CN111406191B - 具有反向主热交换器的单封装空气分离设备 - Google Patents

具有反向主热交换器的单封装空气分离设备 Download PDF

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CN111406191B
CN111406191B CN201780097221.7A CN201780097221A CN111406191B CN 111406191 B CN111406191 B CN 111406191B CN 201780097221 A CN201780097221 A CN 201780097221A CN 111406191 B CN111406191 B CN 111406191B
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heat exchanger
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CN111406191A (zh
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阿兰·布里格利亚
黑米·库尔茨
埃里克·戴
谢华丽
巴蒂斯特·法拉
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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    • F25J3/04151Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04193Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions
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    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
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    • F25J3/04151Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
    • F25J3/04187Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
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    • F25J3/04248Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion
    • F25J3/04284Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams
    • F25J3/0429Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams of feed air, e.g. used as waste or product air or expanded into an auxiliary column
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    • F25J3/04763Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04866Construction and layout of air fractionation equipments, e.g. valves, machines
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    • F25J2205/00Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
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    • F25J2250/00Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
    • F25J2250/30External or auxiliary boiler-condenser in general, e.g. without a specified fluid or one fluid is not a primary air component or an intermediate fluid
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    • F25J2250/00Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
    • F25J2250/30External or auxiliary boiler-condenser in general, e.g. without a specified fluid or one fluid is not a primary air component or an intermediate fluid
    • F25J2250/50One fluid being oxygen

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Abstract

一种在冷箱(10)中进行低温空气分离的装置,其中,通过由从蒸馏塔抽出液态氧的位置与液态氧进行汽化以形成气态氧的位置(比如在辅助蒸发器中)之间的测地距离导致的液压力,产生了压力升高的气态氧(6)。为了增加上述两个位置之间的竖直距离,这些部件按以下顺序向下直接彼此堆叠:低压塔(2)、主冷凝蒸发器(3)、高压塔(1)、过冷器(5)、主热交换器(4)、以及(可选地具有相分离器(7)的)辅助蒸发器(6)。特别地,主热交换器(4)被定位成其冷端位于顶部以优化管道消耗。

Description

具有反向主热交换器的单封装空气分离设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种空气分离方法和设备,更具体地是低温空气分离方法和设备。
背景技术
在低温条件下进行空气精馏以产生大量高纯度氧气、氮气是众所周知的技术,并且在比如钢铁、石化、燃烧和电子等行业具有广泛的应用。用于产生氮气和氧气的低温空气分离设备通常包括在不同压力下运行的至少两个蒸馏塔、热交换单元、以及比如涡轮机、压缩机和泵等旋转机械。为了减少资本投资和运营成本并且增加设备的可靠性,有利的是使所采用的旋转机械的数量最少、并且使各种部件和管道的布局最优化。
不同的应用通常需要在不同压力下的气态或液态空气分离产物。例如,浮法玻璃和有色金属应用需要在通常为2巴至10巴的低中压下的气态氧产物。由于气态氧是通过从在约1-2巴的低压下运行的塔的底部抽取的液态氧汽化而产生的,因此有时会使用比如液体泵或气态压缩机等旋转机械来将氧产物的压力提高到期望范围。
US6,662,594描述了一种能够通过液压力来使在侧冷凝器中汽化的氧的压力增加的方法和设备。在所披露的设备中,侧冷凝器、过冷器、主热交换器、在较高压力下运行的塔、主冷凝器和在较低压力下运行的塔从下至上在竖直方向上依次容纳在单个冷箱中。尽管可以省去额外的氧气泵,但从管道布置的角度来看,装置部件在冷箱中的布局并未得到优化。
发明内容
本发明的目的是对空气分离设备中的包括装备和管道的各种部件的布置进行优化,以节省建造成本和时间、现场装备的占地面积,并且提高可靠性。
特别地,本发明着重于冷箱中的配置,其中,通过由从蒸馏塔抽出液态氧的位置与液态氧进行汽化以形成气态氧的位置(比如在辅助蒸发器中)之间的测地距离导致的液压力,产生了压力升高的气态氧。
在一方面,本发明披露了一种空气分离设备,包括:主空气压缩机和空气冷却单元,该主空气压缩机和该空气冷却单元与空气净化单元处于流动连通以产生经压缩和净化的进料空气流,以及按顺序向下彼此堆叠地布置的第一塔、主冷凝蒸发器和第二塔,并且其中,该第一塔在高于该第二塔的压力下运行。空气分离设备还包括辅助蒸发器,该辅助蒸发器具有设置在该第一塔的底部下方的液化空间和汽化空间。另外,还具有主热交换器,该主热交换器设置在该第一塔与该辅助蒸发器之间,用于在该经压缩和净化的进料空气流与来自该第二塔的返回气态流之间进行间接热交换。该设备进一步包括:用于至少将该经压缩和净化的进料空气流引入该第一塔中的器件;用于至少将来自该第一塔的馏分引入该第二塔中的器件;用于将来自该主冷凝蒸发器的液态氧流输送到该辅助蒸发器的汽化空间中的器件,其中,该已汽化的气态氧流的至少一部分在该主热交换器中被加热以形成气态氧产物,并且其余液态氧流作为液态氧产物被抽取;以及用于向该空气分离设备提供制冷的器件。在这样的空气分离设备中,该主热交换器的配置方式是使得该返回气态流从该主热交换器的顶部处的冷端进入、并从该主热交换器的底部处的热端离开。
该空气分离设备可以进一步包括设置在该第一塔与该主热交换器之间的过冷器,其中,该返回气态流与从该主塔经过的液流进行热交换,然后所述返回气态流进入该主热交换器的顶部处的冷端。
在另一方面,披露了一种在根据权利要求1所述的空气分离设备中在高压下产生气态氧产物的方法,包括:通过与来自该第二塔的返回气态流进行间接热交换,在该主热交换器中对经压缩和净化的进料空气流进行冷却,然后将气态进料空气流的至少一部分引入该第一塔中;在该第一塔的底部处将该气态进料空气流分离成富氧液体,并将所述流输送到该第二塔中以形成底部液体和废氮;将来自该第一塔的顶部的中压气态氮相对于来自该第二塔的底部液体在该主冷凝蒸发器中冷凝以形成该第一塔的回流以及液态氧;将液态氧从该主冷凝蒸发器中抽取到该辅助蒸发器的汽化空间中,其中,该已汽化的气态氧流的至少一部分在该主热交换器中被加热以形成气态氧产物,并且其余液态氧流作为液态氧产物被抽取;以及通过使该经压缩和净化的进料空气流的至少一部分在被引入该第二塔之前在涡轮膨胀机中膨胀、或者可选地通过外部源,为该空气分离设备提供制冷。该主热交换器的配置方式是使得该返回气态流从该主热交换器的顶部处的冷端进入、并从该主热交换器的底部处的热端离开。
本发明的方法可以进一步包括一个步骤,其中,该液体进料空气流、该富氧液体、该贫液和该液氮在被引入该第二塔中之前相对于包括废氮和可选的低压气态氮的返回气态流在过冷器中过冷。
通过将主热交换器和可选的过冷器设置在第一塔与辅助蒸发器之间,可以构建紧凑的冷箱以容纳需要隔热的所有部件,从而节省成本和现场占地面积。另外,将过冷器放置在其上设有冷端的主热交换器的顶部,允许从蒸馏塔抽出的返回气态流先穿过过冷器,然后直接通过冷端进入主热交换器,因此产生非常低的管道消耗以及甚至更为优化的占地面积。
附图说明
在附图中通过示例性实施例示意性地展示了本发明,并且以下参考附图对本发明进行了详细描述,在附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明的冷箱,该冷箱包括蒸馏塔系统,该蒸馏塔系统包括过冷器、主热交换器以及辅助蒸发器。
具体实施方式
用于低温空气分离的方法和装置是已知的。这种设备通常包括可以使环境压力进料空气流的压力增加的主空气压缩机、比如水冷却塔等空气冷却单元、以及采用吸附剂从进料空气流中去除碳氢化合物、二氧化碳和水的空气净化单元。这些部件通常在至少高于0℃的温度下运行,因此不需要与大气隔热。
空气分离设备的许多部件都在低于-50℃、大多数情况下低于-100℃的低温条件下工作。为了与大气隔热,需要将这些部件、例如(多个)蒸馏塔、(多个)热交换单元、(多个)冷凝蒸发器、(多个)相分离器、(多个)低温泵/(多个)膨胀机以及(多个)互连管道容纳在一个或多个冷箱中。冷箱是通过外壁完全包围隔热内腔的绝缘外壳,在外壁与所包含的部件之间的空间中通常填充有比如珍珠岩等粉状材料。
分离塔被解释为蒸馏工段或分馏工段,其中气相与液相接触以有效地分离混合流中的各种组分。为了从进料空气流中获得氮产物和氧产物,至少需要两个塔。第一塔可以在通常为5-7巴的范围内的较高压力下操作,而第二塔可以在通常为1-2巴的范围内的较低压力下操作;并且通过主冷凝蒸发器使这两个塔处于热交换关系。本发明的空气分离设备可以包括两个塔、三个塔或多个塔,并且如果需要则可以被装入不同的冷箱中。
辅助蒸发器是冷凝蒸发器,该冷凝蒸发器优选地作为液浴式汽化器:包含汽化通道和液化通道的板式热交换器块设置在容器中,该容器在运行期间部分地填充有要汽化的液体。通过板式热交换器块的汽化通道、借助于热虹吸效应来倾倒液体。汽化空间由这些汽化通道以及热交换器块与罐壁之间的外部空间形成,而液化空间由液化通道形成。
主热交换器用于通过与来自分离塔的返回流进行间接热交换来使(多个)进料空气流冷却。在其构造中,将比如进料空气流等较高温度的流送入的一侧称为“热端”;将较低温度的流(比如来自分离塔的返回流)进料的一侧称为“冷端”。通常,热端和冷端相反地位于主热交换器上。通常,在操作期间,主热交换器的顶部配置有热端以接纳(多个)进料空气流。如果冷端位于主热交换器的顶部并从中引入冷液流,则在缺少热进料空气流的情况下,此类冷液流将在重力下流到主热交换器底部处的热端,因此产生损坏热端的危险。然而,在本发明中,如果没有液流被送入主热交换器的热端,则将主热交换器布置在顶部处的冷端上。
通常,低压塔的进料液流相对于低压塔的返回气态流通过在过冷器中进行间接热交换而过冷。用于输送/引入这些流的器件包括必要的管线、泄压或膨胀装置以及连接端口。
在以上所述的双塔系统中,首先从低压塔的底部抽出与抽取点压力相同(通常为1.1-1.5巴)的呈液体形式的氧。在需要压力升高的气态氧产物的情况下,可以采用若干种方法。一种方法是在液态氧流在热交换装置中汽化之后直接压缩气态氧流。另一种方法是将液态氧流在其汽化之前进行泵送,而本发明的另一种方法是通过液压驱动力来提高液态氧流的压力。后一种方法的优点是消除了对比如泵和压缩机等旋转机械的使用,从而提高了整个空气分离设备的可靠性。
在本发明中,辅助蒸发器位于低压塔的外部,并且由于液压驱动力而使其汽化侧处于比低压塔更高的压力;因此,在那里随后在相应增加的压力下以气态产物的形式获得了汽化的氧。显然,当低压塔与辅助蒸发器之间的竖直距离较大时,汽化侧的压力较高。因此,优选地,将这些部件按以下顺序向下直接彼此堆叠:低压塔、主冷凝蒸发器、高压塔、过冷器、主热交换器、以及(可选地具有相分离器的)辅助蒸发器。具体地,所有部件都可以用紧凑且经济的方式被包围在单个冷箱中。在此,当部件或装置的顶部边缘位于比另一部件的底部边缘更低的测地水平时,该部件或装置位于另一部件或装置的“下方”。在这种情况下,可以但不一定要有穿过这两个部件的竖直线。在投影到水平面上时,两个装置的截面可以相交,但也可以彼此完全偏移地布置。类似地应理解表述“上方”、“在顶部”和“之间”。
在图1的实施例中,经压缩和净化的进料空气流100在例如5巴至10巴的压力下被传送,并从设置在主热交换器4的底部处的热端进入主热交换器4。在主热交换器4内,经压缩和净化的进料空气流100被分成两部分,第一部分进料空气流101穿过主热交换器4的整个通道,并从主热交换器4的顶部处的冷端抽取;然后将其供应到辅助蒸发器6的液化空间,其在该液化空间中冷凝。然后能够将混合物引入相分离器7中。当需要时,作为气态进料空气流103残留的部分被阻流至大约5-7巴,并在较高压力下被送入第一塔1中;构成液体进料空气流104的部分穿过设置在主热交换器4上方的过冷器5,然后被阻流至压力为大约1.1-2巴,并在较低的压力下被传送到第二塔2中。
第二部分进料空气流102是从主热交换器的中间点抽取的,以保持气态相。然后,该流在涡轮膨胀机8中膨胀(例如,通过发电机制动)以形成混合物,然后将该混合物传送到第二塔2中,为整个空气分离设备9提供制冷。可替代地,可以通过从外部(液体辅助)传送非常冷的液体来实现供冷。液态氧、液氮、液化空气或空气组分的任何其他液体混合物均可以用于满足冷需求。
在第一塔1中,气态进料空气流103在顶部处分离成中压气态氮114,在底部处分离成富氧液体。中压气态氮114相对于第二塔2的汽化底部液体在主冷凝蒸发器3中冷凝。由此形成的液氮的一部分作为回流返回到第一塔1,而另一部分作为液氮流107被抽出。可选地,可以在液氮107下方的位置处从第一塔1抽取贫液106。还从第一塔1的底部取出富氧液体105。以上三个流的一部分或全部构成来自第一塔1的“馏分”,并且在相对于返回气态流在过冷器5中过冷之后被传送到第二塔2中。返回气态流是指第二塔2的气态产物,包括废氮109和可选的低压气态氮108,两者均用作冷却介质,以使来自第一塔1的液流在过冷器5中过冷。在穿过过冷器5之后,这些返回气态流进入主热交换器4的顶部处的冷端、并作为环境温度低压气态氮和废氮而从主热交换器的底部处的热端离开。由于主热交换器4的取向与返回气态流的温升方向一致,因此可以使将过冷器5与主热交换器4相连的管线的长度最小化,从而减少了现场或车间的管道消耗和组装时间以及整个冷箱的占地面积。
第二塔2的底部液体包括作为流110被抽取的液态氧。该流经受静水压力增加,并被送入辅助蒸发器6的汽化空间中以进行汽化。对于20m的测地坡度而言,静水压力增加约2.3巴。此处形成的气态氧流112被送到主热交换器4的冷端,最后作为气态氧产物113被传送给用户。将保留为液态的氧气作为液态氧产物111抽出。
根据前面的描述,本领域技术人员可以容易地确定本发明的基本特征,并且可以在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下对本发明进行各种改变和修改以使其适应各种用途和条件。

Claims (13)

1.一种空气分离设备,包括:
(a)主空气压缩机和空气冷却单元,该主空气压缩机和该空气冷却单元与空气净化单元处于流动连通以产生经压缩和净化的进料空气流(100);
(b)按顺序向下彼此堆叠地布置的第一塔(1)、主冷凝蒸发器(3)和第二塔(2),其中,该第一塔(1)在高于该第二塔(2)的压力下运行;
(c)辅助蒸发器(6),该辅助蒸发器具有设置在该第一塔(1)的底部下方的液化空间和汽化空间;
(d)主热交换器(4),该主热交换器设置在该第一塔(1)与该辅助蒸发器(6)之间,用于在该经压缩和净化的进料空气流(100)与来自该第二塔(2)的返回气态流之间进行间接热交换;
(e)用于至少将该经压缩和净化的进料空气流(100)引入该第一塔(1)中的器件;
(f)用于至少将来自该第一塔(1)的馏分(105,106,107)引入该第二塔(2)中的器件;
(g)用于将来自该主冷凝蒸发器(3)的液态氧流(110)输送到该辅助蒸发器(6)的汽化空间中的器件,其中,形成的气态氧流(112)的至少一部分在该主热交换器(4)中被加热以形成气态氧产物(113),并且其余液态氧流(110)作为液态氧产物(111)被抽取;
(h)用于向该空气分离设备提供制冷的器件;
其中,该主热交换器(4)的配置方式是使得该返回气态流从该主热交换器(4)的顶部处的冷端进入、并从该主热交换器的底部处的热端离开。
2.如权利要求1所述的空气分离设备,进一步包括:
设置在该第一塔(1)与该主热交换器(4)之间的过冷器(5),其中,该返回气态流与从该塔(1)经过的液流进行热交换,然后所述返回气态流进入该主热交换器(4)的顶部处的冷端。
3.如权利要求2所述的空气分离设备,进一步包括:
用于将至少部分地液化的第一部分进料空气流(101)引入该辅助蒸发器(6)的液化空间中、并在其中部分或全部冷凝之后进一步引入相分离器(7)以分离成气态进料空气流(103)和液体进料空气流(104)的器件。
4.如权利要求3所述的空气分离设备,进一步包括:
涡轮膨胀机(8),该涡轮膨胀机用于使第二部分进料空气流(102)在其进入该第一塔(1)或该第二塔(2)之前膨胀,以向该空气分离设备提供制冷。
5.根据权利要求1所述的空气分离设备,其中:
该第二塔(2)、该主冷凝蒸发器(3)、该第一塔(1)、该主热交换器(4)和该辅助蒸发器(6)按顺序向上彼此堆叠并容纳在一个冷箱(10)中。
6.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的空气分离设备,其中:
该第二塔(2)、该主冷凝蒸发器(3)、该第一塔(1)、该过冷器(5)、该主热交换器(4)和该辅助蒸发器(6)按顺序向上彼此堆叠并容纳在一个冷箱(10)中。
7.在根据权利要求1所述的空气分离设备中在高压下产生气态氧产物(113)的方法,包括:
(a)通过与来自该第二塔(2)的返回气态流进行间接热交换,在该主热交换器(4)中对经压缩和净化的进料空气流(100)进行冷却,然后将气态进料空气流(103)的至少一部分引入该第一塔(1)中;
(b)在该第一塔(1)的底部处将该气态进料空气流(103)分离成富氧液体(105),并将所述流输送到该第二塔(2)中以形成底部液体和废氮(109);
(c)将来自该第一塔(1)的顶部的中压气态氮(114)相对于来自该第二塔(2)的底部液体在该主冷凝蒸发器(3)中冷凝以形成该第一塔(1)的回流以及液态氧;
(d)将液态氧从该主冷凝蒸发器(3)抽取到该辅助蒸发器(6)的汽化空间中,其中,该已汽化的气态氧流(112)的至少一部分在该主热交换器(4)中被加热以形成气态氧产物(113),并且其余液态氧流(110)作为液态氧产物(111)被抽取;
(e)通过使该经压缩和净化的进料空气流(102)的至少一部分在被引入该第二塔(2)之前在涡轮膨胀机(8)中膨胀、或者通过外部源,为该空气分离设备提供制冷;
其中,该主热交换器(4)的配置方式是使得该返回气态流从该主热交换器(4)的顶部处的冷端进入、并从该主热交换器的底部处的热端离开。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,该经压缩和净化的进料空气流(100)在该主热交换器(4)中至少被分为第一部分进料空气流(101)和第二部分进料空气流(102),该第一部分进料空气流(101)被传送到该辅助蒸发器(6)的液化空间中以部分或全部冷凝、并且进一步被传送到相分离器(7)中以分离成该气态进料空气流(103)和液体进料空气流(104),并且该气态进料空气流(103)被送入到该第一塔(1)中,而该液态进料空气流(104)被送入到该第二塔(2)中。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中,该第二部分进料空气流(102)在被送到该第二塔(2)中之前在涡轮膨胀机(8)中膨胀。
10.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,将液氮(107)和贫液(106)从该第一塔(1)中去除,并输送到该第二塔(2)中。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,从该第二塔(2)抽取低压气态氮。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,该液体进料空气流(104)、该富氧液体(105)、该贫液(106)和该液氮(107)在被引入该第二塔(2)中之前相对于包括废氮(109)的返回气态流在过冷器中过冷。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,该液体进料空气流(104)、该富氧液体(105)、该贫液(106)和该液氮(107)在被引入该第二塔(2)中之前相对于包括废氮(109)和低压气态氮(108)的返回气态流在过冷器中过冷。
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