CN111410364A - City static water body water purification revetment structure and construction method - Google Patents
City static water body water purification revetment structure and construction method Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/001—Runoff or storm water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
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Abstract
The invention discloses an urban static water body water purification revetment structure, which comprises a bank slope and an ecological embankment laid on the bank slope, wherein the ecological embankment comprises a first matrix layer, a second matrix layer and a third matrix layer, the first matrix layer is composed of carbon particles and clay, the second matrix layer is composed of sand and clay, the third matrix layer is composed of sand and gravel, and the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer and the first matrix layer are laid from the slope bottom of the bank slope to the slope top in sequence; the invention also discloses a construction method of the city static water body water purification revetment structure. Compared with the prior art, the invention purifies the water after removing the dirt layer by layer, stores the water in the third matrix layer, overflows into the pond after clarification, so that the surface runoff entering the pond is purified, the water in the pond is clear and transparent, and the invention has the advantage of low construction cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of environmental ecological engineering, in particular to a city static water body water purification revetment structure and a construction method.
Background
The city is the main living space of human beings at present, and static water bodies such as city lakes, landscape ponds and the like are important composition elements of the urban environment, have irreplaceable effects on adjusting the air humidity of the city, buffering the drastic change of air temperature, supplying water to the green lands of the city, maintaining the biological diversity of the city and enriching the urban landscape, and are necessary guarantee for maintaining the quality of the urban living environment. The urban static water body comprises urban lakes and landscape ponds, and the water source mainly comes from surface runoff generated by precipitation. The urban surface has a plurality of pollutants which can be migrated by surface runoff, and the pollutants mainly comprise various organic matters (including soil organic matters, plant litters, bird droppings, urban garbage, petroleum byproducts and the like), nutrients (lost nitrogen and phosphorus generated by dry and wet settlement, green land fertilization and human domestic sewage), suspended particles (including soil particles, atmosphere settlement particles, tire and road wear particles, road surface deicers and the like), persistent pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyl and the like), pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and the like), and heavy metals (mainly including lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and the like). As the population of cities increases, the pollution is increasingly serious day by day, the types and the quantity of surface pollutants which are carried and input when surface runoff enters water bodies of ponds and lakes are increased sharply, the phenomena of apparent turbidity and black and odorization of static water bodies of the cities are increasingly serious day by day, toxic substances in the water bodies are accumulated, the damage to a static water ecosystem of the cities is intensified, the ecological function of the water bodies is degraded, and the life health of human beings and related animals and plants is threatened.
In order to prevent the input of exogenous pollutants into a static water body, people often plant vegetation such as turf, brush and the like around a landscape pond or lake to intercept particles input along with surface runoff, and plant wetland plants at the edge of the wetland to enhance the absorption of input water-soluble nutrient substances; there are also channels built on the periphery of river revetment to retain surface water and in which oxidation channel and biological membrane device are set to oxidize organic matter (patent number: 201710101900.9); there are also revetments constructed or reformed by gabions or prefabricated blocks, which are added with gravels, sands, activated carbons or permeable bricks to filter surface water and retain the pollutants in surface runoff (for example, utility model or invention patent with patent numbers 201721021501.3, 201821537715.0, 201721570711.8, 201510829454.4, 201620860344.4, 201710068245.1). The measures can reduce the input of surface runoff to static water pollutants, but only can block part of pollutants, and can not completely solve the problem of source pollution of urban static water; and the construction or reconstruction scheme of the related revetment has the defects of high cost and large proportion of artificial materials, and the implementation process has economic limitation.
Based on the technical background, the scheme provides a composite ecological engineering scheme integrating the water purification function of effectively intercepting surface runoff suspended matters and water-soluble matters and the efficient water retention and seepage function, and can thoroughly solve the problem of exogenous pollution of urban static water.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a city static water body water purification revetment structure which has the advantages of good purification effect and low cost, and the invention also aims to provide a construction method of the city static water body water purification revetment structure.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides a static water purification revetment structure in city, includes the bank slope, still including laying in ecological embankment on the bank slope, ecological embankment includes first matrix layer, second matrix layer and third matrix layer, first matrix layer comprises charcoal granule and clay, the second matrix layer comprises sand and clay, the third matrix layer comprises sand and gravel, third matrix layer, second matrix layer and first matrix layer by the slope bottom of bank slope is laid to the top of slope in proper order.
In a further improvement, the ecological protection bag also comprises a plurality of ecological membrane bags, wherein the carbon particles and the clay of the first matrix layer, the sand and the clay of the second matrix layer and the sand and the gravel of the third matrix layer are all arranged in the ecological membrane bags.
In the first matrix layer, the particle size of the carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles is 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third matrix layer, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
The third substrate layer, the second substrate layer, the first substrate layer and the planting ditch are sequentially arranged from the slope bottom of the bank slope to the slope top.
The improvement is that the ecological planting ditch further comprises a bush plant belt arranged on the bank slope, and the bush plant belt is planted on one side of the planting ditch opposite to the first matrix layer.
The improved planting method is characterized by further comprising inserting piles arranged on the bank slope, wherein a plurality of inserting piles are inserted into the slope bottom and abut against the third matrix layer, and the inserting piles, the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer, the first matrix layer, the planting ditches and the bush plant belts are sequentially arranged from the slope bottom of the bank slope to the slope top.
In a further improvement, the planting furrows are planted with the hygrophytes, and the first substrate layer, the second substrate layer and the third substrate layer are planted with the herbaceous plants.
The invention also provides a construction method of the city static water body water purification revetment structure, which comprises the following steps:
cleaning a bank slope, excavating a planting ditch, cleaning a base on the bank slope to form a step soil step, cleaning a base groove at the slope bottom, and driving inserting piles into the outer edge of the base groove;
step b: paving a first matrix layer, a second matrix layer and a third matrix layer on the step soil step, wherein the first matrix layer is composed of carbon particles and clay, the second matrix layer is composed of sand and clay, the third matrix layer is composed of sand and gravel, the piles, the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer, the first matrix layer and the ecological ditch are sequentially paved from the slope bottom of the bank slope to the slope top, and the side part of the first matrix layer forms one side of the planting ditch;
step c: planting hygrophytes in the planting ditches, planting a bush plant belt on one side of the planting ditches, planting herbaceous plants on the other side of the planting ditches, and planting the herbaceous plants on the first substrate layer, the second substrate layer and the third substrate layer.
In a further improvement, the carbon granules and clay of the first matrix layer, the sand and clay of the second matrix layer and the sand and gravel of the third matrix layer are all contained in the ecological membrane bag.
In the first matrix layer, the particle size of the carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles is 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third matrix layer, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention provides the city static water body water purification revetment structure, under the structure and facility conditions, the surface diameter of the water flows to the static water body to be gathered, the water flows over the base of the brush plant belt firstly, and part of particulate matters and water-soluble substances are retained and absorbed by the brush plant belt; then the water enters a planting ditch, wherein coarse particles (dust-containing particles, rotten plant branches and leaves, and organic-inorganic composite particles combined with water-insoluble organic matters and heavy metals) are intercepted by the ecological embankment and deposited at the bottom of the planting ditch, and part of water solubility N, P and other nutrients are absorbed by the hygrophytes; except part of water which is remained in the planting ditch, most of the ditch water permeates into the ecological embankment, wherein the carried micro-particles and water-soluble substances are adsorbed by the ecological embankment matrix or absorbed by the root system of the plant, and the water seeped out of the ecological embankment is purified and finally gathered into the static water body. Specifically, after entering the ecological embankment, the planting ditch water sequentially enters a first matrix layer, a second matrix layer and a third matrix layer, specifically, soil capillary pores and ventilation pores. In capillary pores and vent pores, microparticles carried by ditch water, water-soluble organic matter (including pesticide), NH4 +N and water soluble phosphorus are adsorbed by soil clay particles, NO3 -N is adsorbed by carbon particles, water-soluble heavy metal ions are adsorbed by soil clay particles and carbon particles, or CO released by carbon particles3 2-Combining or chelating with organic functional groups in the carbon granules, forming gravity water by water passing through the ventilation holes, sequentially passing through the first matrix layer, the second matrix layer and the third matrix layer, repeating the above soil physicochemical processes while passing through the matrix layers, and purifying the water subjected to layer-by-layer dirt removal, wherein most of the water passes through the third matrix layerFiltering out the water which overflows into the static water body, so that the static water body is clear and transparent.
Particularly, the construction of the ecological embankment forms a planting ditch on the bank slope of the static water body, and the planting ditch provides a buffer treatment space for surface runoff after rain before the surface runoff is converged into the static water body; in addition, the existing soil, particularly southern red soil, has poor permeability, and in the first matrix layer of the ecological embankment, the carbon particles can promote the formation of soil water-stable aggregates with the carbon particles as cores after being added into the soil, and the increase of the number of soil water-stable aggregates can promote the increase of the number of soil capillary pores and air-permeable pores, so that the water retention and water permeability of the soil are greatly enhanced; in the second matrix layer, the sand and the clay are mixed to increase the coarse pores of the soil and facilitate the water penetration of the soil; in the third matrix layer, the pores among the sand grains are large, which is beneficial to storing and percolating the purified water filtered from the upper layer, and the surface of the sand grains can also absorb and deposit the water-accompanying clay colloid.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional structure view of a water purification revetment structure of a static water body in a city.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a top view structure of a water purification revetment structure of a static water body in a city.
In the drawings
A pond-1; pile inserting-2; an ecological embankment-3; planting furrows-4; shrub plant area-5; a first matrix layer-6; a second matrix layer-7; a third matrix layer-8; pressing and protecting the stone slab-9; arbor-10.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, a static water purification revetment structure in city, including the bank slope, still including laying ecological embankment 3 on the bank slope, ecological embankment 3 includes first matrix layer 6, second matrix layer 7 and third matrix layer 8, first matrix layer 6 comprises carbon granules and clay, second matrix layer 7 comprises sand and clay, third matrix layer 8 comprises sand and gravel, third matrix layer 8, second matrix layer 7 and first matrix layer 6 by the slope bottom of bank slope is laid in proper order to the top of the slope and is formed, and the slope bottom here is the department of being close to water of bank slope.
The city static water body water purification revetment of this embodiment encircles pond 1 and sets up, under above-mentioned structural configuration, water gets into first matrix layer 6, second matrix layer 7 and third matrix layer 8 in proper order, specifically, gets into its soil capillary hole and ventilation hole, in capillary hole and ventilation hole, microparticle, water-soluble organic matter (including pesticide), NH that water carried4 +N and water soluble phosphorus are adsorbed by soil clay particles, NO3 -N is adsorbed by carbon particles, water-soluble heavy metal ions are adsorbed by soil clay particles and carbon particles, or CO released by carbon particles3 2-And combining or being chelated by organic functional groups existing in the carbon granules, forming gravity water by water passing through the ventilation holes, sequentially passing through the first matrix layer 6, the second matrix layer 7 and the third matrix layer 8, repeatedly performing the soil physicochemical process when passing through the matrixes, purifying the water after removing dirt layer by layer, storing the water in the third matrix layer 8, and overflowing into the pond 1 after clarification, thereby purifying surface runoff entering the pond 1, and enabling the water in the pond 1 to be clear and transparent.
Particularly, in the first matrix layer 6, the carbon particles are added into the soil to promote the formation of soil water-stable aggregates with the carbon particles as cores, and the aggregates can promote the formation of soil capillary pores and ventilation pores after being formed, so that the water retention and water permeability of the soil are greatly enhanced, and meanwhile, the soil matrix capillary pores in the first matrix layer 6 are developed and have strong water retention, so that the water retention and water retention performance of the ecological embankment 3 is improved; in the second matrix layer 7, the sand and the clay are mixed to increase the coarse pores of the soil and facilitate the water penetration of the soil; in the third matrix layer 8, the pores among the sand grains are large, which is beneficial to storing the purified water filtered from the upper layer, and the surface of the sand grains can also absorb and deposit the water-accompanying clay colloid.
In order to facilitate the construction of first matrix layer 6, second matrix layer 7 and third matrix layer 8, the static water purification revetment structure in city of this embodiment still includes a plurality of ecological membrane bags, the charcoal grain and the clay of first matrix layer 6 the sand and the clay of second matrix layer 7 and the sand and the gravel of third matrix layer 8 all adorn form ecological bag in the ecological membrane bag, first matrix layer 6, second matrix layer 7 and third matrix layer 8 are built by one deck or multilayer ecological bag respectively and are formed, ecological membrane bag adopts and has ultraviolet resistance (UV), ageing resistance, nontoxic, combustion-supporting not, the characteristics that the breach does not extend, and satisfies the non-woven materials in the equivalent aperture of water permeability and vegetation.
Specifically, in the first matrix layer 6, the particle size of the carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles is 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer 7, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third substrate layer 8, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
The static water in city of this embodiment purifies revetment structure is still including locating peg 2, planting ditch 4 and bush plant area 5 on the bank slope, many peg 2 inserts the slope bottom and near third matrix layer 8, the lateral part of first matrix layer 6 forms one side of planting ditch 4, bush plant area 5 plant in plant the opposite side of ditch 4, peg 2, third matrix layer 8, second matrix layer 7, first matrix layer 6, planting ditch 4 and bush plant area 5 by the slope bottom of bank slope sets gradually to the top of the slope, plant the hydrophyte in the ditch 4, plant herbaceous plant on first matrix layer 6, second matrix layer 7 and the third matrix layer 8.
Under the arrangement of the structure, the surface runoff overflows the base part of the shrub plant belt 5, the shrub reduces the flow velocity of the surface runoff, retains part of particles in the surface runoff, and part of the runoff also permeates the soil where the shrub is located; the surface runoff overflowing the base of the shrub plant enters the planting ditch 4, a certain depth is kept in the planting ditch 4, part of water and water-soluble N, P and other nutrients are absorbed by the hygrophyte, coarse particles (containing dust, rotten plant branches and leaves, and organic matter (including persistent pollutants) and heavy metal along with organic-inorganic composite particles) are intercepted by the ecological embankment 3 and are retained at the bottom of the ditch, most of the rest ditch water passes through fiber holes of the ecological membrane bag and enters capillary pores and ventilation pores of soil in the bag, the particles carried by the ditch water are fixed by the matrix in the process of passing through the ecological embankment, and the part of the contained water-soluble substances is absorbed by the root system of the plant planted on the ecological embankment.
It should be noted that, in the above description, the side of the first substrate layer 6 forming the planting furrows 4 means that the first substrate layer 6 and the planting furrows 4 share one side, specifically, as shown in fig. 1, the first substrate layer 6 is constructed to form a pyramid shape, and the side thereof also forms the side of the planting furrows 4.
In order to stabilize the whole structure, a pressure protection stone plate 9 can be arranged on the third substrate layer 8, and a tree 10 can be planted on the periphery of the shrub plant belt 5.
The embodiment also provides a construction method of the urban static water body water purification revetment structure, which comprises the following steps:
cleaning a bank slope, excavating a planting ditch 4, cleaning a base on the bank slope to form a step soil step, cleaning a base groove at the slope bottom, and driving a plug pile 2 into the outer edge of the base groove;
step b: laying a first matrix layer 6, a second matrix layer 7 and a third matrix layer 8 on the step soil step, wherein the first matrix layer 6 is composed of carbon granules and clay, the second matrix layer 7 is composed of sand and clay, the third matrix layer 8 is composed of sand and gravel, the pile inserting 2, the third matrix layer 8, the second matrix layer 7, the first matrix layer 6 and the ecological ditch are sequentially laid from the slope bottom to the slope top of the bank slope, the side part of the first matrix layer 6 forms one side of the planting ditch 4, and the carbon granules and the clay of the first matrix layer 6, the sand and the clay of the second matrix layer 7 and the sand and the gravel of the third matrix layer 8 are all filled in the ecological membrane bag;
step c: planting hygrophytes in a planting ditch 4, planting a bush plant belt 5 on one side of the planting ditch 4, planting herbaceous plants on the other side of the planting ditch, wherein the herbaceous plants are planted on a first substrate layer 6, a second substrate layer 7 and a third substrate layer 8
In the above steps, the first matrix layer 6 and the carbon granules and the clay, the sand and the clay of the second matrix layer 7 and the sand and the gravel of the third matrix layer 8 are all arranged in the ecological membrane bag.
In the first matrix layer 6, the particle size of the carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles accounts for 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer 7, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third substrate layer 8, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
The static water body water purification revetment in city of this embodiment removes effect and testing result to surface runoff pollutant is provided below:
it can be seen from the above table that the static water purification revetment of this embodiment can realize getting rid of effectively each item pollutant in the surface runoff, reaches good water purification effect.
The foregoing description of the embodiments is provided to facilitate an understanding and use of the invention and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to the embodiments and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a static water purification revetment structure in city, includes bank slope, its characterized in that, still including laying in ecological embankment on the bank slope, ecological embankment includes first matrix layer, second matrix layer and third matrix layer, first matrix layer comprises carbon granules and clay, the second matrix layer comprises sand and clay, the third matrix layer comprises sand and gravel, third matrix layer, second matrix layer and first matrix layer by the slope bottom of bank slope is laid to the top of slope in proper order.
2. The revetment structure for purifying water in urban static waters of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of ecological membrane bags, wherein the carbon and clay of said first matrix layer, the sand and clay of said second matrix layer and the sand and gravel of said third matrix layer are all contained in said ecological membrane bags.
3. The city static water body water purification revetment structure according to claim 1, wherein in the first matrix layer, the particle size of carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles is 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third matrix layer, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
4. The revetment structure for purifying water in urban static water according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a planting trench disposed on the bank slope, wherein a side portion of the first matrix layer forms one side of the planting trench, and the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer, the first matrix layer and the planting trench are sequentially disposed from the bottom of the bank slope to the top of the bank slope.
5. The revetment structure of claim 4, further comprising a strip of shrubs disposed on said slope, said strip of shrubs being planted on a side of said planting trench opposite said first matrix layer.
6. The revetment structure of claim 5, further comprising a plurality of piles inserted into the bottom of the bank slope and abutting against the third matrix layer, wherein the piles, the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer, the first matrix layer, the planting furrows and the bush plant belts are sequentially arranged from the bottom of the bank slope to the top of the bank slope.
7. The revetment structure for purifying water in urban static water according to claim 6, wherein hygrophytes are planted in the planting ditches, and herbaceous plants are planted on the first substrate layer, the second substrate layer and the third substrate layer.
8. A construction method of a city static water body water purification revetment structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cleaning a bank slope, excavating a planting ditch, cleaning a base on the bank slope to form a step soil step, cleaning a base groove at the slope bottom, and driving inserting piles into the outer edge of the base groove;
step b: paving a first matrix layer, a second matrix layer and a third matrix layer on the step soil step, wherein the first matrix layer is composed of carbon particles and clay, the second matrix layer is composed of sand and clay, the third matrix layer is composed of sand and gravel, the piles, the third matrix layer, the second matrix layer, the first matrix layer and the ecological ditch are sequentially paved from the slope bottom of the bank slope to the slope top, and the side part of the first matrix layer forms one side of the planting ditch;
step c: planting hygrophytes in the planting ditches, planting a bush plant belt on one side of the planting ditches, planting herbaceous plants on the other side of the planting ditches, and planting the herbaceous plants on the first substrate layer, the second substrate layer and the third substrate layer.
9. The construction method of the city static water body water purification revetment structure according to claim 8, wherein the carbon and clay of the first matrix layer, the sand and clay of the second matrix layer and the sand and gravel of the third matrix layer are all contained in an ecological membrane bag.
10. The construction method of the city static water body water purification revetment structure according to claim 8, wherein in the first matrix layer, the particle size of the carbon particles is less than 0.5mm, and the dry weight of the carbon particles is 2.5-5%; in the second matrix layer, the grain size of sand is less than 2mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the clay is 1:10-1: 5; in the third matrix layer, the grain diameter of the sand is smaller than 2mm, the grain diameter of the gravel is smaller than 10mm, and the volume ratio of the sand to the gravel is 3:2-4: 1.
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