CN111299583A - Method for manufacturing gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing - Google Patents
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- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/364—Process control of energy beam parameters for post-heating, e.g. remelting
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
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- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/90—Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing, which comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out primary process parameter optimization on the titanium alloy manufactured by the laser additive manufacturing; on the basis of primarily optimizing process parameters, the relationship between the powder feeding amount and the volume fraction of equiaxial crystals in a single-channel deposition layer is determined; then, establishing a relation between the remelting depth/remelting width and the isometric crystal volume fraction by controlling the remelting degree; and finally, selecting corresponding process parameters to form the component according to the geometric model of the titanium alloy integral component and the requirements of the tissue characteristics of different parts. The invention can effectively prepare the titanium alloy integral component with gradient structure characteristics in the deposition direction and the horizontal direction by regulating and controlling the crystal grain appearance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metal laser additive manufacturing, in particular to a method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing, and specifically relates to a preparation method for realizing the gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by controlling solidification and remelting of a deposition layer in a layer-by-layer deposition process.
Background
The advanced aerospace equipment pursues lightweight, high performance and high reliability, and the application requirement of the titanium alloy integral component is increasingly urgent. The titanium alloy component is integrated, so that the service reliability is improved while the weight is reduced, but the processing of the integrated component, particularly the component with different performance requirements corresponding to different parts still faces great challenges. Taking an aircraft engine titanium alloy integral turbine blade disc as an example, when the titanium alloy integral turbine blade disc is manufactured by adopting a traditional machining mode, the problems of long machining period, low material utilization, high cost and the like exist. In order to further improve the performance of the blisk, manufacturers hope that the blisk is isometric crystal with good comprehensive performance, and the blade is columnar crystal with good high-temperature performance, and at the moment, the traditional processing method is not sufficient.
The laser additive manufacturing technology is based on the manufacturing idea of 'dispersion and accumulation', integrates the technologies of material science, computer aided design, numerical control technology, rapid prototype manufacturing and the like, and can realize the die-free, rapid and full-compact near-net forming of high-performance metal parts with complex structures. The basic principle of the technology is as follows: firstly, generating a three-dimensional CAD model of a part in a computer, then slicing and layering the model according to a certain thickness, then filling metal powder into a given two-dimensional shape point by point according to a certain path by adopting a synchronous powder feeding laser cladding method under the control of a numerical control system, continuously repeating the layer-by-layer deposition process, and finally finishing the preparation of the three-dimensional solid part.
The method mainly comprises the steps of ① combining additive manufacturing and deformation treatment, enabling deposited layers to generate plastic deformation through deformation treatment, and enabling static recrystallization to obtain isometric crystals under the action of reciprocating thermal cycles (according to the metal science report, 2017,53(9) 1065. Sci. 1074.) through the deformation treatment, ② adjusting alloy components, increasing the tendency of undercooling of components, promoting the formation of the isometric crystals (appl. Surf.Sci.,2006,253: 1424. 1430. powder feeding amount is increased, using powder particles which are not completely melted in a molten bath as nucleation cores to promote the formation of the isometric crystals (the powder particles are subjected to a large number of modification methods of the titanium deposited layers, and the conventional method has no obvious influence on the integral grain size of the titanium alloy manufacturing process, namely the conventional method does not need to improve the integral grain size of the titanium alloy manufacturing process, and has no obvious influence on the conventional process grain size of the titanium alloy manufacturing process by changing the gradient of the titanium alloy (see 1. J. 26. As the conventional method does not need to modify the conventional method of the titanium alloy components of the titanium alloy.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides a method for laser additive manufacturing of a gradient-structure titanium alloy integral component. The method is based on the establishment of the relationship between the height of a single-channel deposition layer and the volume fraction of equiaxial crystals in the process of manufacturing the titanium alloy by laser additive manufacturing, and realizes the regulation and control of the shapes of crystal grains at different parts by controlling the remelting degree in the multi-channel multi-layer deposition process, thereby achieving the purpose of preparing the gradient structure titanium alloy integral component.
The purpose of the invention can be achieved by adopting the following technical scheme:
a method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing is characterized in that laser is used as a heat source in an inert gas protection processing chamber, titanium alloy powder is synchronously conveyed by gas or gravity, and the titanium alloy integral component with the gradient structure is freely formed without a die; the manufacturing method firstly optimizes process parameters to determine the relationship between the powder feeding amount and the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals in a single-channel deposition layer; then, establishing a relation between the remelting depth/remelting width and the isometric crystal volume fraction by controlling the remelting degree (the remelting degree comprises the remelting depth in the deposition direction and the remelting width in the horizontal direction); and finally, selecting corresponding process parameters to form the component according to the geometric model of the titanium alloy integral component and the requirements of the tissue characteristics of different parts.
As shown in fig. 4, the method comprises the following steps:
s1, giving any powder feeding amount, and performing primary process optimization on the single-channel sediment layer sample to obtain primary process parameters including laser power, spot diameter and scanning speed;
s2, further adjusting the powder feeding amount on the basis of the primary selection process parameters, wherein the adjustment range is 1/5 to 5 times of the primary selection powder feeding amount, selecting different powder feeding amounts to prepare single-channel sediment layer samples, measuring the heights of the single-channel sediment layers under different process parameters, performing metallographic phase detection, and establishing a relation curve between the heights of the sediment layers and the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals;
s3, optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter with the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals being more than 50%, controlling the remelting depth in the deposition direction in the multilayer sample deposition process, and obtaining columnar crystals when the remelting depth is more than the equiaxed crystal range; otherwise, obtaining isometric crystals, and establishing a corresponding relation between the remelting depth and the crystal grain appearance, wherein the remelting depth is controlled by reducing the deposited layer to different temperatures in a natural cooling or external cooling mode;
s4, optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter with the isometric crystal volume fraction being more than 50%, controlling the remelting width in the horizontal direction in the multilayer sample deposition process, and establishing a corresponding relation between the remelting width and the crystal grain morphology, wherein the remelting width is controlled by adjusting the lap joint rate between passes;
s5, selecting different forming process parameters at different positions of the part according to the geometric model of the titanium alloy integral component and the tissue characteristics requirements of different parts, wherein for the component with a tissue gradient in the deposition direction, the remelting depth is selected at the tissue transition position according to the step S3; for a component with a tissue gradient in the horizontal direction, the remelting width should be selected at the tissue transition position according to step S4.
Further, the beam spot shape of the laser is one or more of circular, elliptical, linear and rectangular.
Further, the titanium alloy powder is selected from one of α titanium alloy, β titanium alloy and α + β titanium alloy.
Further, the control of the remelting depth is realized by reducing the temperature of the deposited layer to different temperatures in a natural cooling or external cooling mode, wherein the temperature of the deposited layer is directly obtained by temperature measuring equipment, and can also be indirectly obtained by cooling for different time.
Further, the control of the remelting width is realized by adjusting the lap joint rate between the passes.
Further, the adjustment range of the powder feeding amount in the step S2 is 1/5 to 5 times of the initially selected powder feeding amount, but is not limited to this range.
Further, the relationship between the height of the deposit layer and the isometric crystal integral fraction, the relationship between the remelting depth and the crystal grain morphology, and the relationship between the remelting width and the crystal grain morphology are influenced by laser additive manufacturing equipment, specific process parameters, titanium alloy grades, and titanium alloy powder characteristics.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1) compared with the traditional process, the method gets rid of the restriction of the die, has small subsequent machining allowance, and can realize the quick and low-cost manufacture of the complex structural part which can not be manufactured by the traditional technology.
(2) The selection of the technological parameters of the method is based on the established relationship between the remelting depth/remelting width and the isometric crystal volume fraction, and the method is irrelevant to the geometric shape of the processed member and has simpler and more flexible technological process.
(3) The method can obtain original crystal grains with the size of tens of microns to hundreds of microns under different process parameters, and the mechanical property is controllable.
(4) The method can complete gradient tissue transition in millimeter scale, which is difficult to realize by other processes.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of deposited layer height versus isometric crystal volume fraction during practice of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a structural metallographic image (columnar crystal orientation equiaxed crystal transition) with a structural gradient in the deposition direction obtained by the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a structural metallographic image with a structural gradient in the horizontal direction (equiaxed grain/columnar grain/equiaxed grain gradient structural metallographic image) obtained by the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the steps of a method for laser additive manufacturing of a gradient-structure titanium alloy monolithic component according to the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example one
The embodiment specifically discloses a method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing, which comprises the following implementation steps:
the first step is as follows: giving any powder feeding amount (5g/min), and carrying out primary process optimization on the single-channel deposition layer sample to obtain other process parameters such as laser power (1000W), spot diameter (3mm), scanning speed (10mm/s) and the like.
The second step is that: and further adjusting the powder feeding amount on the basis of the primary selection process parameters. The adjustment range is 1g/min to 25g/min, and different powder feeding amounts are selected to prepare single-channel sediment samples. Measuring the height of the single deposition layer under different process parameters, performing metallographic detection, and establishing a relation curve between the height of the deposition layer and the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals, as shown in fig. 1.
The third step: optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter (laser power: 1000W, powder feeding amount: 15g/min, spot diameter: 3mm, scanning speed: 10mm/s) with the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals being more than 50%, and obtaining columnar crystals when the remelting depth is more than 0.73mm in the process; when the remelting depth is less than 0.73mm, the equiaxed crystal is obtained. The control of the remelting depth is realized by lowering the deposited layer to different temperatures by natural cooling or external cooling.
The fourth step: the technological parameters corresponding to the columnar crystals and the isometric crystals are screened out through the first step and the second step, the technological parameters (laser power: 1000W, powder feeding amount: 5g/min, light spot diameter: 3mm, scanning speed: 10mm/s) of the columnar crystals are firstly obtained to carry out deposition, the technological parameters are switched to the parameters (laser power: 1000W, powder feeding amount: 25g/min, light spot diameter: 3mm, scanning speed: 10mm/s) of the isometric crystals at the position of the structure transition, the remelting depth (the remelting depth is less than 0.73mm) is controlled according to the third step to enable the isometric crystals at the top of the deposition layer to be reserved, and the gradient structure titanium alloy which is transited from the columnar crystals to the isometric crystals and is shown in figure 2 is obtained.
Example two
The embodiment specifically discloses another method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy integral component by laser additive manufacturing, which comprises the following implementation steps:
the first step is as follows: giving any powder feeding amount (5g/min), and carrying out primary process optimization on the single-channel deposition layer sample to obtain other process parameters such as laser power (1000W), spot diameter (3mm), scanning speed (10mm/s) and the like.
The second step is that: and further adjusting the powder feeding amount on the basis of the primary selection process parameters. The adjustment range is 1g/min to 25g/min, and different powder feeding amounts are selected to prepare single-channel sediment samples. Measuring the height of the single deposition layer under different process parameters, performing metallographic detection, and establishing a relation curve between the height of the deposition layer and the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals, as shown in fig. 1.
The third step: optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter (laser power: 1000W, powder feeding amount: 15g/min, spot diameter: 3mm, scanning speed: 10mm/s) with the volume fraction of equiaxed crystals being more than 50%, wherein in the process, columnar crystals are obtained when the remelting width is less than 60% of the single-channel width; equiaxed crystals are obtained when the remelting width is more than 60% of the width of a single channel, and the control of the remelting width is realized by adjusting the lap joint rate between channels (the lap joint rate selected in the second embodiment is 40%).
The fourth step: screening out the technological parameters of the columnar crystal and the isometric crystal through the first step and the second step to obtain the technological parameter laser power of the isometric crystal: 1000W, powder feeding amount: 15g/min, spot diameter: 3mm, scanning speed: 10mm/s) and controlling the remelting width (lap ratio: 40%) to reserve the equiaxed crystals in the deposition layer, and three times of lapping to obtain the equiaxed crystal/columnar crystal/equiaxed crystal/columnar crystal gradient structure gold phase diagram shown in figure 3.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for manufacturing a gradient structure titanium alloy monolithic member by laser additive manufacturing, which is to use laser as a heat source in an inert gas protection processing chamber, synchronously convey titanium alloy powder by gas or gravity, and freely form the titanium alloy monolithic member with the gradient structure without a mold, and comprises the following steps:
s1, giving any powder feeding amount, and performing primary process optimization on the single-channel sediment layer sample to obtain primary process parameters including laser power, spot diameter and scanning speed;
s2, further adjusting the powder feeding amount on the basis of the primary selection process parameters, selecting different powder feeding amounts to prepare single-channel sediment layer samples, measuring the heights of the single-channel sediment layers under different process parameters, carrying out metallographic phase detection, and establishing a relation curve between the heights of the sediment layers and the volume fractions of equiaxed crystals;
s3, optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter with the isometric crystal volume fraction being more than 50%, and in the multilayer sample deposition process, controlling the remelting depth in the deposition direction and establishing the corresponding relation between the remelting depth and the crystal grain appearance;
s4, optionally, carrying out multilayer sample deposition by using a process parameter with the isometric crystal volume fraction being more than 50%, and in the multilayer sample deposition process, controlling the remelting width in the horizontal direction and establishing the corresponding relation between the remelting width and the crystal grain morphology;
s5, selecting different forming process parameters at different positions of the part according to the geometric model of the titanium alloy integral component and the tissue characteristics requirements of different parts, wherein, for the component with a tissue gradient in the deposition direction, the remelting depth is selected at the tissue transition position according to the step S3; for the component with the tissue gradient in the horizontal direction, the remelting width is selected at the tissue transition position according to step S4.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the beam spot shape of the laser is one or more of circular, elliptical, linear, and rectangular.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the titanium alloy powder is selected from one of α titanium alloy, β titanium alloy, and α + β titanium alloy.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the control of the remelting depth is achieved by lowering the deposited layer to different temperatures by natural cooling or external cooling, wherein the temperature of the deposited layer is directly obtained by a temperature measuring device or indirectly obtained by cooling for different time.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the control of the remelting width is achieved by adjusting the overlap ratio between passes.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjustment range of the powder feeding amount in the step S2 is 1/5 to 5 times of the initial powder feeding amount.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the relationship between the deposit height and the equiaxed crystal integral fraction, the relationship between the remelting depth and the grain morphology, and the relationship between the remelting width and the grain morphology are influenced by laser additive manufacturing equipment, process parameters, titanium alloy grade, and titanium alloy powder characteristics.
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| CN114346255B (en) * | 2021-10-30 | 2023-07-28 | 南京尚吉增材制造研究院有限公司 | Method for controlling microstructure of directional energy additive manufacturing titanium alloy parts |
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