CN111358585A - CT image-based porous implant manufacturing method and system - Google Patents

CT image-based porous implant manufacturing method and system Download PDF

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CN111358585A
CN111358585A CN202010191106.XA CN202010191106A CN111358585A CN 111358585 A CN111358585 A CN 111358585A CN 202010191106 A CN202010191106 A CN 202010191106A CN 111358585 A CN111358585 A CN 111358585A
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implant
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tooth
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马嵩华
宋凯乐
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Shandong University
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    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61CDENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
    • A61C8/00Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method and a system for manufacturing a porous implant based on a CT image, wherein the technical scheme is as follows: segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient; converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format, and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model; designing the shape of the porous structure implant according to the shape of the tooth root of the patient; and designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root type implant integrated with the abutment implant. The invention has higher degree of fit between the root type implant and the bone wall of the extraction alveolar fossa; can avoid the stress shielding phenomenon, and can obtain good long-term stability after the implant is implanted.

Description

CT image-based porous implant manufacturing method and system
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of implant manufacturing, in particular to a porous implant manufacturing method and system based on a CT image.
Background
The implant is directly implanted into the implant nest prepared by the alveolar nest after immediate implantation and restoration, namely tooth extraction, and the implant is restored to the dental crown embedded with the restoration after three to six months. Compared with the traditional implant repair, the immediate implant repair has short treatment period and the number of operations of a patient is small. The inconsistent shape of the implant and the bone wall of the tooth extraction socket can be caused by applying the traditional implant, so that the immediate implant is more difficult to obtain good initial stability, and the gap between the implant and the bone wall needs to be filled with artificial bone powder for closing. Currently, both immediate and traditional implantation are patient-adapted implants and not implants-adapted patients. Therefore, foreign scholars propose the concept of 'personalized artificial natural tooth root implant'.
The root-shaped implant is mainly prepared by removing the tooth root of a natural tooth, immediately implanting the same extracted tooth, and pressing the implant in place with fingers and tapping the implant. Compared with the traditional columnar threaded implant, the implant can be directly implanted without preparing an implant pit, so that the implant operation process is simplified, the damage to surrounding soft tissues is reduced, and the bone substitute material is not required to be implanted to close the gap. In addition, the personalized root-shaped implant is similar to a natural tooth root in shape, and better accords with the biomechanics principle compared with the traditional columnar threaded implant, and can reduce the bone absorption and save alveolar bone quantity so as to ensure the success rate of implantation. The implant and the base station are integrally designed, so that the repairing steps are reduced, the repairing time is shortened, and the repairing cost is saved.
Although the root-shaped implant is designed according to the extracted natural tooth root at present, the smooth solid structure of the root-shaped implant surface is not favorable for the bone tissue and the implant to form a long-term stable osseointegration state. The inventor finds that most Ti6Al4V alloy is used for manufacturing personalized root-shaped implants at present, the elastic modulus of the Ti6Al4V alloy is 110GPa, the elastic modulus of cortical bone is 13.7GPa, and the elastic modulus of cancellous bone is 1.6 GPa. The titanium alloy elastic modulus is far greater than the elastic modulus of surrounding bone tissues, so that the stress shielding phenomenon can be generated, the new bone growth of the bone tissues around the implant is not facilitated, the bone absorption phenomenon is generated around the implant, the implant is loosened, and finally the implant failure is caused. The metal material is introduced into the porous structure with the pores communicated with each other, so that the elastic modulus of the metal material can be reduced, and the bone tissue can grow into the porous structure to form a more stable bone combination state.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method and a system for manufacturing a porous implant based on a CT image, and the obtained root-type implant is higher in fit degree with the alveolar bone wall of the tooth extraction socket; can avoid the stress shielding phenomenon, and can obtain good long-term stability after the implant is implanted.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a porous implant based on a CT image, including:
segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient;
converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format, and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
designing the shape of the porous structure implant according to the shape of the tooth root of the patient;
and designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a system for manufacturing a porous implant based on a CT image, including:
a contour segmentation module: used for segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of a patient;
a tooth root model reconstruction module: the system is used for converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
porous structure design module: for designing a porous structure implant morphology according to a patient's tooth root morphology;
an implant model establishing module: the root-type implant is used for designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root-type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides an electronic device, which includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, where the processor implements the method for manufacturing a porous implant based on CT images when executing the program.
In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention further provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and when the computer program is executed by a processor, the method for manufacturing a porous implant based on CT images is implemented.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
(1) compared with the conventional porous structure according to one or more embodiments, the designed implant adopts a TPMS structure, and the porous structure with different porosities and pore sizes is designed according to different bone types of alveolar bones, so that the application range is wide;
(2) according to the porous structure design of one or more embodiments, the elastic modulus of the implant can be effectively reduced, the stress shielding phenomenon is avoided, and the implant can obtain good long-term stability after being implanted; the pore size of the porous structure is favorable for the growth of blood vessels and bone tissues, and the implant forms a firmer biological combination state and is favorable for forming a long-term stable bone combination state;
(3) the root type implant obtained according to one or more embodiments of the invention has higher degree of fitting with the bone wall of the extraction socket, and better initial stability can be obtained.
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The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a result of a tooth profile segmentation in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a coordinate transformation mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic view of an implant model acquisition according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and/or "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof;
the first embodiment is as follows:
the embodiment provides a method for manufacturing a porous implant based on a CT image, as shown in FIG. 1, firstly, all contours of a single tooth are segmented according to the CT image of an oral cavity of a patient, then the segmented contours are converted into a three-dimensional point cloud format by using a coordinate conversion mechanism, and a whole tooth model is reconstructed; and segmenting according to the crown-root ratio of the tooth to be segmented in the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient to obtain the tooth root part of the tooth model. Reconstructing a personalized abutment according to the dental root part and the dental crown part of the patient (if the dental crown part does not exist, the mirror image dental crown is considered), reconstructing the root morphology by utilizing a three-cycle minimized surface (TPMS) structure, and finally obtaining the abutment implant integrated customized root type implant with a porous structure.
Because the oral CT image has the characteristic of uneven gray level, the mixed level set model can accurately identify the outline of a single tooth by utilizing the gray level information and the gradient information of the image, and the improved mixed level set model is utilized to segment all the outlines of the single tooth.
Specifically, the level set segmentation model is mainly divided into a level set model based on region information, a level set model based on edge information, and a level set model based on a hybrid model, and the level set segmentation model mainly uses information such as gray scale and gradient of an image to identify a target contour edge in the image.
The level set model for segmenting a single tooth profile is as follows:
Figure BDA0002415939590000051
wherein, deltaεIs a function of the dirac function and,
Figure BDA0002415939590000052
is a gradient operator, which is a linear operator,
Figure BDA0002415939590000053
is laplacian, div (.) is the divergence operator; mu and v are weight coefficients>0; phi is the zero-order set function, g is the edge detection function, and J (I) is the structural tensor term.
In the formula (1), a first term is a fitting term of local Gaussian distribution data inside and outside a level set evolution contour; the second term is a length term, and the level set function is subjected to smoothing treatment; the third item is a regularization item, and the reinitialization of the level set function is avoided; the last item is an area item of fused structure tensor information, and level set function evolution can be controlled to obtain an accurate target edge contour.
Because there are many teeth in the oral cavity CT image, it is necessary to determine the tooth to be segmented and select a CT from the neck portion of the tooth to be segmented to segment the initial contour and then segment the initial contour along the crown and root directions, finally obtaining the whole contour of the CT image of the tooth to be segmented. The partial segmentation results are shown in fig. 2.
In order to establish an implant model which is more fit with the bone wall of the extracted alveolar socket, after all tooth profiles are obtained, three-dimensional scattered point clouds are established according to a coordinate conversion mechanism, a whole tooth model is established according to a point cloud reconstruction algorithm, a crown-root ratio is determined according to a CT image of a patient, and finally, a tooth root part is obtained through segmentation.
Specifically, for each contour of the tooth obtained by level set segmentation, an arbitrary point on the k-th layer contour is assumed to be (m, n), D1、D2For the length and width of the CT image, the two-dimensional CT image segmentation contour can be converted into a three-dimensional scattered point form according to a coordinate conversion mechanism, which is shown in fig. 3.
And fitting the scattered points by using a Crust algorithm to obtain a three-dimensional curved surface model of the tooth. In order to accurately obtain the root part, the crown-root ratio (the ratio of the length of the crown to the length of the root) is determined by using the CT image, and the root part is obtained by segmenting the whole tooth model according to the obtained crown-root ratio. The coordinate transformation mechanism is as follows:
Figure BDA0002415939590000061
in the formula (2), m and n represent abscissa, (x1 y1), (x2 y2) represent different coordinate points, and z representskRepresenting the k layer height.
At present, the bone types of patients can be mainly divided into four types, namely type I bones, type II bones, type III bones and type IV bones. The elastic moduli and poisson ratios for the four types of bone are shown in the table below.
TABLE 1 elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio for four types of bone
Figure BDA0002415939590000062
The proper pore size and porosity can provide space for cell proliferation and migration and promote the vascularization of the mesenchymal stem cells, and the proper pore size and porosity can control the elastic modulus of the implant so that the elastic modulus of the implant is matched with the alveolar bone tissue. The porous biomaterial with the pore diameter of more than 100 mu m is beneficial to bone formation, and the pore diameter of more than 300 mu m can better promote angiogenesis and nutrient exchange. TPMS P structures with the pore diameter larger than 300 mu m and different porosities are designed, and the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the designed structures are measured by a compression test method.
When the stress is 20-60MPa, the bone is reconstructed to be in an active state, and the growth of bone tissues can be promoted; when the stress is 60-120M, the micro-damage accumulated in the bone tissue exceeds the self-repairing capability, so that the bone tissue is damaged, and pathological fracture and non-traumatic fracture are easily caused under the long-term action; when the stress is 120MPa, it is called fracture strength of bone tissue, and it is considered as the limit of the bone bearing ability. And simulating the stress condition of the implant and the surrounding alveolar bone tissues under the action of the ultimate occlusion force by using a finite element simulation analysis method. Firstly, a three-dimensional finite element analysis model after the implant is implanted is established, the cortical bone, the cancellous bone and the implant are respectively modeled, and finally an assembly model is established. And then giving the data obtained by the experiment and the alveolar bone data to cortical bone, cancellous bone and the implant respectively for finite element analysis, and analyzing the stress distribution condition. If the Frost theory can be satisfied and the bone tissue is in an active reconstruction state, the designed structure is adopted, otherwise, the structure is redesigned until the condition is satisfied.
In a three-cycle minimized surface (TPMS) structure, the P-structure has important features over other structures, which is useful for ultra-light construction materials and tissue engineering scaffold applications, where the P-structure has the smallest surface area and the highest fluid permeability in a sub-volume for a given total volume. Therefore, different porosities are set according to different alveolar bone types, and the pore size matched with the elastic modulus of alveolar bone tissues is designed to be beneficial to the ingrowth of blood vessels and bone tissues.
After a TPMS structure suitable for peripheral bone tissue reconstruction is obtained, Boolean operation is carried out by utilizing the tooth root morphology and the TPMS porous structure, and the tooth root morphology with the porous structure is obtained. Designing a gum penetrating part of an abutment: the cross section of the tooth root close to the neck is extracted, and the stretching and pattern drawing angle setting is determined according to the request condition of the soft tissue around the patient, and the stretching is generally carried out until the stretching is stopped at a distance of 0.5-1mm from the upper edge part of the gingival margin.
As shown in fig. 4, in order to better ensure the crown margin of the future crown restoration part to be hidden in the soft tissue and to improve the aesthetic degree, the restoration margin completing line is designed into a slope arc shape, is positioned on the buccal side and the lingual side of the transgingival part of the abutment towards the lowest point of the apex of the root, and is positioned at the mesial position and the distal position of the abutment towards the highest point of the crown direction. Designing an abutment prosthesis part: the abutment restoration part is mainly designed according to a dental crown part or a mirror dental crown part of a tooth, so that the stress distribution is more uniform and the implant dental crown is not easy to break when chewing after being restored.
The root-type implant obtained by the manufacturing method of the embodiment has higher degree of fitting with the bone wall of the extraction socket, and can obtain better initial stability; the design of the porous structure can effectively reduce the elastic modulus of the implant, avoid the stress shielding phenomenon and obtain good long-term stability after the implant is implanted; the pore size of the porous structure is favorable for the growth of blood vessels and bone tissues, and the implant forms a firmer biological combination state and is favorable for forming a long-term stable bone combination state.
Example two:
the embodiment provides a porous implant manufacturing system based on a CT image, which comprises:
a contour segmentation module: used for segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of a patient;
a tooth root model reconstruction module: the system is used for converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
porous structure design module: for designing a porous structure implant morphology according to a patient's tooth root morphology;
an implant model establishing module: the root-type implant is used for designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root-type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
Example three:
an object of this embodiment is to provide an electronic device, which includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, and when the processor executes the computer program, the processor implements the following steps, including:
segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient;
converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format, and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
designing the shape of the porous structure implant according to the shape of the tooth root of the patient;
and designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
Example four:
it is an object of the present embodiment to provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon a computer program which, when executed by a processor, performs the steps of:
segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient;
converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format, and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
designing the shape of the porous structure implant according to the shape of the tooth root of the patient;
and designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
The steps involved in the second to fourth embodiments correspond to the first embodiment of the method, and the detailed description thereof can be found in the relevant description of the first embodiment. The term "computer-readable storage medium" should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media containing one or more sets of instructions; it should also be understood to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a processor and that cause the processor to perform any of the methods of the present invention.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the modules or steps of the present invention described above can be implemented using general purpose computer means, or alternatively, they can be implemented using program code that is executable by computing means, such that they are stored in memory means for execution by the computing means, or they are separately fabricated into individual integrated circuit modules, or multiple modules or steps of them are fabricated into a single integrated circuit module. The present invention is not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. A porous implant manufacturing method based on CT images is characterized by comprising the following steps:
segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of the patient;
converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format, and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
designing the shape of the porous structure implant according to the shape of the tooth root of the patient;
and designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
2. The porous implant manufacturing method based on CT image as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the level set segmentation model is used to segment all the contours of a single tooth; and converting the segmented contour into a three-dimensional point cloud format by using a coordinate conversion mechanism, and establishing a whole tooth model according to a point cloud reconstruction algorithm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein when the porous structure implant is designed, different porosities are set according to different alveolar bone types, and the pore size matched with the elastic modulus of alveolar bone tissue is designed.
4. The method for preparing a porous implant based on CT image as claimed in claim 1, wherein the root morphology is reconstructed by using three-cycle minimized surface structure.
5. The method for preparing a porous implant based on CT image as claimed in claim 4, wherein the porous structure with root morphology is obtained by Boolean operation of root morphology and porous structure.
6. The method for manufacturing the porous implant based on the CT image as claimed in claim 1, wherein when designing the personalized abutment, for the transgingival part of the abutment, the cross section of the tooth root close to the neck is extracted, and the stretching and drawing angle is determined according to the condition of the surrounding soft tissues.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the prosthetic edge completing line is formed in a shape of a beveled arc, and is located on a buccal side and a lingual side of a transgingival part of the abutment in a direction of a lowest point of an apex of the root, and a highest point in a coronal direction is located at a mesial and distal position of the abutment.
8. A porous implant production system based on CT images is characterized by comprising:
a contour segmentation module: used for segmenting the outline of a single tooth according to the CT image of the oral cavity of a patient;
a tooth root model reconstruction module: the system is used for converting the segmented tooth profile into a three-dimensional point cloud format and reconstructing a tooth model; determining a crown-root ratio according to the CT image and carrying out segmentation to obtain a tooth root model;
porous structure design module: for designing a porous structure implant morphology according to a patient's tooth root morphology;
an implant model establishing module: the root-type implant is used for designing a personalized abutment according to the root part and the crown part or the mirror image crown part, and finally establishing the root-type implant integrated with the abutment implant.
9. An electronic device comprising a memory, a processor and a computer program stored on the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor executes the program to implement the method for manufacturing a porous implant based on CT images according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, which, when being executed by a processor, implements the method for manufacturing a porous implant based on CT images according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
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