CN111314846B - Mobile terminal joint attachment method and system, storage medium and mobile terminal - Google Patents

Mobile terminal joint attachment method and system, storage medium and mobile terminal Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111314846B
CN111314846B CN202010102739.9A CN202010102739A CN111314846B CN 111314846 B CN111314846 B CN 111314846B CN 202010102739 A CN202010102739 A CN 202010102739A CN 111314846 B CN111314846 B CN 111314846B
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mobile terminal
lai
mme
tai
current position
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CN111314846A (en
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张余
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China United Network Communications Group Co Ltd
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China United Network Communications Group Co Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W68/00User notification, e.g. alerting and paging, for incoming communication, change of service or the like
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W4/00Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
    • H04W4/02Services making use of location information
    • H04W4/025Services making use of location information using location based information parameters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W64/00Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00Connection management
    • H04W76/10Connection setup

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a method and a system for joint attachment of a mobile terminal, a storage medium and the mobile terminal. The method comprises the following steps: the MME constructs an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table comprises a TAI, a plurality of LAIs and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlapping area of each LAI; the MME receives a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card; the connection request message contains the current position information of the mobile terminal; the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information and the association table of the mobile terminal, and determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal; and the MME completes the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal. The method greatly shortens the call setup time of the mobile terminal and improves the user experience.

Description

Mobile terminal joint attachment method and system, storage medium and mobile terminal
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of communication, and particularly relates to a method and a system for joint attachment of a mobile terminal, a storage medium and the mobile terminal.
Background
At present, in a CSFB call implementation flow, when a mobile terminal has an incoming call, an MSC sends a paging request to an MME, the MME sends a paging request to the mobile terminal, the mobile terminal receives the paging request sent by the MME, the mobile terminal sends an extended service request to the MME, the MME sends a mobile terminal fallback cell indication to an eNB, the eNB sends configured fallback cell information to the mobile terminal, the mobile terminal performs fallback cell measurement and sends a measurement result to the eNB, the eNB determines a suitable fallback cell and then sends the information to the mobile terminal, the mobile terminal falls back to the suitable cell, if the fallback cell is not consistent with the cell identifier during joint attachment, the mobile terminal first performs location update, and after the location update is completed, the mobile terminal sends paging response information to the MSC to establish a call.
In the implementation process of the call flow, the mobile terminal deduces the LAI according to the located TAI during the joint attachment, but in the LTE network construction process, the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAI may not be completely consistent, and the LAI deduced by the TAI may not be the LAI of the fallback cell, so that the location update flow is required after the mobile terminal falls back when there is an incoming call after the joint attachment, and the call setup time is prolonged.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides a method and a system for mobile terminal joint attachment, a storage medium and a mobile terminal, which are directed to the above problems in the prior art. The method greatly shortens the call setup time of the mobile terminal and improves the user experience.
The invention provides a mobile terminal joint attachment method, which comprises the following steps:
step S1: the MME constructs an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table comprises a TAI, a plurality of LAIs and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlapping area of each LAI;
step S2: the MME receives a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card; the connection request message contains the current position information of the mobile terminal;
step S3: the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal;
step S4: and the MME completes the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal.
Optionally, the determining, by the MME, the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal according to the current location information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determining the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal as the LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached includes:
judging the overlapping of the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAIs in the MME domain;
if the coverage range of the TAI and the LAI is overlapped, determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached by the mobile terminal;
and if the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs, calculating the distance between each LAI and the current position of the mobile terminal, selecting the LAI with the minimum distance with the current position of the mobile terminal, and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
Optionally, the step of the MME completing the joint attachment to the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment to the mobile terminal includes:
MME sends SGs location update request message to corresponding VLR; the SGs location updating request message comprises LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal, IMSI of a 4G multi-mode card, MME information and a location updating type;
VLR stores the MME information and establishes SGs association with a 4G multimode card under MME;
the VLR initiates a 4G multi-mode card position updating flow to the HLR according to the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal and the IMSI of the 4G multi-mode card, and returns confirmation information to the MME after the updating is completed;
and the MME sends an attachment completion message to the mobile terminal to complete the joint attachment of the 4G multi-mode card of the mobile terminal.
Optionally, the method further comprises:
step S5: the MME sends a mobile terminal drop-back cell indication to the eNB;
step S6: the eNB sends the configured LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal;
step S7: the mobile terminal falls back to the cell corresponding to the LAI to which it is jointly attached.
The invention also provides a mobile terminal joint attachment system, which comprises:
the building module is used for building an association table by the MME according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table comprises a TAI, a plurality of LAIs and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlapping area of each LAI;
the request receiving module is used for receiving a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card by the MME; the connection request message contains the current position information of the mobile terminal;
a determining module, configured to determine, by the MME, an LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal according to the current location information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determine the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal as an LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached;
and the joint attachment module is used for the MME to complete joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal.
Optionally, the determining module includes:
the judging unit is used for judging the overlapping of the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAIs in the MME domain;
the calculating unit is used for calculating the distance between each LAI and the current position of the mobile terminal when the judgment result of the judging unit is that the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs;
a determining unit, configured to determine, when the determination result of the determining unit is that the coverage areas of the TAI and one LAI overlap, the LAI as an LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached; and when the judgment result of the judgment unit is that the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs, selecting the LAI with the minimum distance with the current position of the mobile terminal and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
The invention also provides a storage medium, and the storage medium stores the mobile terminal joint attachment system.
The invention also provides a mobile terminal comprising the storage medium.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the mobile terminal joint attachment method provided by the invention can ensure that the LAI deduced according to the TAI of the mobile terminal is more accurately the LAI actually positioned in the mobile terminal under the condition that the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAI are inconsistent by constructing the association table comprising the TAI, a plurality of LAIs and the one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage range overlapping area of each LAI, and determining the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal, thereby accurately determining the LAI actually attached to the mobile terminal, namely accurately determining the cell actually required to fall back of the mobile terminal, avoiding the situation that the mobile terminal which has fallen back carries out the position updating process again when the call comes after joint attachment, and further greatly shortening the call setup time of the mobile terminal, the user experience is improved.
The storage medium provided by the invention can execute the mobile terminal joint attachment method by storing the mobile terminal joint attachment system, thereby greatly shortening the call establishment time of the mobile terminal and improving the user experience.
The mobile terminal provided by the invention can greatly shorten the call establishment time and improve the user experience by adopting the storage medium.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flowchart of step S3 of the method for associating and attaching a mobile terminal according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a mobile terminal joint attachment system in embodiment 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the method and system for mobile terminal joint attachment, the storage medium and the mobile terminal of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal, as shown in fig. 1, including:
step S1: the MME constructs an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table includes the TAI, a plurality of LAIs, and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlap area of each LAI.
Step S2: the MME receives a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card; the connection request message includes current location information of the mobile terminal.
Step S3: and the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information and the association table of the mobile terminal, and determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
Step S4: and the MME completes the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal.
The joint attachment of the mobile terminal refers to joint attachment of a 4G multi-mode card of the mobile terminal, namely the 4G multi-mode card is attached to a 3G network, and communication is carried out by utilizing the 3G network. After the 4G multi-mode card is attached, the call link of the mobile terminal during the call can be realized. MME, Mobility Management Entity, represents a network node. LAI, Location Area Identity; LAI is a concept of circuit domain in the 2G and 3G era that enables a mobile switching exchange (MSC/server) to search for all cells in the location area of a terminal when paging the terminal, even if the location of the terminal is known. The terminal does not need location update in a location area; when moving across location areas, a location area updating process needs to be initiated so that a network can know the location area of a terminal; meanwhile, in order to keep close contact with the network side, the terminal needs to periodically perform a location area updating process. TAI, Tracking Area Identity, is a concept established by the LTE system for location management of a terminal. When the terminal is in an idle state, the core network can know the tracking area where the terminal is located, and when the terminal in the idle state needs to be paged, paging must be performed in all cells of the tracking area where the terminal is registered. The tracking area is configured at a cell level, a plurality of cells can be configured with the same tracking area, and one cell can only belong to one tracking area.
Through the steps S1-S4, when the TAI and the LAI coverage are not consistent, the LAI derived from the TAI where the mobile terminal is located can be more accurately the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually located, so that the LAI to which the mobile terminal should actually attach can be accurately determined, that is, the cell to which the mobile terminal should actually fall back is accurately determined, and the situation that the mobile terminal that has fallen back performs the location updating process again when there is an incoming call after the combined attachment is avoided, thereby greatly shortening the call setup time of the mobile terminal and improving the user experience.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal, as shown in fig. 2, including:
step S1: the MME constructs an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table includes the TAI, a plurality of LAIs, and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlap area of each LAI.
Step S2: the MME receives a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card; the connection request message includes current location information of the mobile terminal.
Step S3: and the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information and the association table of the mobile terminal, and determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
The method specifically comprises the following steps: as shown in figure 3 of the drawings,
step S31: and judging the coverage range of the TAI and the LAI in the MME region.
If the TAI overlaps with the coverage of one LAI, step S32 is performed: and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached by the mobile terminal.
If the TAI overlaps with the coverage of more than two LAIs, step S33 is performed: and calculating the distance between each LAI and the current position of the mobile terminal, selecting the LAI with the minimum distance from the current position of the mobile terminal, and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
Through the steps S31-S33, when the TAI and the LAI coverage are not consistent, the LAI derived from the TAI can be more accurately the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually located, so that the LAI where the mobile terminal should actually be jointly attached can be accurately determined, the mobile terminal is prevented from performing the location updating process again when there is an incoming call after the joint attachment, and the call setup time of the mobile terminal is greatly shortened.
Step S4: and the MME completes the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S41: MME sends SGs location update request message to corresponding VLR; the SGs location update request message includes the LAI of the mobile terminal associated with the mobile terminal, the IMSI of the 4G multimode card, the MME information, and the location update type.
Step S42: the VLR stores MME information and creates SGs associations with 4G multimode cards under MME.
Step S43: and the VLR initiates a 4G multi-mode card position updating process to the HLR according to the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal and the IMSI of the 4G multi-mode card, and returns confirmation information to the MME after the updating is completed.
Step S44: and the MME sends an attachment completion message to the mobile terminal to complete the joint attachment of the 4G multi-mode card of the mobile terminal.
In this embodiment, the method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal further includes: as shown in fig. 2, step S5: and the MME sends a mobile terminal falling cell indication to the eNB.
Step S6: and the eNB sends the configured LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
Step S7: the mobile terminal falls back to the cell corresponding to the LAI to which it is jointly attached.
Advantageous effects of examples 1 to 2: the method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal provided in embodiment 1-2, by constructing an association table including TAI, a plurality of LAIs, and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and a coverage overlapping area of each LAI, determining the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal according to the current location information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determining the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal as the LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached, can make the LAI derived according to the TAI where the mobile terminal is located more accurately become the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually located under the condition that the TAI and the LAI coverage are not consistent, so as to accurately determine the LAI to which the mobile terminal is actually attached, i.e., accurately determine a cell where the mobile terminal should actually fall back, avoid that the mobile terminal that has returned when there is an incoming call after joint attachment performs a location update procedure again, thereby greatly shortening call setup time of the mobile terminal, the user experience is improved.
Example 3
Based on the method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal provided in embodiment 2, this embodiment provides a system for jointly attaching a mobile terminal, as shown in fig. 4, including: the building module 1 is used for the MME building an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the domain; the association table includes the TAI, a plurality of LAIs, and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlap area of each LAI. The request receiving module 2 is used for receiving a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card by the MME; the connection request message includes current location information of the mobile terminal. And the determining module 3 is configured to determine, by the MME, the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal according to the current location information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determine the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal as the LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached. And the joint attachment module 4 is used for the MME to complete joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the mobile terminal joint attachment.
By arranging the building module 1, the request receiving module 2, the determining module 3 and the joint attachment module 4, the LAI deduced according to the TAI of the mobile terminal can be more accurately changed into the LAI actually positioned by the mobile terminal under the condition that the coverage of the TAI is inconsistent with the coverage of the LAI, so that the LAI actually adhered to the mobile terminal can be accurately determined, namely, the cell actually to which the mobile terminal should fall back is accurately determined, the situation that the mobile terminal which has fallen back carries out a position updating process again when an incoming call exists after joint attachment is avoided, the call establishment time is greatly shortened, and the user experience is improved.
In this embodiment, the determining module 3 includes: and the determining unit 31 is configured to determine how many LAIs the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs overlap in the MME domain. And a calculating unit 32, configured to calculate a distance between each LAI and the current location of the mobile terminal when the determination result of the determining unit 31 is that the TAI overlaps with the coverage of two or more LAIs. A determining unit 33, configured to determine, when the determination result of the determining unit 31 is that the TAI overlaps with the coverage of one LAI, the LAI as an LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached; and when the determination result of the determining unit 31 is that the TAI overlaps with the coverage of more than two LAIs, the LAI with the minimum distance from the current location of the mobile terminal is selected and determined as the LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached.
By arranging the judging unit 31, the calculating unit 32 and the determining unit 33, when the TAI and the LAI coverage are not consistent, the LAI derived from the TAI can be more accurately the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually located, so that the LAI where the mobile terminal should be actually attached in a combined manner can be accurately determined, the situation that the mobile terminal performs a location updating process again when an incoming call exists after the combined attachment is avoided, and the call setup time of the mobile terminal is greatly shortened.
Beneficial effects of example 3: in the mobile terminal joint attachment system provided in embodiment 3, by setting the building module, the request receiving module, the determining module, and the joint attachment module, the LAI derived from the TAI of the mobile terminal can be more accurately changed into the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually located under the condition that the coverage of the TAI and the LAI are not consistent, so that the LAI where the mobile terminal is actually attached can be accurately determined, that is, the cell where the mobile terminal is actually supposed to fall back is accurately determined, and the mobile terminal that has fallen back when there is an incoming call after joint attachment is prevented from performing a location update procedure again, thereby greatly shortening the call setup time of the mobile terminal and improving user experience.
Example 4
The present embodiment provides a storage medium storing the mobile terminal cooperative attachment system in embodiment 3.
The storage medium stores the mobile terminal joint attachment system in embodiment 3, and can execute the mobile terminal joint attachment method in embodiment 1 or 2, thereby greatly shortening the call setup time of the mobile terminal and improving the user experience.
Example 5
The present embodiment provides a mobile terminal including the storage medium of embodiment 4.
By adopting the storage medium in embodiment 4, the mobile terminal can greatly shorten the call setup time and improve the user experience.
It will be understood that the above embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments taken to illustrate the principles of the present invention, which is not limited thereto. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention, and these modifications and improvements are also considered to be within the scope of the invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for jointly attaching a mobile terminal is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: the MME constructs an association table according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table comprises a TAI, a plurality of LAIs and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlapping area of each LAI;
step S2: the MME receives a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card; the connection request message contains the current position information of the mobile terminal;
step S3: the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal;
step S4: the MME completes the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal;
the MME determines the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal according to the current position information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and the determining of the LAI corresponding to the current position of the mobile terminal as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal comprises the following steps:
judging the overlapping of the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAIs in the MME domain;
if the coverage range of the TAI and the LAI is overlapped, determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached by the mobile terminal;
and if the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs, calculating the distance between each LAI and the current position of the mobile terminal, selecting the LAI with the minimum distance with the current position of the mobile terminal, and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of the MME completing the joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal comprises:
MME sends SGs location update request message to corresponding VLR; the SGs location updating request message comprises LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal, IMSI of a 4G multi-mode card, MME information and a location updating type;
VLR stores the MME information and establishes SGs association with a 4G multimode card under MME;
the VLR initiates a 4G multi-mode card position updating flow to the HLR according to the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal and the IMSI of the 4G multi-mode card, and returns confirmation information to the MME after the updating is completed;
and the MME sends an attachment completion message to the mobile terminal to complete the joint attachment of the 4G multi-mode card of the mobile terminal.
3. The method for jointly attaching to a mobile terminal according to claim 2, further comprising:
step S5: the MME sends a mobile terminal drop-back cell indication to the eNB;
step S6: the eNB sends the configured LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal;
step S7: the mobile terminal falls back to the cell corresponding to the LAI to which it is jointly attached.
4. A mobile terminal joint attachment system, comprising:
the building module is used for building an association table by the MME according to the overlapping condition of the coverage areas of the TAI and the LAIs in the jurisdiction thereof; the association table comprises a TAI, a plurality of LAIs and a one-to-one correspondence relationship between the TAI and the coverage overlapping area of each LAI;
the request receiving module is used for receiving a connection request message sent by the mobile terminal through the 4G multimode card by the MME; the connection request message contains the current position information of the mobile terminal;
a determining module, configured to determine, by the MME, an LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal according to the current location information of the mobile terminal and the association table, and determine the LAI corresponding to the current location of the mobile terminal as an LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached;
the joint attachment module is used for the MME to complete joint attachment of the mobile terminal according to the LAI of the joint attachment of the mobile terminal;
the determining module comprises:
the judging unit is used for judging the overlapping of the coverage ranges of the TAI and the LAIs in the MME domain;
the calculating unit is used for calculating the distance between each LAI and the current position of the mobile terminal when the judgment result of the judging unit is that the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs;
a determining unit, configured to determine, when the determination result of the determining unit is that the coverage areas of the TAI and one LAI overlap, the LAI as an LAI to which the mobile terminal is jointly attached; and when the judgment result of the judgment unit is that the TAI is overlapped with the coverage range of more than two LAIs, selecting the LAI with the minimum distance with the current position of the mobile terminal and determining the LAI as the LAI jointly attached to the mobile terminal.
5. A storage medium, comprising: instructions which, when executed by a mobile terminal joint attachment system, implement the mobile terminal joint attachment method according to any of claims 1-3.
6. A mobile terminal characterized by comprising the storage medium of claim 5.
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