CN1113072A - 露天开采的煤和褐煤田的可耕地的耕作方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明描述了一种露天开采后的矿区的温室种
植方法,应用一种技术产品,能将用水的经济性提高
到7—8倍,这种产品用树脂将杀虫剂和养份包在一
系统中,使其成分逐渐释放,实现无限量给养,还利用
碳酸钙限制土壤中细菌产生硫酸的作用,不污染土
质,因此不需迁移温室。这种方法构成了一种在那些
无肥的毒性土壤中进行农业种植的新颖的方案。
Description
本发明描述了一种露天开采的褐煤和煤田的农业利用方法。该方法描述一种向那些田地中引入技术产品的独特方法,在褐煤和煤田中的碳质物质开采完后,大规模采用温室进行农业种植时,该产品能够促进这种土壤中的用水经济性和水肥效力。
露天开采富矿层以后的褐煤和煤田废弃土壤四处堆积,形成含有碳物质的表层,其土质通常为非均衡的,而且没有肥力。开采后恢复的土层和废弃物堆形成的土层还含有硫,通常含硫量高达0.5-3%。该土壤中所含硫很快通过氧化硫的硫氧化菌的氧化作用转变成硫酸。
露天开采后的褐煤和煤田的土质被公认为毒性的成问题的,国际上有两种技术解决手段。
a.在煤田上覆以0.8-1.2m厚的肥沃的表层土壤,这是非常昂贵和费力的处理方法,尽管如此,仍为目前所采用的方法。
b.在露天开采碳质矿物以前移动表层土壤,将其成堆存在封闭的屏蔽处,矿物开采完后再将其铺在该田地的地面上。这种解决方案从技术和生态学上讲都是正确的,但由于其精度要求高,而且成本昂贵,所以并未付诸实施。
由此可见,经过开采煤碳、褐煤或泥煤的土壤,要重新恢复农用是困难的。改良这些土壤使其肥沃是研究中的问题,因为大自然不会为我们进行这种改良。此外,煤田或褐煤田还存在土壤不稳定和保水性差的问题,而且还不断受到城市酸沉积物的困扰。在热电厂长期运行的情况下,土壤中的全部碱性将被中和,形成酸性地带或酸性区域。
估计碳物质燃烧发电后,至少60%的硫以气态析出或作为飞灰沉积在褐煤或煤矿采区。在运行着的矿区,其排放量如下(单位:吨/年):
表褐煤田 褐煤燃量 飞灰量 SO2 NOX希腊梅伽洛波里斯 15.000.000 60.000 200.000 150.000希腊普托雷麦斯 45.000.000 120.000 300.000 500.000
所有上述的酸沉积物连续地使该地区土质恶化,土壤的碱性中和。但碱性是有限的,最终将导致酸性区域或酸性地带的形成。在希腊梅伽洛波里斯褐煤田所作的分析表明,褐煤田的土壤中含硫值很高,并且随着农业活动,硫向硫酸的生物氧化将加速土壤功能的破坏。
表
希腊梅伽洛波里斯褐煤田土壤样品氧化的分析结果
(用30% H2O2对土壤样品的氧化)
样品号 氧化后的pH值
1 1.80
2 6.20
3 7.10
4 4.80
5 4.10
6 1.50
7 4.20
8 2.90
由于露天开采后的煤田和褐煤田的土质没有自然肥力,现在采用的在其上铺0.8-1.2m厚的土壤的作法花费大,而且难于找到那么多可转移过来的肥土,因此这种土地的农业再利用目前尚不可行。另一方面,热电厂又年复一年地运转着,将煤或褐煤露天开采后燃烧,在空气中产生越来越多的沉积物。
反之,为当地人创造农业就业机会,使他们得到满意的收入又是很迫切的,唯一的可能性就是通过与电厂一起运转的温室。
这些地区的冷却水提供了大量的可供补充加热的温水源,从而降低了成本。但温室需要腐殖土和保水性。经验证明,温室操作导致土壤污染,每2-4年需将温室迁移。然而,这种条件对于在煤田和褐煤田操作的温室是不切实际的,因为温室的建造质量需要很高的技术,迁移工作花费很高。
为改良这些有毒的田地及采用温室技术,本发明建议的解决手段是非常独特,非常有益的。它以上述需要为依据,采用程序化生产,稳定和提高保水性,通过生物调节,使养份按照当时的需要合理地获得,使全部养份有条理地被慢慢消耗,因而不致使土质恶化,也不会向周围遗弃废置材料。
本发明的解决方案包括:
a)采用本发明所建议的,在土壤中水份保持率很高(其重量的200-300倍)的聚合物产品。大量的被保持的水,其分子被围住,既不蒸发也不渗到地下,因而可用于提供植物所需的养份。用这种方法连续供水,水的经济性可提高到10倍。此外,这些聚合物产品是通过无限量离子交换和吸收-解吸来提高供水效益的,因此起到增肥剂的作用,在程序化种植中使食品的质量和产量都提高。
b)施用被包覆成非水溶态并且在土壤中可生物降解的化肥、土壤杀虫剂和痕量金属等。
目前市售的上述a)和b)类产品如聚丙烯酰胺,被用作超级吸收剂,并用于包覆以提供养份化肥,但它们并不能满足在有毒的煤和褐煤田上进行温室种植的要求。
上述解决方案已由本申请的发明人作了研究,并利用该发明人所开发的产品,即在美国专利US 5137563中作了描述的、商品名为Bioval-BRF的包衣化肥和所建议的、商品名为Hydrovd-X,并在相关的希腊专利中作了描述的聚合物进行了试验,达到了目的。
所建议的聚合物产品主要由回收的聚合物衍生而来,在土壤中的有效期可达30年,通过反复的作用,保持的植物生长所需水量可达到其自重的250倍。通过Hydroval-X的作用,涂覆的化肥等在土壤里按照当时的生物活动来消耗。
由于采用了这两种技术产品,能够不断供水,植物不断地吸收养份促进了生长,用水经济性得到提高,并能够将Bival-BRF中的养份全部吸收。从而在土壤中不产生废料排卸,因此也就无需替换。所以,利用这种独创的高效益解决方法,形成了不需要每2至4年迁移一次的温室操作的条件。事实上,这是在电厂运行着的、空气中不断产生酸性沉积物的地区进行温室种植的独特条件。
但要在煤田或褐煤田进行本发明的温室种植,还要解决那里的土质不稳定而且含硫的问题。种植植物并进行生物量生产,会将硫氧化成硫酸。而且引入密集的温室操作将使其加剧。本发明对此作如下处理:将温室的土壤与碳酸钙粉末大量混合并铺成一定深度,创造安全的种植条件,消除了因酸污染而破坏温室生产的危险。
实施例1
在要建温室处挖出1.5m深、25m宽、60m长的土。将挖出的土与1%至2%的粉末状碳酸钙混合,将混合后的土壤填到所挖的池中,留下30cm的上层。剩下的含有碳酸钙的土与1‰ W/W的Hy-droval-X和5‰ W/W的Bioval-BRF完全混合,并用来填充该30cm的上层。在该调整好的土地上建立一座设计复杂的温室,它应采用热电厂的蒸汽轮机的冷却用温水加温。
实施例2
用例1的方法处理经过H2O2氧化已显pH6.5酸性的希腊梅伽洛波里斯褐煤田的土壤,在该土壤上建立一温室,附有由热电厂的冷却水所提供的加热网,温室内保持30℃恒温和饱和湿度。将温室的土壤平整,与其平行放置一架子,架上放有未处理的褐煤土壤,两种土壤上都种上蕃茄幼苗,每3天浇一次水。
温室土壤 架内土壤6天 生长15cm 3.8cm12天 生长20.3cm 7.1cm20天 生长31cm 10.2cm40天 生长39cm 12.2cm蕃茄株 开花茂盛 不开花干生物量 122克/株 32克/株即:生长速度和发育情况均为4倍
实施例3
在氧化(H2O2)后pH值为5.8的希腊普托雷麦斯褐煤田的土壤上象例2那样组织蕃茄种植。
得到如下结果:
温室土壤 架内土壤6天生长 15cm 4cm12天生长 22cm 6cm20天生长 34cm 全部枯萎40天生长 43cm蕃茄植株 开花茂盛干生物量产量 129克/株
实施例4
在氧化(H2O2)后pH值为6.8的普托雷麦斯褐煤田的土壤上,分别在温室内的土壤和架子上种植莴苣,保持30℃室温,2天浇水一次。
温室土壤 架内土壤6天生长 16cm 6cm12天生长 21cm 11.2cm20天生长 35cm 16cm40天生长 46cm 20.1cm干生物量产量 32克/株 10.5克/株
实施例5
用例4的温室土壤研究水经济性的条件。植株生长12天后停止浇水。生长42天后出现枯萎。在此期间生长规律未见异常。由此可见水的经济性为自然生长时的7倍。
Claims (6)
1.在露天开采碳质物矿层后的褐煤田和煤田上进行种植的方法,包括大量采用温室操作,温室还通过电厂的冷却用温水加热,在30℃恒温下运行。
2.在露天开采碳质矿层后的褐煤和煤田上进行种植的方法,其特征在于提高生物控制给养,提高用水的经济性,通过在土壤中引入1%至2%W/W碳酸钙粉末防止硫生物氧化成硫酸。
3.如权利要求1、2和3所述的方法,其特征在于,为促进用水经济性和生物控制给养,采用技术产品,其为经过多步骤处理的回收聚合物或新聚合物,通过离子交换与吸收-解吸收作用将水的经济性提高到10倍,并提高了无限量供给效率。
4.如权利要求1、2、3和4所述的方法,其特征在于,提高了在褐煤和煤田的土壤上种植的肥效,并且不使土壤恶化或受污染,从无需迁移温室。
5.如前面权利要求所述的方法,其特征在于,在褐煤和煤田上运行的温室还采用在该煤田上运行的热电厂的蒸汽轮机的冷却用热水进行加热。
6.如权利要求1和5所述的方法,其特征在于:通过在露天开采碳质沉积层形成的褐煤和煤田的不显肥性的土壤中加入1%至2%的碳酸钙,在上层土中加入提高水的经济性和无限量供给效率的技术产品和通过生物控制改善养份供应,使其缓慢释放,完全被植物所吸收的产品,使这种土壤变成高肥性,能够进行温室种植并免受将硫向硫酸转化的生物氧化的土地,这种方法使生物量产量和食物生产量比通常的温室种植高出3至5倍,使有毒的无肥力褐煤或煤田能成功地进行温室种植,污染完全得到控制,而且无需温室迁移。
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GR930100228 | 1993-06-04 | ||
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EP (1) | EP0653910B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1067509C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU683064B2 (zh) |
BG (1) | BG62871B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2141681A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69425629T2 (zh) |
GR (2) | GR1001620B (zh) |
HU (1) | HU218380B (zh) |
PL (1) | PL174527B1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2123598C1 (zh) |
SK (1) | SK13095A3 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1994028705A1 (zh) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101660412A (zh) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-03-03 | 山西省生物研究所 | 一种露天采矿排土场表层土壤的重构方法 |
CN1951707B (zh) * | 2006-10-24 | 2010-05-12 | 中国矿业大学 | 煤矿矸石地面排放过程中的一种造景工艺 |
CN107593016A (zh) * | 2017-08-16 | 2018-01-19 | 山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所 | 废弃储煤场复垦方法 |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN100499992C (zh) * | 2007-02-02 | 2009-06-17 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | 一种自燃煤矸石山的绿化方法 |
CN102251775B (zh) * | 2010-12-09 | 2013-07-03 | 中国矿业大学 | 一种煤矸石山生态修复方法 |
CN103210714B (zh) * | 2012-01-18 | 2016-01-06 | 贵州大学 | 一种用于酸性煤矸石堆场薄层包衣覆盖生态修复方法 |
RU2690557C1 (ru) * | 2019-02-01 | 2019-06-04 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Фишт групп" | Грунт технический "фишт-грунт" марка техно для рекультивации нарушенных земель и способ его производства |
CN110447334B (zh) * | 2019-08-16 | 2022-07-26 | 淄博清大粉体材料工程有限公司 | 一种果树地土壤疏松与深度施肥方法 |
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CH600747A5 (en) * | 1976-11-30 | 1978-06-30 | Karl Buser | Greenhouse heating using power station waste water |
JPS5628689A (en) * | 1979-08-16 | 1981-03-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Treatment of solid waste |
FR2550783B1 (fr) * | 1983-08-18 | 1990-01-12 | Said | Amendement pour la fertilisation des sols |
MA21143A1 (fr) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-07-01 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Procede de valorisation de sols a texture fine . |
DE3713055C1 (en) * | 1987-04-16 | 1988-12-01 | Vni Skij I Pki Ochrany Okruzaj | Process for the reclamation of soils which have been destroyed by coalmining |
ZA907289B (en) * | 1989-09-15 | 1991-06-26 | Goodman Fielder Wattie Austral | Biodegradable controlled release matrices |
JP2751074B2 (ja) * | 1989-10-04 | 1998-05-18 | 日東化学工業株式会社 | 地盤改良法およびそれに用いる装置 |
US5137563A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1992-08-11 | Valkanas George N | Controlled release fertilizer |
DE4105595A1 (de) * | 1991-02-22 | 1992-09-10 | Lausitzer Braunkohle Ag | Meliorationsverfahren zur begruendbarkeit von nutzwaeldern auf schwefelsauren tagebaukippen |
AU1891592A (en) * | 1992-04-13 | 1993-11-18 | Kelly Lime And Rock Company, Inc. | Fertilizer and limestone product |
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1993
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1994
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- 1994-06-03 CN CN94190560A patent/CN1067509C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-03 RU RU95106484/13A patent/RU2123598C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-03 WO PCT/GR1994/000012 patent/WO1994028705A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1994-06-03 HU HU9500332A patent/HU218380B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-06-03 SK SK130-95A patent/SK13095A3/sk unknown
- 1994-06-03 AU AU68051/94A patent/AU683064B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-06-03 CA CA 2141681 patent/CA2141681A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1951707B (zh) * | 2006-10-24 | 2010-05-12 | 中国矿业大学 | 煤矿矸石地面排放过程中的一种造景工艺 |
CN101660412A (zh) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-03-03 | 山西省生物研究所 | 一种露天采矿排土场表层土壤的重构方法 |
CN107593016A (zh) * | 2017-08-16 | 2018-01-19 | 山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所 | 废弃储煤场复垦方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU683064B2 (en) | 1997-10-30 |
PL307332A1 (en) | 1995-05-15 |
CA2141681A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
EP0653910A1 (en) | 1995-05-24 |
DE69425629D1 (de) | 2000-09-28 |
GR3034900T3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
BG62871B1 (bg) | 2000-10-31 |
HUT72180A (en) | 1996-03-28 |
BG99389A (bg) | 1996-03-29 |
HU218380B (hu) | 2000-08-28 |
DE69425629T2 (de) | 2001-05-03 |
RU95106484A (ru) | 1997-03-20 |
PL174527B1 (pl) | 1998-08-31 |
GR1001620B (el) | 1994-07-29 |
AU6805194A (en) | 1995-01-03 |
CN1067509C (zh) | 2001-06-27 |
HU9500332D0 (en) | 1995-03-28 |
WO1994028705A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
EP0653910B1 (en) | 2000-08-23 |
SK13095A3 (en) | 1995-07-11 |
RU2123598C1 (ru) | 1998-12-20 |
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