CN111413262A - Test system for monitoring farmland community runoff producing characteristics and ridge height estimation method - Google Patents
Test system for monitoring farmland community runoff producing characteristics and ridge height estimation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a test system for monitoring runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community and a ridge height estimation method, wherein the test system comprises a water accumulation depth acquisition device, a video monitoring device and a control device, wherein the water accumulation depth acquisition device comprises a scale which is embedded in a test field and used for measuring the depth of water accumulation and a scale for acquiring the water accumulation surface and the scale which is positioned at the scale; the field runoff collection device comprises semicircular pipelines sequentially communicated with four ridges of a test field, wherein one starting end of the first semicircular pipeline and the tail semicircular pipeline is a closed end, the tail end of the other semicircular pipeline is a starting end, and a water meter is arranged at the starting end of the semicircular pipeline close to the tail end; the four communicated semicircular pipelines are provided with slopes inclining from the starting end to the tail end, and the top surfaces of the four semicircular pipelines are flush with the ridge.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydrological monitoring, in particular to a test system for monitoring runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community and a method for estimating ridge height.
Background
The farmland with ridges is a main mode for arranging the farmland in plain areas in the north of China, usually, the field blocks surrounded by a group of ridges are only 1-2 mu, and a large number of ridges are distributed in the plain areas to form a plurality of small water reservoirs, so that the production flow of the plain areas is influenced. However, the amount of water stored in the farmland with ridges is almost zero, and the amount of water produced in the farmland has no definite quantitative expression method, so that a reasonable test system is not provided. Because of the ridge, the runoff producing process of the farmland extends from infiltration to runoff production to infiltration to water accumulation to runoff production, the water accumulation process is influenced by rainfall intensity, duration of rainfall and infiltration rate, the water blocking and storing amount of the farmland ridge is different under different rainfall conditions, and the complicated coupling process can only summarize the rule through experiments and then provides a simulation method.
Most of the current tests concentrate on monitoring the movement process of soil water, but no extensive attention is paid to whether the flow can be generated after the soil is saturated, the river channels in the northern area are almost dry, and the reduction of the flow generated in the farmland area is an important factor except the reduction of the underground water level. At present, most hydrological models only adjust soil infiltration parameters when simulating the flow production process of the plain area without considering the water storage effect of ridges, so that the simulation effect of the flow production process of the plain area is far lower than that of a mountain area.
The farmland ridge is set to be high enough to ensure that crops can grow normally and the farmland has the best runoff yield, and at present, no relevant research is available, so that a farmland runoff yield process monitoring test device is urgently needed, and the whole farmland runoff yield process is completely monitored.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the test system for monitoring the runoff yield characteristics of the farmland community and the method for estimating the height of the ridge solve the problems that the prior art cannot realize the monitoring of the runoff yield of the farmland and how to select the ridge when the runoff yield is optimal.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
in a first aspect, a test system for monitoring runoff producing characteristics of a farm plot is provided, which includes:
the accumulated water depth acquisition device comprises a scale which is buried in the test field and used for measuring the accumulated water depth and video monitoring equipment for acquiring scales of the accumulated water surface at the scale;
the field runoff collection device comprises semicircular pipelines sequentially communicated with four ridges of a test field, wherein one starting end of the first semicircular pipeline and the tail semicircular pipeline is a closed end, the tail end of the other semicircular pipeline is a starting end, and a water meter is arranged at the starting end of the semicircular pipeline close to the tail end; the four communicated semicircular pipelines are provided with slopes inclining from the starting end to the tail end, and the top surfaces of the four semicircular pipelines are flush with the ridge.
In a second aspect, a method for estimating ridge height with optimal production flow in a field is provided, which comprises the following steps:
acquiring the rainfall intensity and the soil saturation hydraulic conductivity of each rainfall by adopting a test system for monitoring the runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community, and fitting to obtain the depth change rate of each farmland ponding;
according to rainfall and rainfall time and farmland ponding depth change rate obtained by a test system for monitoring farmland community runoff characteristics, a simulation model of farmland runoff under the field ridge scene is constructed:
wherein Q isiGenerating flow for the farmland of the ith rainfall; t is tpiThe time of the accumulated water of the ith rainfall; h is the ridge height; t is t2iAccumulating water in the ridge for the ith rainfall; p is a radical ofiThe rainfall of the ith rainfall;
calculating the total yield Q generated by all rains in the crop production period based on a simulation model of farmland yield under the circumstance of ridge:
wherein n is the total rainfall field in the crop production cycle;
when the rainfall blocked and stored by the ridge just meets the requirement of the growth of the crops, calculating the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crops:
wherein ET is the possible evapotranspiration of the crop; p is the total rainfall produced by all rainfalls in the crop production period;
calculating the optimal ridge height according to a Peneman formula and the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crop growth period:
the invention has the beneficial effects that: the combination of the video monitoring equipment and the scale can monitor the time of accumulating water in the field and the depth of the accumulating water in the rainfall; the combination of semicircular pipelines arranged on the ridges can monitor the initial time of field runoff production and the runoff production in the whole rainfall process; the experimental system can completely analyze or simulate the farmland runoff process with ridges or without ridges under different rainfall conditions.
The total rainfall and the water demand of the whole crop growth cycle can be obtained through the data acquired by the test system, the possible evapotranspiration can be obtained based on the two data, and the optimal ridge height can be obtained by combining the Peneman formula, so that the excessive rainwater can be released to the river as the runoff while the crops can grow normally.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the video monitoring equipment, the scale and part of the semicircular pipeline of the experimental system arranged on the ridge.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a test field ridge with semicircular pipes and intercepting ditches arranged around the ridge.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a test field ridge with three semicircular pipes and a rain shelter.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for estimating ridge height with optimal runoff production in a field.
FIG. 5 shows the production flow of ridges of different ridge heights under the average rainfall condition of 2012 and 2018; (a) the situation of no ridge production flow, (b) the situation of 10cm ridge production flow, and (c) the situation of 12cm ridge production flow; (d) the field ridge runoff generating situation is 15 cm.
Wherein, 1, test field; 11. ridging; 2. a camera; 3. a semicircular pipeline; 31. a water meter; 4. a rain shelter; 5. intercepting a ditch; 6. and (4) a scale.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, the test system for monitoring the runoff yield characteristics of the farmland community comprises a water accumulation depth acquisition device and a field runoff yield acquisition device, wherein the water accumulation depth acquisition device comprises a scale 6 which is buried in a test field 1 and used for measuring the depth of water accumulation and video monitoring equipment for acquiring scales of the water accumulation surface at the scale 6.
Specifically, the camera 2 of the video monitoring device is aligned with the scale 6; the scale 6 is a graduated scale which is arranged on the inner side of the ridge 11 of the test field 1, and the camera 2 is aligned with the graduated scale to ensure that the graduated scale can be clearly read. According to the scheme, the occurrence time of rain, the initial time when the test field 1 starts to accumulate water and the initial time when the test field 1 starts to produce water flow can be obtained through the images collected by the video monitoring equipment.
The test field 1 is usually selected in a farmland test station, the test station is provided with rainfall monitoring equipment, the test field 1 is selected in an area with smooth ground and suitable for agricultural cultivation, and meanwhile, the test field is not interfered by the external environment during the experiment.
The field runoff yield collection device comprises four field ridges 11 of a test field 1, semicircular pipelines 3 sequentially communicated with each other, wherein one starting end of the head semicircular pipeline 3 and the tail semicircular pipeline 3 is a closed end, the tail end of the other semicircular pipeline is an open end, and a water meter 31 is arranged at the open end of the semicircular pipeline 3 close to the tail.
During the implementation, the preferred water gauge 31 of this scheme adopts the intelligent water gauge 31 that can record the initial time that rivers passed through and the end time, specifically, it can be pearl hua intelligent ultrasonic water gauge 31, and this water gauge 31 can be at time of every time crossing record water time and the water yield that water passed through, and the realization principle of water gauge 31 is:
the ultrasonic water meter 31 measures flow by using a time difference method, and the time difference method measures the flow velocity of the fluid by using the difference between the downstream propagation time td and the upstream propagation time tu of the ultrasonic pulse in the fluid, so as to calculate the flow rate of the fluid in the pipeline.
Wherein, the four communicated semicircular pipelines 3 are provided with slopes inclining from the starting end to the tail end, and the top surfaces of the four semicircular pipelines 3 are flush with the ridge 11. In order to ensure that rainwater in the communicated four semicircular pipelines 3 can smoothly flow out from the water meter 31 to realize accurate metering of the produced flow, the four semicircular pipelines 3 which are preferably communicated in the scheme are sequentially provided with 2 per thousand gradients from the head ends to the tail ends of the semicircular pipelines.
When the test system provided by the scheme is used for testing, the implementation process is as follows:
when rainfall occurs, the experimental system is started, the video monitoring equipment collects image information at the position of the scale 6 in real time, when accumulated water is generated in the ridge 11, the water surface is intersected with the scale, and the accumulated water starting time, the accumulated water ending time and the accumulated water depth change can be obtained through the image collected by the video monitoring equipment; when the depth of the accumulated water exceeds the height of the ridge 11, the precipitation overflows from the ridge 11 of the test field 1, enters the semicircular pipeline 3, flows along the gradient direction in the semicircular pipeline 3 and finally flows out from a water collection outlet (an opening of the semicircular pipeline 3 at the tail end), and a water meter 31 arranged at the water collection outlet can record the initial time and the end time of the water flow and the total water amount passing through.
In one embodiment of the invention, the test system for monitoring the runoff yield characteristics of the farmland community further comprises a rain shelter 4 which is arranged on each ridge 11 and used for preventing water in a non-test field from flowing into the semicircular pipeline 3; the rain shelter 4 inclines towards the outside of the test field 1, and the highest side of the rain shelter and the inner surface of the ridge 11 are positioned on the same plane.
This rain shelter 4's setting can avoid the rainwater in the non-experimental field 1 to get into semi-circular pipeline 3, can also avoid simultaneously the rainwater on the rain shelter 4 to get into experimental field 1 to this ponding emergence time and the product flow volume of producing the time and experimental field carry out accurate measurement in guaranteeing experimental field 1.
During implementation, the intercepting ditch 5 for preventing water in a non-test field from flowing into is arranged on the outer side of the optimized ridge 11 in the scheme so as to prevent the occurrence of backward flowing of accumulated water outside the test field 1 due to overlarge rainfall intensity and ensure accurate collection of the accumulated water occurrence time, the accumulated water depth, the production flow and the like in the test field 1. More preferably, the intercepting drain 5 is positioned 50cm outside the ridge 11.
Wherein, the top edge of the semicircular pipeline 3 close to the side of the test field 1 and the inner surface of the ridge 11 are positioned on the same plane, refer to fig. 1 specifically; the device can ensure that the test field 1 can enter the semicircular pipeline 3 in the first time when the runoff is produced, so that rainwater is prevented from flowing through the ridge 11 and permeating outwards, and the runoff metering is prevented from being inaccurate.
The experimental system also comprises a plurality of soil moisture sensors which are buried in the soil in the area enclosed by the experimental field 1 and used for collecting the real-time moisture content of the soil, and the collected data are transmitted to a server (computer); the soil moisture sensor can be an RS485 soil moisture sensor.
The following explains the experimental data that can be obtained by the experimental system by using a test field 1 arranged in a test station in Hebei to carry out the runoff production monitoring:
the area of the test field 1 is 6m2(2m × 3m), installing each component of a farmland runoff monitoring system, enabling a rainfall to occur on a certain day, enabling a meteorological station in a test station to monitor rainfall information, recording the initial moment of the rainfall as t0, enabling the rainfall entering a test field 1 at the initial stage to infiltrate first, enabling the rainfall to continuously occur, enabling accumulated water to appear in the test field 1, accurately capturing the time when the accumulated water appears on the surface in a small area by a camera 2 of the accumulated water monitoring system at the moment, recording the moment as t1, enabling the rainfall to continue, enabling the depth of the accumulated water to continuously rise, continuously monitoring by the camera 2, and enabling the camera 2 to display the time as t2 when the depth of the accumulated water reaches the height (h') of a ridge 11.
And (3) the time t1 to the time t2 are water accumulation stages, and the water accumulation rate and the infiltration rate in the test field 1 can be calculated according to monitoring data, wherein the water accumulation rate is (j):
unit: mm/min;
when the infiltration rate is calculated, the rainfall intensity is firstly calculated, and the rainfall intensity (r') is obtained by monitoring the rainfall amount by the weather station in the station:
p' is the rainfall at time t1 to t2 monitored by the intra-station gas station, unit: mm/min; the infiltration rate is (i'): i '-r' -j, unit: mm/min.
When rainfall occurs continuously, the water accumulation depth exceeds the ridge 11 to generate runoff, the runoff enters the semicircular pipeline 3, the runoff also enters the water meter 31, the water meter 31 records the entering moment of the runoff and records the moment as t3, when the runoff is stopped after the rainfall is finished, the water meter 31 records the stopping time as t4 and simultaneously records the flow Q ', namely the farmland runoff of the rainfall, the runoff generating rate (Q'),
unit: m is3/min。
Through the monitoring, the characteristic values of the rainfall farmland runoff producing process can be obtained, wherein the characteristic values comprise infiltration rate, water accumulation rate and runoff producing rate, infiltration time, water accumulation time and runoff producing time, and the monitoring can be repeated for a plurality of times by adjusting the heights of different ridges 11 or facing different rainfall processes.
As shown in fig. 4, the scheme also provides a method for estimating the height of the ridge 11 with the best production flow in the field, which comprises steps 101 to 105.
In step 101, acquiring the rainfall intensity and the soil saturation hydraulic conductivity of each rainfall by using a test system for monitoring the runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community, and fitting to obtain the depth change rate of each farmland ponding:
Gi＝ri-(α(K(θ)+β)
wherein G isiThe depth change rate of the field i of farmland ponding water is shown; r isiα and β are respectively fitting parameters, K (theta) is the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil;
in step 102, a simulation model of farmland runoff yield under the circumstance of ridge 11 is constructed according to rainfall capacity and rainfall time obtained by a test system for monitoring runoff yield characteristics of a farmland community and the change rate of depth of farmland ponding:
wherein Q isiGenerating flow for the farmland of the ith rainfall; t is tpiThe time of the accumulated water of the ith rainfall; h is the height of the ridge 11; t is t2iThe time for accumulating water in the ridge for the ith rainfall is shown; p is a radical ofiThe rainfall of the ith rainfall;
in step 103, based on the simulation model of farmland runoff yield under the circumstance of ridge 11, the total runoff yield Q generated by all rainfalls in the crop production period is calculated:
wherein n is the total rainfall field in the crop production cycle;
in step 104, when the rainfall blocked and stored by the ridge 11 just meets the requirement of crop growth, the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crop is calculated:
wherein ET is the possible evapotranspiration of the crop; p is the total rainfall produced by all rainfalls in the crop production period;
in step 105, calculating the optimal height of the ridge 11 according to the Peneman formula and the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crop growth period:
the Peneman formula is used for calculating the possible evapotranspiration of the crop growth period, and the specific expression is as follows:
wherein, Delta is the slope of the saturated water pressure curve; rnNet radiation for the earth's surface; g is soil heat flux; gamma is a dry-wet table constant; t ismeanIs the daily average temperature; u. of2The wind speed at a height of 2 meters; e.g. of the typesSaturated water pressure; e.g. of the typeaThe actual water pressure is obtained; kcIs the crop coefficient.
The accumulated water occurrence time of each rainfall can be acquired through the rainfall starting time monitored by the gas station in the test station and the time corresponding to the image which is just accumulated water occurrence and collected by the camera 2, and the accumulated water occurrence time can also be calculated by adopting a field accumulated water occurrence time calculation model constructed according to a Smith-partition infiltration model, wherein the calculation model is as follows:
wherein, tpThe time of occurrence of water accumulation; r is rainfall intensity; k (theta) is the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil; s is an intermediate parameter; d (theta) is the soil moisture diffusivity; theta is the real-time soil water content; theta0The initial soil moisture content; thetasThe saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
And acquiring the real-time soil moisture content and the initial soil moisture content by adopting a soil moisture sensor.
In order to show the difference of the production flow at the different ridge heights of 11 clearly, the production flow under the conditions of no ridge, 10cm ridge, 12cm ridge and 15cm ridge height is analyzed below with the simulation period of 2012-2018 and the crop growth period (in 6-9 months) of average rainfall as 384 mm:
2012 and 2018 show the farmland runoff yield under all rains as shown in fig. 5, the abscissa of (a) - (b) is the rainfall duration, the ordinate is the rainfall intensity, the curve is the dividing line of runoff yield and runoff yield, runoff yield (black points) can occur in the rains above the curve, runoff yield can not occur in the rains below the curve, because the rainfall intensity is too small or the rainfall duration is too short, the runoff yield condition is not satisfied.
As can be seen from fig. 5, as the height of the ridge 11 increases, the rainfall of the runoff formation decreases, which means that the rainfall remaining in the ridge 11 of the farmland increases, and under the condition of no ridge 11, most of the rainfall will form runoff formation, the farmland is difficult to store water, and the crop growth demand cannot be met; when the ridge 11 exceeds 15cm, only a few rains form runoff, and at the moment, although the farmland holds more rains, the river and the ecology outside the farmland are adversely affected;
therefore, the selection of the optimal ridge height can promote the normal growth of plants, the river and the ecology.
Claims (10)
1. Test system of flow characteristics is produced in monitoring farmland district, its characterized in that includes:
the accumulated water depth acquisition device comprises a scale which is buried in the test field and used for measuring the accumulated water depth and video monitoring equipment for acquiring scales of the accumulated water surface at the scale;
the field runoff collection device comprises semicircular pipelines sequentially communicated with four ridges of a test field, wherein one starting end of the first semicircular pipeline and the tail semicircular pipeline is a closed end, the tail end of the other semicircular pipeline is a starting end, and a water meter is arranged at the starting end of the semicircular pipeline close to the tail end; the four communicated semicircular pipelines are provided with slopes inclining from the starting end to the tail end, and the top surfaces of the four semicircular pipelines are flush with the ridge.
2. The test system for monitoring runoff yield characteristics of a farmland community as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a rain shelter mounted on each ridge for preventing water in a non-test field from flowing into the semicircular pipeline; the rain shelter inclines towards the outside of the test field, and the highest side of the rain shelter and the inner surface of the ridge are located on the same plane.
3. The test system for monitoring runoff yield characteristics of a farmland community as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer side of the ridge is provided with a catch drain for preventing water of a non-test field from flowing into the ridge.
4. The test system for monitoring runoff yield characteristics of a farmland community as claimed in claim 1, wherein four communicated semicircular pipelines are sequentially provided with a gradient of 2% o from the head end to the tail end thereof.
5. The test system for monitoring runoff yield characteristics of a farmland community as claimed in claim 1 wherein the top edge of the semicircular pipeline adjacent to the side of the test farmland is coplanar with the inner surface of the ridge.
6. The test system for monitoring runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a plurality of soil moisture sensors embedded in the soil in the area enclosed by the test field for collecting the real-time moisture content of the soil.
7. A method for estimating the height of a ridge with the best production flow in a field is characterized by comprising the following steps:
acquiring the rainfall intensity and the soil saturation hydraulic conductivity of each rainfall by adopting a test system for monitoring the runoff producing characteristics of a farmland community, and fitting to obtain the farmland ponding depth change rate of each rainfall;
according to rainfall and rainfall time and farmland ponding depth change rate obtained by a test system for monitoring farmland community runoff characteristics, a simulation model of farmland runoff under the field ridge scene is constructed:
Qi＝pi-ri×tpi-h-(ri-Gi)×t2i
wherein Q isiGenerating flow for the farmland of the ith rainfall; t is tpiThe time of the accumulated water of the ith rainfall; h is the ridge height; t is t2iAccumulating water in the ridge for the ith rainfall; p is a radical ofiThe rainfall of the ith rainfall; r isiThe measured rainfall intensity of the ith field; giThe depth change rate of the field i of farmland ponding water is shown;
calculating the total yield Q generated by all rains in the crop production period based on a simulation model of farmland yield under the circumstance of ridge:
wherein n is the total rainfall field in the crop production cycle;
when the rainfall blocked and stored by the ridge just meets the requirement of the growth of the crops, calculating the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crops:
wherein ET is the possible evapotranspiration of the crop; p is the total rainfall produced by all rainfalls in the crop production period;
calculating the optimal ridge height according to a Peneman formula and the possible evapotranspiration amount of the crop growth period:
8. the method of estimating a ridge height in a field with an optimal production flow as claimed in claim 7, wherein the penman formula is:
wherein, Delta is the slope of the saturated water pressure curve; rnNet radiation for the earth's surface; g is soil heat flux; gamma is a dry-wet table constant; t ismeanIs the daily average temperature; u. of2The wind speed at a height of 2 meters; e.g. of the typesSaturated water pressure; e.g. of the typeaThe actual water pressure is obtained; kcIs the crop coefficient.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the fitting of the rate of change of field ponding depth for each rainfall is calculated as:
Gi＝ri-(α(K(θ)+β)
wherein α and β are fitting parameters respectively, and K (theta) is the saturation hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
10. The method for estimating the height of a ridge with an optimal production flow in a field according to claim 7, wherein the time of occurrence of ponding in each rainfall is calculated by using a field ponding time calculation model constructed according to a Smith-Parlange infiltration model, and the calculation model is as follows:
wherein, tpThe time of occurrence of water accumulation; r is rainfall intensity; k (theta) is the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil; s is an intermediate parameter; d (theta) is the soil moisture diffusivity; theta is the real-time soil water content; theta0The initial soil moisture content; thetasThe saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
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