CN111347043A - Method for preparing heterogeneous material by plasma cladding - Google Patents

Method for preparing heterogeneous material by plasma cladding Download PDF

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CN111347043A
CN111347043A CN202010227753.1A CN202010227753A CN111347043A CN 111347043 A CN111347043 A CN 111347043A CN 202010227753 A CN202010227753 A CN 202010227753A CN 111347043 A CN111347043 A CN 111347043A
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cladding
powder
toughness
strength
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周浩
黄家喜
高波
肖礼容
陈雪飞
曹阳
李玉胜
聂金凤
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Nanjing University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of preparation of heterogeneous materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a heterogeneous material by plasma cladding. The method comprises four procedures of pretreatment, bottom layer cladding, multilayer cladding and solid solution aging precipitation. The method comprises the following specific steps: plasma cladding is adopted, a high-strength material B is clad on a high-toughness material A matrix, then the high-toughness material A is clad on the high-strength material B matrix, the operations are repeated according to a specific overlapping and stacking mode, finally, the heterogeneous material which can be controlled and designed in the three-dimensional direction is obtained through solid solution and aging precipitation, and finally, the high strength and the high toughness of the material are realized. The invention prepares the multi-layer complex heterogeneous composite material through the plasma cladding process and the solid solution aging precipitation, effectively avoids the doping of impurities and the interface oxidation, is easy to carry out industrial production, has wide range of applicable raw materials and diverse cladding styles and shapes, and realizes the controllable and designable heterostructure in the three-dimensional direction.

Description

Method for preparing heterogeneous material by plasma cladding
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of preparation of heterogeneous materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a heterogeneous material by plasma cladding.
Background
The metal structure material has wide application in the fields of military, industry, aviation and the like. People improve the mechanical property of the material through various strengthening and toughening mechanisms, so that the material has higher use efficiency and safety. However, for homogeneous materials, the strength improvement tends to come at the expense of plasticity, which severely limits the application and development of structural materials. Therefore, how to combine strength and plasticity becomes a hot spot and a focus of research on metal structural materials.
The heterogeneous material is a novel high-strength high-toughness material which is proposed in recent years. Unlike conventional homogeneous materials, it creates soft and hard phases of differing properties on the microscopic scale of the material. The high strength and high toughness of the material are realized simultaneously by utilizing the back stress strengthening effect between soft and hard phases. A search of the literature reveals that Ma et al report on the "script material", 2015, 103: in the text "stress hardening and toughness study of coarse/nanocrystalline layered materials", published on 57-60, a lamellar structure Cu alloy material prepared by high-pressure torsional deformation and heat treatment to obtain a lamellar structure Cu alloy with coarse/nanocrystalline grain size isomerism is described, wherein the grain size of the nanocrystalline layer is about 100nm and the grain size of the coarse layer is 4 μm. The technology has the following characteristics: (1) the prepared material has good interface bonding quality; (2) the prepared Cu alloy plate has excellent mechanical property, and maintains the excellent uniform elongation of the coarse-grain Cu to a certain extent while having the high strength of the nano-grain Cu. However, this technique has the following problems: (1) difficulty in controlling oxidation of the interface; (2) the sample size obtained by high pressure torsion is too small; (3) the precision requirement on equipment and dies is high, the process is complex, and the production efficiency is low.
Further retrieval finds that Chinese invention patent CN1883834A introduces a 'preparation method of Ti-TiAl3 metal/intermetallic compound laminated composite material', which is characterized in that Ti foils and Al foils are alternately stacked after surface treatment, a pure Ti sheath is sealed and welded on the periphery of a sample, and the high-strength and high-toughness Ti-TiAl3 metal/intermetallic compound laminated composite material is obtained by hot rolling. The method is characterized in that: (1) the Ti-TiAl3 metal/intermetallic compound layered alternating composite material is obtained, which can give consideration to high strength and high toughness; (2) the layered composite materials with different thicknesses can be obtained by adjusting the number of the alternately laminated Ti foils and Al foils and the thickness of the materials. The limitations are as follows: (1) the rolling pretreatment work comprises surface cleaning, cutting, argon arc welding sealing, heating and other operations, the operation requirement is high, and the production efficiency is low; (2) in the actual process, the surface cleanliness and the sealing performance are checked, and the oxidation is difficult to control during hot rolling; (3) the bonding strength of the composite interface is difficult to ensure.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing a heterogeneous material by plasma cladding, which is used for preparing the heterogeneous material which is controllable and designable in a three-dimensional direction from a material with great mechanical property difference by a surface cladding technology according to a specially designed lap stacking mode.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: a plasma cladding method for preparing a heterogeneous material comprises the steps of cladding a high-strength material B on a high-toughness material A matrix by plasma cladding, cladding the high-toughness material A on the high-strength material B matrix by plasma cladding in different paths, and repeating the operations in a lap-joint stacking mode according to the requirement of product performance to obtain a cladded heterogeneous material; and (3) carrying out solid solution aging treatment on the clad heterogeneous material to finally form the three-dimensional heterogeneous material consisting of the material A/B.
Further, the plasma cladding is carried out under the protection of argon.
Furthermore, a powder storage device is additionally assembled on the equipment for plasma cladding, so that the addition of two cladding powders, namely the material A and the material B, can be controlled through a control interface.
Further, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step (1): pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment;
step (2): cladding the bottom layer: forming a bottom cladding layer by alternately cladding a high-toughness material A and a high-strength material B;
and (3): multilayer cladding: carrying out multilayer layer-by-layer cladding according to the selected lapping and stacking mode to obtain a cladded heterogeneous material;
and (4): solid solution aging treatment: and (4) carrying out solid solution aging treatment on the heterogeneous material obtained in the step (3) to obtain the three-dimensional heterogeneous material with high strength and toughness.
Further, the pretreatment of the substrate in the step (1) is specifically as follows: performing sand blasting treatment on the plate of the high-strength material B to remove rust, blowing clean by cold compressed air after sand blasting, sequentially putting into acetone and alcohol solution, ultrasonically cleaning for 20-30min, and drying for later use;
the cladding powder pretreatment in the step (1) specifically comprises the following steps: sieving the high-toughness material A powder and the high-strength material B powder for the second time to ensure that the particle sizes of the high-toughness material A powder and the high-strength material B powder are distributed in a range of 80-100 meshes, the powder is spherical or quasi-spherical, and drying the sieved powder in a drying oven for 0.5-100h at the drying temperature of 50-200 ℃.
Further, when different materials in the step (2) and the step (3) are alternately cladded, the cladding layer cladded in the previous time is polished by a grinding machine, then is finely ground by abrasive paper, is cleaned and dried, and then is cladded in the next time.
Further, the cladding process parameters of the high-toughness material A are: ar gas is used as plasma gas, working current is 56-74A, working voltage is 37-38V, and flow of protective gas is 1.0-1.1m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 190-210 mm/min.
Further, the cladding process parameters of the high-strength material B are as follows: ar gas as plasma gas, 60-80A of working current, 40-41V of working voltage and 1.2-1.4m of protective gas flow3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 180-200 mm/min.
Further, the solution aging treatment comprises vacuum solution treatment and aging precipitation treatment.
Further, the temperature of the vacuum solution treatment is 450-550 ℃, and the solution time is 1-12 hours; the aging precipitation is specifically performed on the sample in an oil bath furnace for 1-240 hours, and the aging temperature is selected between 150-250 ℃.
Further, the plasma cladding adopts a plurality of materials as raw materials, and the plurality of materials at least comprise a high-toughness material and a high-strength material.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the remarkable advantages that:
(1) the plasma cladding process disclosed by the invention can realize automation, the operation difficulty is low, the surface pretreatment procedure in the cladding process is single, the mechanization is easy to realize, and the production efficiency is obviously improved; according to the invention, the multilayer complex heterogeneous composite material is prepared through a plasma cladding process and solid solution aging precipitation, the whole preparation process is in a vacuum argon protection state, and impurity doping and interface oxidation are effectively avoided; the cladding process condition and the air tightness are beneficial to regulation and control, and the prepared sample has enough metallurgical bonding strength and is easy to carry out industrial production.
(2) The invention prepares the heterostructure material composed of high-strength and high-toughness materials, so that the obtained material can give consideration to both strength and toughness, and meanwhile, the application range of the material A/B is wide, and the heterostructure material comprises most metals and alloys thereof (particularly easily oxidized metals such as Mg, Al and the like), and can meet the requirements of special industrial application to a certain extent.
(3) According to the invention, multiple layers of complex heterogeneous materials are prepared according to a specific overlapping stacking mode, the overlapping mode is developed into 3D multidimensional space arrangement from the alternate arrangement of planar structures, the thickness of a cladding layer and the volume of the heterogeneous composite materials can be regulated, the cladding pattern and the shape of the heterogeneous composite materials are varied, the controllable and designable heterostructure in the three-dimensional direction is realized, and different toughening requirements of production and application are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of plasma cladding according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the solution aging treatment of the present invention; wherein, the diagram (a) is a schematic diagram of vacuum solid solution, and the diagram (b) is a schematic diagram of aging treatment.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a heterogeneous material I formed of different materials according to example 1 of the present invention; wherein, the figure (a) is a three-dimensional heterostructure, and the figure (b) is a sectional view of the figure (a) in different directions.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a heterogeneous material II formed of different materials in example 2 of the present invention; wherein, the figure (a) is a three-dimensional heterostructure, and the figure (b) is a sectional view of the figure (a) in different directions.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a heterogeneous material III formed of different materials in example 3 of the present invention; wherein, the figure (a) is a three-dimensional heterostructure, and the figure (b) is a sectional view of the figure (a) in different directions.
Description of reference numerals:
1-welding gun, 2-powder and powder feeding gas supply port, 3-cooling water inlet, 4-porcelain sleeve, 5-ion gas, 6-tungsten electrode, 7-cooling water outlet, 8-plasma arc, 9-cladding layer, 10-substrate, 11-vacuum furnace, 12-oil bath furnace, 13-7075 aluminum alloy substrate, 14-Al cladding layer and 15-7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures.
The adopted cladding process specifically comprises the steps of cladding a high-strength material B with a specific shape on a high-toughness material A matrix by adopting plasma cladding, cladding the high-toughness material A with the specific shape on the high-strength material B matrix by adopting different paths, and repeating the operations according to a specific lap-joint stacking mode. The heterogeneous structure composed of the A/B or more materials is finally formed through solid solution aging precipitation, and the high-strength and high-toughness excellent mechanical properties are achieved by utilizing the back stress strengthening and the back stress work hardening between the high-toughness material and the high-strength material.
The technical scheme for achieving the aim of the invention comprises four working procedures of pretreatment, bottom layer cladding, multilayer cladding and solid solution aging precipitation, and specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment.
Matrix pretreatment: carrying out sand blasting treatment on the base material B to remove rust, and blowing clean by cold compressed air after sand blasting; then ultrasonic cleaning in acetone and alcohol solution for 20-30min to remove oil stain, and drying.
Cladding powder pretreatment: sieving the powder A and B twice to make the particle size distribution of the powder in 80-100 meshes, wherein the powder is spherical or quasi-spherical; uniformly spreading the screened powder in a tray, placing in a drying oven, and drying at 50-200 deg.C for 0.5-100 hr while stirring to dry the powder completely.
Secondly, cladding the bottom layer: forming a bottom cladding layer by alternately cladding the high toughness material a and the high strength material B.
Cladding a high-toughness material A: and additionally assembling a powder storage device on the vacuum plasma cladding equipment protected by argon to control the addition of two cladding powders of the material A and the material B through a control interface. Through the analysis of the performances of the base material B and the cladding material A, the optimal process parameters for preparing the cladding layer of the tough material A are determined as follows: ar gas is used as plasma gas, working current is 56-74A, working voltage is 37-38V, and flow of protective gas is 1.0-1.1m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 190-210 mm/min.
Cladding a high-strength material B: in order to have good metallurgical bonding with the cladding layer of the material A, the cladding layer of the material A is polished by a grinder before cladding the high-strength material B, then is finely ground by abrasive paper, and is cleaned and dried. By applying a base material A and a clad materialThe analysis of the performance of the material B determines that the optimal process parameters for preparing the high-strength material B cladding layer are as follows: ar gas as plasma gas, 60-80A of working current, 40-41V of working voltage and 1.2-1.4m of protective gas flow3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 180-200 mm/min.
Cladding a material A on a substrate B, then carrying out surface treatment such as grinding machine grinding, abrasive paper fine grinding, cleaning and drying on the surface of the material, preparing a cladding layer of the material B with the same shape on the cladding layer of the material A, repeating the above operations, finally forming the cladding layer with the material A and the material B alternately distributed, and horizontally placing the cladding layer as a bottom substrate.
Thirdly, multilayer cladding: performing surface pretreatment on a bottom substrate, forming a material B cladding layer with the same shape as each cladding layer at the bottom on the bottom substrate, performing surface treatment on the side surface of the cladding layer, cladding a material A with the same shape on the side surface and the bottom substrate, performing operation in the same way to form a second cladding layer, and stacking and cladding layer by layer according to the cladding mode of the second cladding layer to finally obtain a certain number of layers of three-dimensional cladding structures.
Fourthly, solid solution aging precipitation: the three-dimensional heterostructure sample prepared by cladding is firstly treated by vacuum solution treatment, so that defects and trace precipitated phases formed in the cladding process are eliminated. The solid solution temperature is selected to be 450-550 ℃, and the solid solution time is 1-12 hours. And then, carrying out aging treatment on the sample for 1-240 hours in an oil bath furnace, wherein the aging temperature is selected between 150-250 ℃. The hard phase is formed through aging precipitation, and finally the three-dimensional heterogeneous complex structure with high strength and high toughness is obtained.
Example 1: plasma cladding Al/7075 aluminum alloy strip heterostructure
(1) Pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment.
The method comprises the steps of matrix pretreatment, namely cutting high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy into strips with the size of 100mm × 20mm × 20mm, carrying out sand blasting (black corundum sand) treatment on the 7075 aluminum alloy to remove rust, wherein a gun is 6cm away from the surface of a sample during sand blasting, the sand blasting angle is 80 degrees, cold compressed air is used for blowing clean after sand blasting, then the 7075 aluminum alloy is placed into an alcohol and acetone solution for ultrasonic cleaning for 30min to remove oil stains, and the 7075 aluminum alloy is dried for later use.
Cladding powder pretreatment: sieving high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy powder for the second time to ensure that the particle size of the powder is distributed between 80 and 100 meshes and the powder is spherical or spheroidal; the powder is uniformly spread in a tray and kept for drying for 4 hours in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 150 ℃, and the powder can be turned over in the drying process.
(2) Cladding the bottom layer: and alternately cladding high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy on a 7075 aluminum alloy matrix to form a bottom cladding layer.
Preparing a high-toughness Al cladding layer: a powder storage tank is additionally arranged on the vacuum plasma cladding equipment protected by argon gas and is used for controlling the addition of Al and 7075 aluminum alloy powder through a control interface. Preparing an Al cladding layer on a 7075 aluminum alloy substrate by plasma cladding, wherein the technological parameters are as follows: the plasma gas is Ar gas, the working current is 58A, the working voltage is 37V, and the flow of the protective gas is 1.0m3The distance of the nozzle from the surface was 6mm, and the scanning speed was 200 mm/min.
Preparing a high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer: before preparing the hard 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer, the Al cladding layer is ground by a grinder, then ground by 320# and 600# abrasive paper, cleaned by water and alcohol and dried. Preparing a high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer on the treated Al cladding layer by adopting plasma cladding, wherein the process parameters are as follows: the plasma gas is Ar gas, the working current is 70A, the working voltage is 40V, and the flow of the protective gas is 1.2m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6mm, and the scanning speed is 180 mm/min.
According to the structure of fig. 3, a strip-shaped Al cladding layer with the same size as that of the aluminum alloy is formed on the aluminum alloy 7075 of the base body, then after surface treatment such as grinding machine polishing, abrasive paper fine grinding, cleaning and drying and the like is carried out on the surface of the Al cladding layer, 7075 of the aluminum alloy is continuously cladded into the same strip shape, cladding is carried out alternately for 4 times in the X direction, and finally a cladding layer with Al and 7075 of the aluminum alloy alternately distributed is formed and is placed transversely to serve as a bottom base body.
(3) Multilayer cladding: carrying out surface pretreatment on a bottom layer substrate, forming a strip 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer with the same size in the X direction on the bottom layer substrate, carrying out surface treatment on the side surface of the cladding layer, cladding Al on the side surface and the bottom layer substrate to form the same strip, cladding for four times in the Y direction alternately to form a second cladding layer in which Al and 7075 aluminum alloy are distributed alternately, wherein the third layer and the fourth layer are respectively in the same mode as the second layer and the bottom layer cladding, but are clad with Al powder firstly, and the fifth layer is in the same mode as the bottom layer cladding, so that a five-layer three-dimensional cladding structure is finally obtained.
(4) Solid solution, aging and precipitation: carrying out solid solution and aging treatment on a three-dimensional cladding sample prepared by cladding under the protection of argon by using a vacuum furnace 11, wherein the solid solution temperature is 500 ℃, and carrying out water quenching after heat preservation for 12 hours to obtain a single-phase solid solution; then, the cladding sample after solid solution is subjected to artificial aging treatment in an oil bath furnace 12, the aging temperature is 150 ℃, the time is 24 hours, and solid solution aging precipitation is completed. The three-dimensional microstructure and the cross-sectional view in each direction of the obtained heterostructure sample are shown in fig. 3. Under the aging treatment at 150 ℃, almost no precipitated phase exists in the Al cladding layer, and a 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer generates a large amount of precipitated phases, so that the three-dimensional heterogeneous complex structure I with high strength and toughness is finally obtained.
Example 2: plasma cladding Al/7075 aluminum alloy bulk heterostructure
(1) Pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment.
Pre-treating the base body, namely cutting the high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy into blocks with the size of 60mm × 40mm × 30mm, then carrying out sand blasting (black corundum sand) treatment on the 7075 aluminum alloy to remove rust, wherein a gun is 6cm away from the surface of a sample during sand blasting, the sand blasting angle is 80 degrees, cold compressed air is used for blowing clean after sand blasting, then the 7075 aluminum alloy is placed into an alcohol and acetone solution for ultrasonic cleaning for 30min to remove oil stains, and the 7075 aluminum alloy is dried for later use.
Cladding powder pretreatment: sieving high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy powder for the second time to ensure that the particle size of the powder is distributed between 80 and 100 meshes and the powder is spherical or spheroidal; the powder is uniformly spread in a tray and kept for drying for 4 hours in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 150 ℃, and the powder can be turned over in the drying process.
(2) Cladding the bottom layer: and alternately cladding high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy on a 7075 aluminum alloy matrix to form a bottom cladding layer.
Preparing a high-toughness Al cladding layer: a powder storage tank is additionally arranged on the vacuum plasma cladding equipment protected by argon gas and is used for controlling the addition of Al and 7075 aluminum alloy powder through a control interface. Preparing an Al cladding layer on a 7075 aluminum alloy substrate by plasma cladding, wherein the technological parameters are as follows: the plasma gas is Ar gas, the working current is 59A, the working voltage is 37V, and the flow of the protective gas is 1.0m3The distance of the nozzle from the surface was 6mm, and the scanning speed was 210 mm/min.
Preparing a high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer: before preparing the hard 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer, the Al cladding layer is ground by a grinder, then ground by 320# and 600# abrasive paper, cleaned by water and alcohol and dried. Preparing a high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer on the treated Al cladding layer by adopting plasma cladding, wherein the process parameters are as follows: ar gas is used as plasma gas, the working current is 72A, the working voltage is 41V, and the flow of protective gas is 1.2m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6mm, and the scanning speed is 180 mm/min.
According to the structure of fig. 4, a bulk Al cladding layer having the same size as that of the base 7075 aluminum alloy Y-Z side is formed, two bulk Al cladding layers (lower) and 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layers (upper) having a size of 60mm × 60mm × 20mm are formed on the X-Z side in the Y direction, respectively, and an Al cladding layer having the same bulk as that of the base is formed on the two cladding layers continuously in the Y direction, and two bulk 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layers (lower) and an Al cladding layer (upper) having a size of 60mm × 60mm × 20mm × mm are clad on the Al cladding layer on the Y-Z side in the Y direction, and 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layers having the same bulk as that of the base are formed on the two cladding layers continuously in the Y direction.
(3) Performing surface pretreatment on a bottom layer substrate, forming a block Al cladding layer with the Y-direction dimension of 120mm × 30mm × 20mm on the leftmost side of the bottom layer substrate, forming two block Al cladding layers with the Y-direction dimension of 60mm × 60mm × 20mm (front) and 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layers (back) along the X-direction, continuously forming 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layers with the X-direction dimension of 120mm × 30mm × 20mm on the two cladding layers, forming second cladding layers with Al and 7075 aluminum alloys alternately distributed, cladding Al powder on the third layer in the same way as the bottom layer cladding mode, cladding 7075 aluminum alloy powder on the fourth layer in the same way as the second layer cladding mode, and finally obtaining a four-layer three-dimensional cladding structure.
(4) Solid solution, aging and precipitation: carrying out solid solution and aging treatment on a three-dimensional cladding sample prepared by cladding under the protection of argon by using a vacuum furnace 11, wherein the solid solution temperature is 500 ℃, and carrying out water quenching after heat preservation for 12 hours to obtain a single-phase solid solution; then, the cladding sample after solid solution is subjected to artificial aging treatment in an oil bath furnace 12, the aging temperature is 150 ℃, the time is 24 hours, and solid solution aging precipitation is completed. The three-dimensional microstructure and the cross-sectional view in each direction of the obtained heterostructure sample are shown in fig. 4. Under the aging treatment at 150 ℃, almost no precipitated phase exists in the Al cladding layer, and a 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer generates a large amount of precipitated phases, so that the three-dimensional heterogeneous complex structure II with high strength and toughness is finally obtained.
Example 3: concave-convex heterostructure for plasma cladding Al/7075 aluminum alloy
(1) Pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment.
The method comprises the steps of matrix pretreatment, namely cutting high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy into a concave-convex shape with a lower plane size of 45mm × 30mm × 10mm and three convex-convex sizes of 45mm × 10mm × 10mm (size I) distributed on the left, the middle and the right, performing sand blasting (black corundum sand) treatment on the 7075 aluminum alloy to remove rust, wherein a gun is 6cm away from the surface of a sample during sand blasting, the sand blasting angle is 80 degrees, blasting clean with cold compressed air after sand blasting, placing the 7075 aluminum alloy into an alcohol and acetone solution, performing ultrasonic cleaning for 30min to remove oil stains, and drying for later use.
Cladding powder pretreatment: sieving high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy powder for the second time to ensure that the particle size of the powder is distributed between 80 and 100 meshes and the powder is spherical or spheroidal; the powder is uniformly spread in a tray and kept for drying for 4 hours in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 150 ℃, and the powder can be turned over in the drying process.
(2) Cladding the bottom layer: and alternately cladding high-toughness Al and high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy on a 7075 aluminum alloy matrix to form a bottom cladding layer.
Preparing a high-toughness Al cladding layer: a powder storage tank is additionally arranged on the vacuum plasma cladding equipment protected by argon gas and is used for controlling the addition of Al and 7075 aluminum alloy powder through a control interface. Preparing an Al cladding layer on a 7075 aluminum alloy substrate by plasma cladding, wherein the technological parameters are as follows: the plasma gas is Ar gas, the working current is 58A, the working voltage is 38V, and the flow of the protective gas is 1.1m3The distance of the nozzle from the surface was 6mm, and the scanning speed was 200 mm/min.
Preparing a high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer: before preparing the hard 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer, the Al cladding layer is ground by a grinder, then ground by 320# and 600# abrasive paper, cleaned by water and alcohol and dried. The high-strength 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer prepared by plasma cladding is adopted on the treated Al cladding layer, and the process parameters are as follows: the plasma gas is Ar gas, the working current is 78A, the working voltage is 41V, and the flow of the protective gas is 1.3m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6mm, and the scanning speed is 180 mm/min.
According to the structure of fig. 5, an Al cladding layer having an upper plane size of 45mm × 30mm × 10mm and two lower convex sizes of 45mm × 10mm × 10mm (size two) matching with the substrate protrusion is formed above an aluminum alloy 7075, an Al cladding layer (lower) of size two and an Al cladding layer (upper) of size one are formed on Y-Z side surfaces in the X direction, respectively, an Al cladding layer (lower) of size one and an Al cladding layer (upper) of size two are formed continuously in the X direction, an Al cladding layer (upper) of size one is formed on X-Z side surfaces of an aluminum alloy 7075 in the Y direction, an Al cladding layer (lower) of size two and an Al cladding layer (upper) of size one are formed continuously in the X direction, then an Al cladding layer (lower) of size one and an Al cladding layer (upper) of size two are formed on Y-Z side surfaces of the two cladding layers in the X direction, respectively, an Al cladding layer (lower) of size one and an Al cladding layer (upper) of size two and an Al cladding layer (7075) are formed continuously as a single aluminum alloy cladding layer, and the Al cladding layers are finally distributed as a bottom layer, and the Al cladding layers are treated alternately.
(3) Multilayer cladding: performing surface pretreatment on a bottom-layer substrate, forming a 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer with the length dimension direction being the X-direction dimension I on the front left side of the bottom-layer substrate, forming an Al cladding layer with the dimension II on the cladding layer, respectively forming an Al cladding layer with the dimension II (lower) and an Al cladding layer with the dimension I (upper) on the X-Z side surface along the Y direction, and continuously respectively forming an 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer with the dimension I (lower) and an Al cladding layer with the dimension II (upper) along the Y direction; an Al cladding layer with a first size is formed on the Y-Z side surface of the 7075 aluminum alloy of the substrate along the X direction, an 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer with a second size is formed above the cladding layer, then, an 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer (lower) with the second size and an Al cladding layer (upper) with the first size are respectively formed on the X-Z side surfaces of the two cladding layers along the Y direction, and the Al cladding layer (lower) with the first size and the 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer (upper) with the second size are continuously formed along the Y direction to serve as second cladding layers. The cladding mode of the third layer is the same as that of the bottom layer, but Al powder is cladded firstly, and finally the three-layer three-dimensional cladding structure is obtained.
(4) Solid solution, aging and precipitation: carrying out solid solution and aging treatment on a three-dimensional cladding sample prepared by cladding under the protection of argon by using a vacuum furnace 11, wherein the solid solution temperature is 500 ℃, and carrying out water quenching after heat preservation for 12 hours to obtain a single-phase solid solution; then, the cladding sample after solid solution is subjected to artificial aging treatment in an oil bath furnace 12, the aging temperature is 150 ℃, the time is 24 hours, and solid solution aging precipitation is completed. The three-dimensional microstructure and the cross-sectional view in each direction of the obtained heterostructure sample are shown in fig. 5. Under the aging treatment at 150 ℃, almost no precipitated phase exists in the Al cladding layer, and a 7075 aluminum alloy cladding layer generates a large amount of precipitated phases, so that the three-dimensional heterogeneous complex structure III with high strength and toughness is finally obtained.

Claims (10)

1. A method for preparing heterogeneous materials by plasma cladding is characterized in that plasma cladding is adopted, a high-strength material B is cladded on a high-toughness material A matrix, different paths are adopted, then the high-toughness material A is cladded on the high-strength material B matrix by plasma cladding, and the operations are repeated in a lap-joint stacking mode according to the requirements of product performance to obtain a cladded heterogeneous material; and (3) carrying out solid solution aging treatment on the clad heterogeneous material to finally form the three-dimensional heterogeneous material consisting of the material A/B.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma cladding is performed under argon shield.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the apparatus for plasma cladding is additionally equipped with a powder storage device for controlling the addition of both cladding powders of material a and B through a control interface.
4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises in particular the steps of:
step (1): pretreatment: comprises matrix pretreatment and cladding powder pretreatment;
step (2): cladding the bottom layer: forming a bottom cladding layer by alternately cladding a high-toughness material A and a high-strength material B;
and (3): multilayer cladding: carrying out multilayer layer-by-layer cladding according to the selected lapping and stacking mode to obtain a cladded heterogeneous material;
and (4): solid solution aging treatment: and (4) carrying out solid solution aging treatment on the heterogeneous material obtained in the step (3) to obtain the three-dimensional heterogeneous material with high strength and toughness.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the substrate pretreatment in step (1) is specifically: performing sand blasting treatment on the plate of the high-strength material B to remove rust, blowing clean by cold compressed air after sand blasting, sequentially putting into acetone and alcohol solution, ultrasonically cleaning for 20-30min, and drying for later use;
the cladding powder pretreatment in the step (1) specifically comprises the following steps: sieving the high-toughness material A powder and the high-strength material B powder for the second time to ensure that the particle sizes of the high-toughness material A powder and the high-strength material B powder are distributed in a range of 80-100 meshes, the powder is spherical or quasi-spherical, and drying the sieved powder in a drying oven for 0.5-100h at the drying temperature of 50-200 ℃.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein when different materials are alternately coated in the step (2) and the step (3), the coating layer coated in the previous time is ground by a grinding machine, then is finely ground by abrasive paper, is cleaned and dried, and then is coated in the next time.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the cladding process parameters of the high-toughness material A are as follows: ar gas is used as plasma gas, working current is 56-74A, working voltage is 37-38V, and flow of protective gas is 1.0-1.1m3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 190-210 mm/min.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the cladding process parameters of the high-strength material B are as follows: ar gas as plasma gas, 60-80A of working current, 40-41V of working voltage and 1.2-1.4m of protective gas flow3The distance between the nozzle and the surface is 6-8mm, and the scanning speed is 180-200 mm/min.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the solution aging treatment comprises a vacuum solution treatment and an aging precipitation treatment; the temperature of the vacuum solution treatment is 450-550 ℃, and the solution time is 1-12 hours; the aging precipitation is specifically performed on the sample in an oil bath furnace for 1-240 hours, and the aging temperature is selected between 150-250 ℃.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein said plasma cladding is formed from a plurality of materials, said plurality of materials including at least one of a high toughness material and a high strength material.
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