CN111405953B - 磁化旋转部件的制造方法、旋转部件以及旋转部件的旋转的测量系统 - Google Patents
磁化旋转部件的制造方法、旋转部件以及旋转部件的旋转的测量系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种能够围绕轴线旋转的部件的制造方法,该制造方法包括以下步骤:在制造旋转部件期间,在所成形的部件的至少一个预定区域中,将磁性材料结合到粉末中。本发明还涉及一种使用该方法获得的旋转部件,并且涉及一种通过使用能够检测磁性材料结合到其中的区域的通过的至少一个传感器来测量由该方法获得的旋转部件的旋转的系统。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种旋转部件的制造方法,特别是以便获得一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以通过合适的测量系统进行测量。该方法和系统特别适合于飞行器、更一般地交通工具的工业领域,并且适合于经受很大应力的旋转部件,特别是齿轮箱的旋转部件,该齿轮箱的旋转部件处于可能经受油雾、宽的温度范围(特别地介于-54℃至200℃之间)以及振动的环境中。
背景技术
现有技术特别地包括文献WO-A1-2015/062592和FR-A1-3 049 385。
用于测量旋转部件的转速的系统可用于多个替代方案中。
第一个众所周知的替代方案是一种测量系统,其用于利用由齿部组成并且装配到旋转部件上的音轮来测量转速。与音轮相对地布置的接近传感器允许检测音轮的齿部的每个齿的通过,从而使得能够以高分辨率确定旋转部件的转速。然而,这种类型的测量系统需要使用特定的齿部(如果部件尚不具有可用的齿部),从而增加了部件的质量。例如在法国专利申请FR2633722、FR2891361和FR2896882中描述了这种类型的测量系统。
另一个替代方案是一种测量系统,其用于利用旋转编码器来测量转速,其中,使用传感器(电感、电容、光学或磁性传感器)读取形成编码器系统的带或孔盘。然后,处理单元将编码转换成代表旋转的信号。然而,这种类型的测量系统在低频振幅下的实施是昂贵的,并且在使用光学传感器时与油雾型环境不兼容。
已经研究了最后的替代方案,但是仍然提出了多个问题:将磁体类型的附加部件添加到与传感器组合的旋转部件中,从而允许对部件在传感器前面的通过进行检测。然而,添加部件会引起多个问题,诸如在旋转部件上形成不平衡,以及需要在旋转部件与附加部件之间具有牢固的固定,以便抵抗由于旋转部件的旋转而引起的离心力。
发明目的
本发明旨在克服众所周知的用于测量旋转部件的转速的系统的至少一些缺点。
特别地,本发明的目的在于,在本发明的至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件的制造方法,由此制造的旋转部件特别地被适配成使得通过测量系统对其转速进行测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件的制造方法,使得能够获得一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以在无需大量添加质量或引起潜在固定问题的附加部件的情况下被测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在本发明的至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件的制造方法,使得能够获得一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以在不引起旋转部件上的不平衡的情况下被测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在本发明的至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件的制造方法,使得能够获得一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以在高温下和/或振动环境中被测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在本发明的至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件的制造方法,使得能够获得一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以在存在油雾或存在不允许进行令人满意的光学读取的另一种气氛的情况下被测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在至少一个实施例中,提供一种旋转部件,该旋转部件的转速可以以低成本的方式被容易地测量。
本发明的目的还在于,在至少一个实施例中,提供一种测量系统,其用于以低成本、精确且添加很少质量的方式对旋转部件的转速进行测量。
发明内容
为此,本发明涉及一种围绕轴线旋转的旋转部件的制造方法,该制造方法包括:
-由呈粉末形式的材料生产成形部件的步骤,
-从成形部件获得旋转部件的步骤,其特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:在生产成形部件期间,在成形部件的被称为磁化区域的预定区域中,将磁性材料结合到粉末中,该磁性材料具有以下特征:
-剩磁(Br)大于或等于0.1T;
-居里温度(Tc)大于或等于250℃;
-硬度介于成形部件的材料的硬度的75%至125%之间,并且密度介于成形部件的材料的密度的80%至120%之间。
因此,根据本发明的方法使得能够获得具有磁化区域的旋转部件,在该磁化区域中存在磁性材料,而无需添加附加部件,因为磁化区域是通过在由粉末生产部件本身期间结合磁性材料而直接产生的。通过选择与成形部件的材料具有在理想情况下相同的硬度和密度并且至少与成形部件的材料接近的材料,磁化区域因此不会将显著的不平衡引入旋转部件,并且该区域中的硬度在磁化区域中和周围非常均匀。硬度优选地以维氏硬度或取决于测量模式以其他类型的硬度来表示。磁化区域形成旋转部件的局部磁化部分。此外,当部件旋转时,不存在由于离心力而使磁化区域脱离的风险。
优选地,在d是磁性材料的硬度,x是磁性材料的密度,D是成形部件的硬度并且X是成形部件的密度的情况下,d=D±((kD)/100),其中,k=25或20或15或10或5,最低者为最佳,并且x=X±((nX)/100),其中,n=20或15或10或5,最低者为最佳。
另外,大于或等于0.1T的剩磁(通常由文献中的术语Br标识)导致高的磁功率,这使得在将旋转部件与用于测量旋转部件的转速的测量系统一起使用时能够确保对由磁化区域引起的磁场的干扰进行检测。
最后,大于或等于250℃的居里温度(通常由文献中的术语Tc标识)确保了磁化区域在旋转的部件在齿轮箱中所经受的温度范围(例如通常为[-54℃;200℃])内保持足够的磁化强度。温度升高不会导致退磁。优选地,剩磁的温度系数应当较低(小于或等于1%/℃),以便在温度变化的情况下限制剩磁的变化。
另外,磁化区域是例如通过计算得出的预定区域,使得磁性材料的存在对旋转部件运作中的机械应力产生最小的影响。
用于制造成形部件的材料是例如金属或金属合金,例如钢合金(例如16NCD13、32CDV13或40CDV12)。
成形部件是粉末加工的结果,然后如果需要的话进一步加工成形部件以获得旋转部件。有利地并且根据本发明,获得旋转部件的步骤包括对成形部件进行机加工的步骤和/或将成形部件与另一部件进行组装以便形成旋转部件的步骤。
旋转部件也被称为旋转的部件,并且指代其主要功能需要其旋转、特别是传递扭矩或运动的部件。旋转部件是例如轴(特别是传动轴)、小齿轮等。
有利地并且根据本发明,磁性材料是钐钴、钕或AlNiCo合金。
根据本发明的该方面,钐钴合金、钕或AlNiCo常用于制造磁体并且具有上述特征。
有利地并且根据本发明,磁性材料以颗粒或粒料(pastille)形式进行结合。
根据本发明的该方面,颗粒或粒料形式允许在制造成形部件期间容易地将磁性材料结合到粉末中。颗粒与形成该材料的粉末混合并且使该材料不均匀,而粒料是具有可变尺寸和形状的小组分,形成均匀的整体,在制造成形部件期间集成到成形部件中。
有利地并且根据本发明,磁化区域是部件的与旋转部件的轴线的偏心区域相对应的区域。
根据本发明的该方面,在旋转部件旋转期间,磁化区域由于旋转部件的旋转而围绕轴线旋转。因此,如下所述,能够检测磁化区域在接收磁性变化的传感器前面的通过。
有利地并且根据本发明,由粉末生产旋转部件的步骤和集成磁性材料通过增材制造、优选地通过烧结或激光熔化来执行。
根据本发明的该方面,增材制造特别是烧结或激光熔化,特别适合于由粉末制造物体,并且在生产成形部件时允许容易地结合磁性材料。
本发明还涉及一种通过根据本发明的方法获得的旋转部件,其特征在于,该旋转部件包括集成的磁化区域。
因此,根据本发明的旋转部件没有不平衡并且适合在诸如齿轮箱的环境中使用。另外,能够容易地测量该旋转部件的转速。
有利地并且根据本发明,磁化区域相对于旋转部件的轴线是偏心的。
根据本发明的该方面,磁化区域描述了在旋转部件旋转期间的圆形运动,并且磁化区域在传感器前面的两次通过之间的时间代表了旋转部件的转速。
本发明还涉及一种用于测量根据本发明旋转部件的转速的测量系统,其特征在于,该测量系统包括多个传感器,该多个传感器被布置在旋转部件的包括磁性材料的区域附近,并且被构造成以便在旋转部件旋转期间,每个传感器检测在不同的角扇区中磁化区域在每个传感器前面的通过。
由于存在至少一个传感器,因此根据本发明的测量系统允许对通过根据本发明的方法获得的旋转部件的速度进行测量,该至少一个传感器被布置成使得其通过磁场的变化来检测磁化区域在该至少一个传感器附近的通过。传感器是例如有源传感器(霍尔效应或磁阻类型),或者是无源传感器(涡流类型)。传感器是例如固定传感器或移动传感器,其位置相对于旋转部件的磁化扇区的位置在任何时间都是已知的。
因此,可以无接触地获得转速的测量,并且可以在包含油雾、宽的运作温度范围(在齿轮箱中特别是[-54℃;200℃])的环境以及振动环境中执行该测量。
为了提高测量系统的分辨率,能够使用多个传感器,每个传感器检测在不同角扇区中磁化区域的通过,和/或对旋转部件的多个角扇区进行磁化,和/或使用一个或多个移动传感器。
有利地并且根据本发明,至少一个传感器被布置在旋转部件的中空腹板中。
根据本发明的该方面,由于至少一个传感器(优选地所有传感器)被布置在旋转部件的内部,因此减少了测量系统的空间需求。例如,传感器可以被布置在旋转部件的旋转轴线上。
有利地,根据本发明的测量系统包括多个传感器,该多个传感器被构造成以便每个传感器检测在不同角扇区中的多个磁化区域的通过。
根据本发明的该方面,多个传感器和多个磁化区域使得能够提高测量系统的分辨率。
有利地,根据本发明的测量系统包括至少一个移动传感器,该至少一个移动传感器的位置相对于旋转部件的包括磁性材料的区域在任何时间都是已知的,该至少一个移动传感器被布置在磁化区域附近,系统被构造成以便在旋转部件旋转期间检测磁化区域在每个传感器前面的通过。
根据本发明的该方面,移动传感器可以使自身旋转,特别是沿与旋转部件相反的方向旋转,从而进一步检测磁化区域,从而提高测量系统的分辨率,而无需添加传感器或磁化区域。
本发明还涉及一种方法、一种旋转部件以及一种测量系统,其特征在于,结合了以上或以下特征中的一些或全部特征。
附图说明
当参考附图阅读仅以非穷举性的方式给出的以下描述时,本发明的其他目的、特征和优点将会显现,在附图中:
-图1是根据本发明的实施例的旋转部件的制造方法的示意图,
-图2是通过制造方法获得的根据本发明的实施例的旋转部件的示意性局部透视图,
-图3是根据本发明的实施例的旋转部件和用于测量旋转部件的转速的测量系统的示意性剖视透视图。
具体实施方式
以下实施例是示例。尽管描述涉及一个或多个实施例,但是这并不一定意味着每个参考文献都涉及同一实施例,或者这些特征仅适用于一个实施例。也可以组合不同实施例的简单特征,以提供其他实施例。在附图中,为了说明和清楚的目的,没有严格遵守标度和比例。
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的实施例的用于制造旋转部件的方法10。圆圈代表产品,并且矩形代表允许从一种产品到另一种产品的步骤。
所示出的第一步骤是由呈粉末形式的材料14生产成形部件16的步骤12。现有技术中已知的该生产步骤优选地通过增材制造、例如通过烧结或激光熔化来执行。
所示出的第二步骤是从成形部件16获得旋转部件20的步骤18。该步骤包括例如成形部件16的机加工步骤,但是在工业部件的制造中还可以包括其他已知的处理步骤。
根据本发明的方法的特殊性在于,该方法包括步骤21:在生产成形部件16的步骤期间,在成形部件16的被称为磁化区域的预定区域(例如通过计算得出)中,将例如呈颗粒或粒料形式的磁性材料22结合到粉末中。与其中将磁性部件添加到旋转部件中的现有技术的技术相反,本发明允许在生产部件期间进行直接结合。
图2示意性地且部分透视地示出了通过上述制造方法获得的根据本发明的实施例的旋转部件20。因此,旋转部件20(在此是小齿轮)包括磁化区域24,该磁化区域在此在小齿轮的外部面上可见。
图3示意性地示出了根据本发明的实施例的旋转部件和用于测量旋转部件的转速的测量系统的示意性剖视透视图。旋转部件20在此包括磁化区域24,该磁化区域被布置在旋转部件20的中空腹板26的内部。在中空腹板26的中心,测量系统的传感器28被布置在旋转部件20的旋转轴线的区域中。传感器28被布置成使得可以检测磁化区域24在该传感器前面的通过,使得可以容易地根据磁化区域24的每次通过之间经过的时间来确定旋转部件20的转速。为了提高测量的分辨率,可使用多个传感器,每个传感器检测在不同角扇区中磁化区域24的通过。传感器在旋转部件的中空腹板26中的布置减少了测量系统的空间需求。
传感器是可以检测周围磁场的变化、特别是由磁化区域引起的周围磁场的变化的传感器。传感器例如是霍尔效应或磁阻类型的有源传感器,或者是涡流类型的无源传感器。更一般地,传感器使得例如能够在检测到的磁场低于参考值时提供为0值的输出信号,并且当检测到的磁场高于参考值时提供为1值的输出信号。
测量系统还包括常规元件,该常规元件用于检索输出信号,从输出信号确定旋转部件的转速(例如,计算单元),将转速的值提供给其他设备,如果需要的话为传感器供电等。
对于根据其他实施例的旋转部件,例如如参考图2所描述的,传感器可以被布置在旋转部件的外部而不是被布置在该旋转部件的中空腹板中。
Claims (8)
1.一种围绕轴线旋转的旋转部件的制造方法,所述制造方法包括:
-由呈粉末形式的材料生产成形部件的步骤,
-从所述成形部件获得所述旋转部件的步骤,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:在生产所述成形部件期间,在所述成形部件的至少一个被称为磁化区域的预定区域中,将磁性材料结合到所述粉末中,所述磁性材料具有以下特征:
-剩磁Br大于或等于0.1T;
-居里温度Tc大于或等于250℃;
-硬度介于所述成形部件的材料的硬度的75%至125%之间,并且密度介于所述成形部件的材料的密度的80%至120%之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,其特征在于,所述磁性材料是钐钴、钕或AlNiCo合金。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制造方法,其特征在于,所述磁性材料以颗粒形式进行结合。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的制造方法,其特征在于,所述磁化区域是所述部件的与所述旋转部件的所述轴线的偏心区域相对应的区域。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的制造方法,其特征在于,由所述粉末生产所述旋转部件的步骤和集成所述磁性材料通过增材制造来执行。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的制造方法,其特征在于,所述获得所述旋转部件的步骤包括对所述成形部件进行机加工的步骤和/或将所述成形部件与另一部件进行组装以便形成所述旋转部件的步骤。
7.根据权利要求5所述的制造方法,其特征在于,由所述粉末生产所述旋转部件的步骤和集成所述磁性材料通过烧结或激光熔化来执行。
8.一种通过根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法获得的旋转部件,其特征在于,所述旋转部件包括至少一个集成的磁化区域。
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PCT/FR2018/052716 WO2019092344A1 (fr) | 2017-11-10 | 2018-11-05 | Procédé de fabrication de pièce tournante magnétisée, pièce tournante et système de mesure de rotation d'une pièce tournante |
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JP2015115529A (ja) * | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-22 | Ntn株式会社 | ケース付き圧縮ボンド磁石 |
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CN105814651A (zh) * | 2013-12-13 | 2016-07-27 | Ntn株式会社 | 带壳体压缩粘结磁铁及其制造方法 |
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FR2891361B1 (fr) | 2005-09-23 | 2008-03-28 | Hispano Suiza Sa | Dispositif a reluctance variable pour mesurer la vitesse de rotation d'un organe tournant |
FR2896882B1 (fr) | 2006-01-30 | 2008-04-25 | Hispano Suiza Sa | Detecteur electromagnetique de vitesse de rotation d'un organe tournant |
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EP1296144A2 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2003-03-26 | Ntn Corporation | Magnetic encoder and wheel bearing assembly using the same |
CN105683762A (zh) * | 2013-10-29 | 2016-06-15 | 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 | 具有带线性化磁场的磁极转子的用于转速测量的传感器系统 |
JP2015115529A (ja) * | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-22 | Ntn株式会社 | ケース付き圧縮ボンド磁石 |
CN105814651A (zh) * | 2013-12-13 | 2016-07-27 | Ntn株式会社 | 带壳体压缩粘结磁铁及其制造方法 |
CN106796835A (zh) * | 2014-08-12 | 2017-05-31 | Abb瑞士股份有限公司 | 具有不同磁性质的区域的磁体以及用于形成这种磁体的方法 |
FR3049385A1 (fr) * | 2016-03-23 | 2017-09-29 | Valeo Systemes De Controle Moteur | Composant magnetique pour capteur a effet hall, ensemble electrique et compresseur de suralimentation electrique comprenant un tel composant magnetique |
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EP3706946A1 (fr) | 2020-09-16 |
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