的步骤;所述干燥优选为阴干或低温烘干。在本发明中,当所述厌氧发酵结束后,将所述裹包打开,进行干燥;所述烘干的温度优选为40℃,本发明对所述烘干的时间没有特殊限定,以控制干燥后发酵构树的含水量在13%为宜。
本发明在获得发酵构树后,将所述发酵构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠和沸石粉等混合获得发酵构树草鱼饲料。本发明对所述混合方法没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规的混合方法即可。本发明在所述混合后,优选的还包括制粒的步骤,本发明对所述制粒的方法没有特殊限定,采用本领域常规的颗粒饲料制粒的方法即可。
本发明还提供了所述发酵构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。在本发明中,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料营养丰富且配比均衡,粗蛋白含量高。饲喂草鱼后,用具有降低脂肪积累、提高蛋白质含量和抗氧化能力效果;能够促进草鱼生长,改善草鱼肉质,提高草鱼免疫力。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明,但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
收割田间栽培的杂交构树嫩茎叶,收割高度不要超过40cm,降低构树中草鱼不能消化的木质素含量。
用粉碎机将构树茎叶粉碎成长度小于5cm的小段,加入乳酸细菌混合均匀(植物乳杆菌,来自于江西省科学院生物资源研究所)与构树混合后菌含量为104个/g,采用裹包密封方式进行厌氧发酵,29℃培养12d后结束发酵。
打开裹包,在通风阴凉处干燥,将含水量控制到13%以下。
干燥后的发酵构树按照15%添加量与棉粕16.0%、鱼粉1.5%、豆粕13.0%、麦麸8.8%、菜粕14.0%、细糠13.0%、玉米麸7.0%、膨化大豆粉3.2%、草鱼预混料1.0%、胆碱0.2%、磷酸二氢钙1.2%、膨润土2.0%、氯化钠0.1%和沸石粉0.9%,豆油3.1%等混合后制成颗粒饲料。
发酵构树草鱼饲料的营养成分含量:粗蛋白含量为29.2%,粗纤维为8.6%,粗脂肪含量为5.5%,钙含量为1.76%,磷含量为0.90%,17种氨基酸总量为26.0%;其他指标:pH值为5.37,干物质含量为92.58%,颗粒粒径为3.15mm,粒长7.00mm,溶失率符合国家要求(≦10%)。
本实施例中添加15%发酵构树取代商品饲料中5%豆粕,与商品饲料(商品饲料是泰和饲料厂生产的草鱼专用饲料,不含构树)各种性质差异小,养分含量相近。
实施例2
比较发酵构树饲料和商品饲料对草鱼生长和抗氧化能力以及肉品质等影响
草鱼品种选择大小平均为303±50g左右作为研究材料,在面积为4000平方米水塘中开展实验。水塘用生石灰进行底泥消毒,水深1.5m。每个重复面积为400平方米,用拦网分隔不同处理。
草鱼投苗后每天投食量(投喂实施例1中的发酵构树草鱼饲料,对照处理投喂商品饲料)为鱼群体质量3.0%,每7d调整一次投喂量,每次增加4%,并根据水温、天气和摄食情况进行适当微调。每天08:30和16:30各投喂1次。每周监测氨态氮和pH值2次,定期注水,保证氨态氮低于0.5mg/L以下,pH值在7.3~7.9之间。
投喂45d后取样,分析草鱼生长、肉质和血清中抗氧化等指标,生长性能测定参考相关文献(王志敬,刘明珠,于辉,等.动物营养学报,2016,28(11):3679-3686.玉屏风多糖对草鱼生长性能、免疫器官指数和肝胰脏非特异性免疫指标的影响;魏洪城,郁欢欢,陈晓明,等.动物营养学报,2018,30(10):4190-4201.乙醇梭菌蛋白替代豆粕对草鱼生长性能、血浆生化指标及肝胰脏和肠道组织病理的影响.),血清中常规指标采用全自动生化分析仪测定,免疫和抗氧化指标采用相应试剂盒测定,肉质指标参考相应国家检测标准(GB/T9695.7-2008、GB/T 9695.18-2008、GB/T 9695.15-2008和GB/T9695.11-2008)。
结果表明,发酵构树草鱼饲料与商品饲料比较,发酵构树草鱼饲料降低了饲料系数,商品饲料是1.696,15%发酵构树颗粒饲料是1.419,降低16.33%。在相同饲喂量情况下,发酵构树饲料利用率更高,因此肥满度也有所提高,商品饲料是1.84,而发酵构树饲料是1.94;增重率比商品饲料提高12.99%,用SPSS 18.0软件进行t值差异性统计分析,差异达到显著性。
表1养殖45d发酵构树颗粒饲料对草鱼生长指标的影响
比较血清中常规指标,实施例1中制备获得的15%发酵构树颗粒饲料饲喂草鱼的血清中血糖、总蛋白和白蛋白均比商品饲料高,分别提高7.67%、5.19%和7.00%,说明饲喂所述发酵构树草鱼饲料与草鱼营养相关的代谢效率高,促进草鱼生长。发酵构树草鱼饲料饲喂的草鱼血清中与脂肪代谢相关的指标甘油三酯和胆固醇低于商品饲料,分别降低22.45%和12.12%,结果说明发酵构树具有降低胆固醇、加快脂肪代谢的作用。
表2养殖45d发酵构树颗粒饲料对草鱼血清常规生化指标的影响
比较总抗氧化能力和碱性磷酸酶,发酵构树饲料提高了草鱼的总抗氧化能力和碱性磷酸酶活性,比商品饲料提高11.02%和36.27%,对超氧化物歧化酶影响不明显。比较血清中丙二醛、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性,发酵构树饲料降低了草鱼中丙二醛、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性的活性,分别比商品饲料降低8.24%、15.60%和60.85%,说明发酵构树具有改善和提高抗氧化能力、提高非特异性免疫和降低潜在抗肝损伤及修复肝损伤作用。发酵构树颗粒饲料对血清中其他指标影响不明显,与商品饲料相近。
表3养殖45d发酵构树颗粒饲料对草鱼血清抗氧化能力影响
比较草鱼肉质情况,发酵构树草鱼饲料具有显著提高草鱼肉质中蛋白质含量作用,比商品饲料提高7.88%,而总脂肪含量降低12.33%,结果表明饲料中添加15%发酵构树具有明显降低鱼肉中总脂肪含量、提高蛋白质含量的作用。水分和灰分含量差异不显著。
表4草鱼养殖45d发酵构树颗粒饲料对肉质指标的影响
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种发酵构树草鱼饲料,其特征在于,包括质量分数为10份~25份的发酵构树;
所述发酵构树通过乳酸菌与构树混合厌氧发酵后获得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料,其特征在于,所述发酵构树的含水量<13%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料,其特征在于,乳酸菌与构树混合后的材料的菌含量为103~105个/g。
4.根据权利要求1~3任意一项所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料,其特征在于,包括以下重量份的组分:
发酵构树10~25份、棉粕14.0~19.0份、鱼粉1.0~3.0份、豆粕10.0~15.0份、麦麸6.0~9.0份、菜粕13.0~16.0份、细糠12.0~15.0、玉米麸6.0~10.0、膨化大豆粉3.0~5.0份、草鱼预混料0.9~1.2份、胆碱0.1~0.2份、磷酸二氢钙1.0~1.3份、膨润土1.8~2.0份、氯化钠0.08~0.1份和沸石粉0.8~0.9份。
5.根据权利要求4所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料,其特征在于,所述发酵构树草鱼饲料为颗粒饲料。
6.权利要求1~5任意一项所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将乳酸菌与构树混合、厌氧发酵后获得发酵构树;
2)将所述发酵构树、棉粕、鱼粉、豆粕、麦麸、菜粕、细糠、玉米麸、膨化大豆粉、草鱼预混料、胆碱、磷酸二氢钙、膨润土、氯化钠、沸石粉等混合获得发酵构树草鱼饲料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中所述构树为粉碎后的构树茎叶,所述粉碎后的构树茎叶的粒径<5cm。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)所述厌氧发酵的温度为28~30℃,所述厌氧发酵的时间为10~15d。
9.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中所述厌氧发酵后还包括干燥的步骤;所述干燥为通风阴凉处干燥或30~40℃烘干。
10.权利要求1~5任意一项所述的发酵构树草鱼饲料或权利要求6~9任意一项所述的制备方法制备获得的发酵构树草鱼饲料在促进草鱼生长、改善草鱼肉质中的应用。
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