CN111418141A - 紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器 - Google Patents
紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种紧凑型且热效率牵引驱动电机逆变器,特征为集成印刷电路板在分开的电隔离层上承载功率电路和信号电路二者,而没有显著的电磁干扰。通过使用电镀盲孔来保持与承载有信号电路的分布的电隔离层电连通。通过利用特征为具有内部流量平衡器以优化冷却剂流量的液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块来提高热效率。
Description
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及电动车辆技术,并且更具体地说,涉及改进的牵引电机逆变器,其特征是紧凑和热效率设计,包括能够在电隔离层上承载功率电路和信号电路二者并具有低电磁干扰的集成印刷电路板,并且通过创新性冷却剂流量优化来实现优异的传热性能。
背景技术
在许多电动车辆中牵引驱动电机逆变器是必不可少的部件。该部件是必须的是因为大多数电动车辆由需要交流(AC)电的牵引驱动电机推进,然而通常可利用的便携式电源是一些提供稳定的直流(DC)电源的类型的电化学电池。牵引驱动电机逆变器将可利用的DC电转换成AC电以便可有效地利用这种动力。
将DC电转换成具有优选的波形和相位的AC电的过程相当复杂,其需要多个零部件,包括:控制器、X电容器和Y电容器、开关模式电源、隔绝栅双极晶体管和用于支撑高电压高电流的电路或“功率电路”、和低电压低电流的栅极驱动器电路或“信号电路”二者的一些印刷电路板。在传统方向上,将功率电路和信号电路支撑在分开的印刷电路板上以防止由与流经功率电路的电流相关联的电磁能量场引起的电磁感应或静电耦合导致信号电路劣化、发生故障或其他干扰。
然而,对于功率电路和信号电路来说使用分开的印刷电路板导致传统的牵引电机逆变器模块大于如果要使得这种印刷电路板能结合所需要的尺寸。如果能将牵引电机逆变器的功率电路和信号电路组合到具有足够电磁屏蔽的单个多层集成功率-信号印刷电路板上,则将防止功率电路对信号电路产生显著的干扰,此外能减小总牵引电机逆变器模块的尺寸,与传统设计相比提供竞争性优势。
与许多工业一样,电动车辆工业高速创新,并且在提高性能和/或减小这种部件的物理尺寸方面具有相当大的压力。在这种竞争激烈的市场上,即使在这方面进行逐步改善也能证明是有价值的优势。需要提供特征是多层印刷电路板的牵引电机逆变器,该多层印刷电路板能够将功率电路和信号电路二者支撑在分开的电隔离层上而不经受由电磁辐射所导致的过度干扰的问题。
牵引电机逆变器的另一个重要的设计问题是散热。由于对于驱动牵引电机来说高电压和高电流是必然的,所以牵引电机逆变器可产生相当大的热量。在无法有效地散热的情况下这可能成为问题,这是因为过多的热量积累可导致多种不期望的效果,诸如材料的过早劣化和/或电路的暂时性或永久性的故障。在许多情况下,这种散热问题可限制性能,这是因为故意将系统控制或约束成防止其产热的速度的能力超过传统设计的散热能力。在这种情况下,即使散热技术中不太显著的改进也可立即使得性能提升,因为这种改进允许该装置将功率增加到其能够操作的最高功率处。可替换地,该装置可再设计成较小、较节能或表现出增加的功率密度。
当前在液体冷却功率半导体装置中的创新性是通过优化穿过散热表面的流量分布来提高热效率。这种改善可集成到牵引电机逆变器中以有助于使降低操作温度、延长操作时间、增加功率效率、增加功率容量和/或允许将总设备物理上再设计成较小。在美国实用专利申请第15787711号(“‘711申请”)中详细描述了这种创新,该申请还是美国实用专利第9,443,786号(“‘786专利”)的改进。‘786专利和‘711申请由此将其全部内容(包括摘要、全部说明书、附图和权利要求书)通过引证结合于本说明书。对于牵引电机逆变器来说存在使其结合并利用‘786专利中所公开的创新性功率半导体冷却技术并且改进通过‘711申请所公开的创新性公开的文本中的牵引电机逆变器的需求。
本公开与现有技术的区别之处在于提供了迄今为止未知的优势,如下文的发明内容中所描述的。
发明内容
所前文所述,电动车辆的领域正经历快速创新,从而对尺寸较小、较大热效率、示出较高功率密度和/或能够维持较大功率的创新性零部件产生巨大的经济需求。本公开描述了一种创新性的高度紧凑型且热效率牵引电机逆变器,其提供了所需要的优势。
具体地,本公开教导了一种牵引电机逆变器,该牵引电机逆变器特征是在分开的电隔离层上支撑高电压、高电流的功率电路和低电压、低电流的栅极驱动器信号电路二者的创新性多层集成印刷电路板。AC和DC母线设计在印刷电路板中并且可处理高达400A的电流以用于80kW的电机。功率电路层和信号电路层由交替的不导电材料层电隔离开。利用多个电镀盲孔来促进位于内部电活性层与外部的电连通。使用多个电镀盲孔有助于电连通,同时使电应力分布更均匀并且提供良好的热释放和机械连续性。
将功率电路和栅极驱动器信号电路创新性地集成到单个印刷电路板中允许牵引电机逆变器的设计比传统设计相比具有更紧凑的总占地面积,这是因为它消除了通常分配给分开的功率印刷电路板和信号印刷电路板以及分开的AC和DC母线的物理空间的需求。本公开还消除了在传统设计中有时需要包括的电磁板,以减少电磁辐射,这是因为在本公开中,印刷电路板的电活性层之间的不导电材料用于屏蔽这种电磁辐射。
在优选的实施例中,电活性层由FR-4级玻璃加强环氧树脂层压材料(“FR4”)的层间隔开。尽管其是用于构造多层印刷电路板的常用材料,但并没有普遍使用20密耳厚的FR4层,这使得本公开的创新性集成变为可能。传统的9密耳厚的FR4层无法充分保护信号电路使其免受牵引电机通常需要的高电压和高电流的范围的影响,这可能是为什么之前在牵引电机逆变器领域未成功实施这种功率-信号印刷电路板集成的原因之一。本公开的创新成功的重要关键在于增加不导电层的厚度,该不导电层用于将电磁辐射屏蔽提高到可接受的水平。
已通过测试确定20密耳的FR4足够厚而在功率电路经受360Vdc电压和400A的峰值安培(由7000RPM下向牵引驱动器提供10kHz的功率转换而成)保护功率电路使其免受电磁干扰。该确定是通过在由20密耳的FR4屏蔽时观察栅极驱动器信号波形的最小失真而得到的。这种栅极驱动器信号波形测试结果的示例性图表反映了最小的失真,其已包含在本说明书中。
还可预见,可需要额外的厚度来使更高功率的实施例达到可接受的电磁屏蔽水平。可增加不导电层的厚度直到观察到可接受的屏蔽。此外,其他实施例可使用FR4级玻璃加强环氧树脂层压材料之外的材料,这可能需要不同的最小厚度以提供足够的屏蔽效果,这取决于材料的电磁性能。本公开设想将功率电路和信号电路集成到这样的一种单个印刷电路板中:该印刷电路板具有适当厚度的不导电材料层,以提供足够的电磁屏蔽,并使用多个电镀盲孔来促进和保持与位于分布的电隔离层内部的电活性层的牢固电连通。
本公开的牵引电机逆变器的特征还有创新性液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块,如在‘711申请中所公开。牵引电机逆变器受益于创新性液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块,这是因为与没有创新性传统设计相比,其显示出了将功率半导体装置的温度降低多达百分之三十三(33%)的能力。该温度降低保护牵引电机逆变器在经受繁重任务的完整性,提高其热效率和电效率,并可使牵引电机逆变器与特征是传统液体冷却隔绝栅的竞争设备相比处理更大的功率或将其物理尺寸再设计成较小。
如在‘711申请中更详细地阐述的,液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块包括歧管,该歧管具有通向第一增压室的流入以及从第二增压室抽吸的流出,并且热交换表面与位于第一增压室与第二增压室之间的至少一个功率半导体装置热连通,使得冷却剂流体必须紧邻热交换表面流动以从第一增压室流向第二增压室并离开设备。
创新性流量平衡器位于第一增压室和第二增压室内部,并且改变第一增压室和第二增压室的内部截面面积,由此沿每个增压室的长度改变截面面积,进而沿歧管的长度改变静水压力并且影响冷却剂流体沿热交换表面的长度的流量分布。
流量平衡器可采取位于第一增压室和/或第二增压室内的可移动物理插入件、或永久粘接的物理插入件的形式来改变增压室的截面面积。可替换地,在一些实施例中,流量平衡器可进行增压室壁的形状的物理设计变化以实现相同的效果。
通过用流量平衡器来控制第一增压室和第二增压室的形状,可改变歧管中的流体动力压力,使其或者沿换热表面的长度流量均匀分布、或者有目的地使得流量分布不均匀或自定义流量分布。
根据计算流体动力学(CFD)分析,使用流量平衡器可将经受类似负载的功率半导体的结温提高多达百分之二十五(25%)。实际测试甚至产生了更好的结果,其示出了温度降低多达百分之三十三(33%)。该温度降低非常重要,并且可转化为非常重要的性能益处,这具体取决于技术,并且可允许设备运行更长时间,消耗更少电力,承受或忍受更高功率和/或重新设计成较小的物理尺寸。
将如在‘711申请中所公开的改进液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块结合到本公开的牵引电机逆变器中进一步增加了其竞争优势,并使本公开与传统设计区别开。
本公开教导了在构造和使用中的某些益处,这些益处达到下文所描述的目的:
上述设备的固有主要目的是提供现有技术没有教导的优点;
另一个目的是提供一种创新性牵引驱动电机逆变器,其具有较少的零部件。
又一个目的是提供一种创新性牵引驱动电机逆变器,其具有较小的物理尺寸和占地面积。
再一个目的是提供一种牵引驱动电机逆变器,其具有增加的热效率。
本发明的其他特征和优点将从下文结合附图的更详细的描述中变得显而易见,附图通过示例的方式示出了当前所描述的设备的原理和特征。
附图说明
附图示出了多个示例性实施方式并且是说明书的一部分。提供说明性实施方式是出于示例性目的而不是限制性目的。所示出的元件将由标号标出。一旦标出,相同的标号始终指的是相同的元件。所示出的附图是本公开的最佳模式的实施例的至少一个。在这些附图中:
图1是本公开的紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的示例性实施例的立体图,该紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的特征是创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板和流量平衡液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管功率模块。
图2是本公开的紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的示例性实施例的第二立体图,该紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的特征是创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板和流量平衡液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管功率模块。
图3是本公开的紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的示例性实施例的平面仰视图,该紧凑型热效率牵引电机逆变器的特征是创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板和流量平衡液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块。
图4是创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板的放大立体图,该创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板的特征是在具有低等级电磁干扰的情况下将高电压高电流电路和低电压栅极驱动器电路二者皆集成到单个多层印刷电路板上,特征是用导电的电镀孔来连接各个层之间的电路,这些孔中的一些在内层处盲孔终止而其他层则完全延伸贯穿印刷电路板。
图5是交流电输出波形的图表,该交流电输出波形来自本公开的牵引电机逆变器在360V和7000RPM处的电机峰值相位电流(400A)处操作时的测试结果。
图6是示出了关闭到栅极信号时发射级间电压(VGE)和集电极发射极间电压(VCE)的测试结果的图表,证明了信号电压没有过多噪声;因此来自安装在同一印刷电路板的不同平面上的功率电路的电磁干扰并不过量。
图7是示出了在10kHz处转换的一个完整的开关循环的测试结果的图表,证明了发射级间电压(VGE)和集电极发射极间电压(VCE)没有过多噪声,这意味着来自安装在同一印刷电路板的不同平面上的功率电路的电磁干扰并不过量。
具体实施方式
上文所描述的附图在本公开优选的最佳模式的实施例中的至少一个中示出了本公开的设备的示例性实施方式和其多个特征,在下文内的描述中进一步详细限定了该实施例。本领域技术人员可能够在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下对本文中所描述的内容进行变化和修改。因此,应理解,仅处于示例性的目的来陈述所示出的内容,并且不应当将其视为对本设备或其多个特征的范围的限制。
现在详细描述本公开的创新性牵引电机逆变器。图1和图2二者从不同视角示出了本公开的设备100。多个所示出的零部件为:控制器140、三个X电容器130、两个Y电容器120、开关模式电源170和具有安装在外部的多个功率半导体装置160的流量平衡液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管模块150,如在‘711申请中所公开的,所有部件均安装在创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板180上并与其电连通。该布置作为示例性实施例来呈现并且总外观、方向、或者X电容器130和Y电容器120或功率半导体装置160的具体尺寸、数量或布置对于本发明来说并不关键。
此外,隔绝栅双极晶体管模块150可采取其他构造,包括使用较小的模块或多个模块150,这取决于需要增加还是减小功率容量。
图3示出了创新性多层功率-信号集成印刷电路板180的仰视图。在该视角中可见DC电输入190和AC电输出200。这些接触点设计成处置高电压和高电流,这是因为它们已经消除了对标准设计的AC和DC母线的需求。
图4示出了多个隔离的电活性层240,其包括用于功率电路的电镀通孔210和用于信号电路的电镀盲孔220来相互连接,并且由FR4或类似的材料之一的不导电层230来隔离并屏蔽电磁辐射。在测试中,确定在经历360Vdc和7000RPM时20密耳的FR4的层230足够防止在栅极驱动器信号中由电磁辐射而引起的过多噪声,然而,如果需要更高的功率,则必须调整该测试。类似地,其他材料可需要不同的厚度以足够保护信号电路使其免遭来自功率电路的电磁辐射。
图5、图6和图7示出了波形测试结果,其表示噪声很小并且因此20密耳的FR4层的屏蔽足够。图5示出了360Vdc和7000RPM处的电机相位电流。图6示出了关闭栅极信号时发射级间电压(VGE),而图7示出了在10kHz下整个开关循环。这些图表的重要之处在于它们示出了最小化的噪声,从而认为电磁干扰最小化并且因此电应力最小化。
以上详细描述的可实施性相对于现有技术的记录来说被认为是新颖的,并且被认为对设备和其使用方法以及上述目的的实现中的至少一个方面的操作来说是关键的。在本说明书中用来描述相关实施例的词语应理解成不仅具有它们通用定义的意思,还包括本说明说中的特殊定义:超出通用定义含义范围的结构、材料或行为。因此,在本说明书的上文中,元件可理解为包括多于一个含义,那么必须将其理解为通用于由本说明和描述元件的词语所支持的所有可能的含义。
本文中词语的定义或附图元件的描述指的是不仅包括文字上所陈述的元件的组合,还包括所有等同的结构、材料或行为,其用于以基本上相同的方式来进行基本上相同的功能以得到基本上相同的结果的。就这点而言,因此可预期对所描述的元件和其多个实施例中的任一个进行两个或更多个元件的等同替代,或者在权利要求中将单个元件替代成两个或更多个元件。
在现在已知或以后设计中,由本领域技术人员观察到的权利要求主题的变化明确地设想为想要保护的范围和其各种实施例内的等同物。因此,本领域技术人员现在或随后已知的替代定义成在所定义的元件的范围内。本公开因此被理解成包括上文所具体描述的示出的内容,概念上等同的内容、明显可替代其的内容以及也包含其基本想法的内容。
仅接合权利要求书来解释本说明书的范围,并且应当清楚的是每个署名的发明人都认为权利要求所要求保护的主题是所要想申请的主题。
Claims (5)
1.一种紧凑型且热效率的牵引电机逆变器设备,所述设备包括:
控制器,所述控制器与以下各项电连通;
开关模式电源;
至少一个电容器;
液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管功率模块;以及
多层印刷电路板,具有多个电隔离层,其中,至少一个所述电隔离层安装有具有低电压、低电流的栅极驱动器电路,并且至少一个电隔离层安装有高电压、高电流的电路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中,所述多层印刷电路板中分布的电隔离层通过电镀盲孔来保持外部电连通。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其中,所述液体冷却隔绝栅双极晶体管功率模块包括至少一个增压室和位于所述增压室中的至少一个流量平衡器,具体地该至少一个流量平衡器的形状设置成控制冷却流体的流体动力压力以优化冷却剂流体通过所述隔绝栅双极晶体管功率模块的流量分布。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其中,减小电磁干扰的所述不导电材料是FR4级玻璃加强环氧树脂层压材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其中,所述多层印刷电路板的所述分布的电隔离层由至少20密耳的不导电材料层分隔开,以减小所述电隔离层之间的电磁干扰。
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