CN111293676B - Single-ended adaptive protection method for high-voltage direct-current transmission line - Google Patents
Single-ended adaptive protection method for high-voltage direct-current transmission line Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/268—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured for dc systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/006—Calibration or setting of parameters
Abstract
The invention discloses a single-ended self-adaptive protection method for a high-voltage direct-current transmission line, and belongs to the technical field of high-voltage direct-current transmission line detection. Collecting voltage and current of a protection measuring device of the converter station to obtain voltage and current fault components, calculating corresponding polar wave voltage and polar wave voltage gradient operators, and comparing the polar wave voltage gradient operators with a threshold value to start protection; collecting current and voltage of each sampling point in a sampling time window after 5 sampling moments are delayed after the protection starting moment, calculating to obtain polar wave voltage of each sampling moment, fitting the amplitude of the polar wave voltage by utilizing a first-order polynomial fitting method to obtain corresponding fitting slopes, solving the average value of the absolute values of the amplitude variation of the polar wave voltage, and constructing a self-adaptive single-ended protection criterion of the high-voltage direct-current transmission line so as to detect the faults inside and outside the area of the direct-current transmission line.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fault detection of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines in power systems.
Background
The high-voltage direct-current transmission has the characteristics of large transmission power, low line manufacturing cost, flexible control mode and the like, and has great advantages in long-distance large-capacity transmission and asynchronous networking of power systems. The direct current transmission distance is long, different terrains and climate areas need to be spanned, the working condition is severe, and the fault probability is high. Reliable protection of the direct current transmission line is important for safe and stable operation of high-voltage direct current transmission. At present, traveling wave protection is generally taken as main protection, low-voltage protection and longitudinal differential protection are taken as backup protection for high-voltage direct-current line protection, and the problems of insufficient transition resistance, poor anti-interference capability and the like exist; in order to solve the problems, related protection algorithms and schemes have been proposed, mainly relating to single-ended protection and pilot protection. Single-ended protection has become an important research topic with the advantage that it does not require communication to the end converter station.
Zhangkehui, zhangfei, ewing, etc. high voltage direct current line single-ended transient protection study [ J ] power system protection and control, 2010, 38 (15): 18-23. through the amplitude-frequency characteristic analysis of smoothing reactors and DC filter banks arranged at the two ends of the DC line, the principle and algorithm of a boundary element as a main element of transient protection are constructed, and the single-ended protection algorithm can rapidly identify the faults inside and outside the area.
The invention discloses a single-ended electric quantity full-line quick-acting protection method for identifying faults inside and outside a high-voltage direct-current transmission line area, which is disclosed by patent publication No. 102255293A, and realizes the judgment of the faults inside and outside the high-voltage direct-current transmission system area by utilizing the electric quantity amplitude of specific frequency of a single-ended converter station.
The single-end-value direct current line protection identifies the faults inside and outside the area based on the filtering effect of the boundary formed by the direct current filter and the smoothing reactor at the outlet of the converter station of the high-voltage direct current transmission system, but the faults are influenced by long line traveling wave attenuation and transition resistance, so that the fault characteristics are the same as those of the faults outside the area when the faults with high resistance inside the area are caused, and the protection sensitivity is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a self-adaptive single-ended protection method for a high-voltage direct-current transmission line, which can effectively solve the technical problem of single-ended protection of the high-voltage direct-current transmission line.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a single-ended adaptive protection method for a high-voltage direct-current transmission line comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting the voltage and current of a sampling serial number i in a protection device at a converter station, respectively subtracting the voltage and current at the moment before a sampling time window, and calculating to obtain a voltage fault component delta UiAnd a current fault component Δ IiCalculating to obtain the polar wave voltage P of the sampling sequence number i by adopting a formula (1)i：
Pi＝ΔUi-ZPΔIi (1)
Wherein Z isPIs the polar wave impedance of the line;
step 2: calculating to obtain a polar wave voltage gradient operator ^ P of the sampling sequence number i by using the sampling sequence number i and the polar wave voltages of the previous 5 sampling moments and adopting a formula (2)i：
Wherein P isi-jIs the sampling numberThe polar wave voltage of i-j;
when polar wave voltage gradient operator ^ PiGreater than a gradient threshold ^ PsetWhen the fault is detected, the protection device is started, and the moment is the protection starting moment or the arrival moment of the detected fault polar wave head;
subtracting the current at the previous 5 th sampling moment from the current at the protection starting moment, calculating to obtain a current break variable, determining that the current polarity is a negative pole if the current break variable is negative, determining that the current polarity is an external fault of the current side, and returning to the step 1; if the current mutation quantity is positive, the current polarity is positive, the fault in the suspected area or the fault outside the opposite side area is determined, and the step 3 is carried out;
and step 3: delaying the protection starting moment backwards by 5 sampling moments, continuously collecting the current voltage of each sampling moment in a sampling time window, calculating to obtain a voltage fault component and a current fault component of each sampling moment, respectively calculating to obtain a polar wave voltage of each sampling moment through a formula (1), and fitting the polar wave voltage amplitude of each sampling moment by utilizing a first-order polynomial fitting method to obtain a first-order coefficient of a first-order polynomial as a fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude;
the polar wave voltage amplitude at each sampling time is subtracted from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting time to obtain the polar wave voltage amplitude variation at each sampling time, absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variations are obtained, the absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variations at the sampling times are averaged, and therefore the average value delta P of the absolute values of all the polar wave voltage amplitude variations in the sampling time window is obtainedave；
And 4, step 4: fitting the absolute value | y ' | of the slope y ' to a slope threshold y 'setComparing if y 'is greater than or equal to slope threshold y'setThen, will be Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_2Making a comparison if Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_2Judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling the line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1; if y 'is less than the slope threshold y'setThen compare Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_1If Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_1Judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling the line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1;
the single-end self-adaptive protection criterion of the constructed high-voltage direct-current transmission line is as follows:
through the criterion, the average value threshold value delta P of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of different polar wave voltages is selected in a self-adaptive manner according to the magnitude of the absolute value | y' | of the fitting slope ysetIs DeltaPset_1Or Δ Pset_2Then, the average value delta P of the absolute values of the amplitude variation of all the polar wave voltages in the sampling time window is calculatedaveAnd a threshold value Δ PsetAnd comparing to detect the faults inside and outside the high-voltage direct-current transmission line.
The gradient threshold ^ PsetThe rated voltage corresponding to the voltage level is 0.01 times.
The average value delta P of the absolute value of the polar wave voltage amplitude variationaveThe average value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of the polar wave voltage at each sampling time in the sampling time window is obtained by the following formula:
in the formula, N is the number of sampling points of a sampling time window, and N is 20; delta PiThe polar wave voltage amplitude variation of the sampling serial number i is obtained by subtracting the polar wave voltage amplitude at the sampling moment from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting moment.
The slope threshold value y'setAnd setting according to the fact that the fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude in the sampling time window is multiplied by a reliable coefficient when the out-of-zone metal is in fault, wherein the reliable coefficient ranges from 1.0 to 1.3.
The threshold value Δ Pset_2Setting according to the absolute value of the polar wave amplitude variation quantity in the out-of-zone metallic fault multiplied by the reliable coefficient; the threshold value Δ Pset_1And setting according to the multiplication of the minimum value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of each polar wave in the high-resistance fault of the far end in the region and the reliability coefficient.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) the invention only utilizes the voltage and the current of a single end of the converter station for protection, does not need to wait for the data information of the converter station at the opposite end, has high protection quick-action performance, is not influenced by the reliability of a communication system, can be used as line main protection, and improves the protection quick-action performance.
2) The invention only uses the time domain information to judge the fault without complex time-frequency analysis, on one hand, the protection calculation time is reduced, and the quick action is improved, on the other hand, the protection method is simple, and is beneficial to being applied in an actual system.
3) The invention establishes self-adaptive protection criteria aiming at the situation that the fault of the out-of-area alternating current side and the high resistance fault of the out-of-area are possible to occur. Under the condition of high resistance fault in the area, the transition resistance capability of protection is improved and the sensitivity and reliability of high-voltage direct-current transmission system protection are improved by adaptively adjusting and selecting the protection action threshold value.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of various types of out-of-range faults.
FIG. 3 is a graph of the distribution of the absolute value of the fitted slope versus the average of the absolute value of the change in amplitude of each pole wave voltage for several typical faults.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and the detailed description.
The flow chart of the self-adaptive single-ended protection method of the high-voltage direct-current transmission line is shown in figure 1, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
a single-ended adaptive protection method for a high-voltage direct-current transmission line comprises the following steps:
step 1: protection at acquisition converter stationSampling the voltage and current of serial number i in the device, respectively subtracting the voltage and current at the moment before a sampling time window, and calculating to obtain a voltage fault component delta UiAnd a current fault component Δ IiCalculating to obtain the polar wave voltage P of the sampling sequence number i by adopting a formula (1)i：
Pi＝ΔUi-ZPΔIi (1)
Wherein Z isPIs the polar wave impedance of the line;
step 2: calculating to obtain a polar wave voltage gradient operator ^ P of the sampling sequence number i by using the sampling sequence number i and the polar wave voltages of the previous 5 sampling moments and adopting a formula (2)i：
Wherein P isi-jIs the polar wave voltage of sampling serial number i-j;
when polar wave voltage gradient operator ^ PiGreater than a gradient threshold ^ PsetWhen the fault is detected, the protection device is started, and the moment is the protection starting moment or the arrival moment of the detected fault polar wave head;
subtracting the current at the previous 5 th sampling moment from the current at the protection starting moment, calculating to obtain a current break variable, determining that the current polarity is a negative pole if the current break variable is negative, determining that the current polarity is an external fault of the current side, and returning to the step 1; if the current mutation quantity is positive, the current polarity is positive, the fault in the suspected area or the fault outside the opposite side area is determined, and the step 3 is carried out;
and step 3: delaying the protection starting moment backwards by 5 sampling moments, continuously collecting the current voltage of each sampling moment in a sampling time window, calculating to obtain a voltage fault component and a current fault component of each sampling moment, respectively calculating to obtain a polar wave voltage of each sampling moment through a formula (1), and fitting the polar wave voltage amplitude of each sampling moment by utilizing a first-order polynomial fitting method to obtain a first-order coefficient of a first-order polynomial as a fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude;
the polar wave voltage amplitude at each sampling time is subtracted from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting time to obtain the polar wave voltage amplitude variation at each sampling time, absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variations are obtained, the absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variations at the sampling times are averaged, and therefore the average value delta P of the absolute values of all the polar wave voltage amplitude variations in the sampling time window is obtainedave；
And 4, step 4: fitting the absolute value | y ' | of the slope y ' to a slope threshold y 'setComparing if y 'is greater than or equal to slope threshold y'setThen, will be Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_2Making a comparison if Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_2If so, judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling a line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1; if y 'is less than the slope threshold y'setThen compare Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_1If Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_1If so, judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling a line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1;
the single-end self-adaptive protection criterion of the constructed high-voltage direct-current transmission line is as follows:
through the criterion, the average value threshold value delta P of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of different polar wave voltages is selected in a self-adaptive manner according to the magnitude of the absolute value | y' | of the fitting slope ysetIs DeltaPset_1Or Δ Pset_2Then, the average value delta P of the absolute values of the amplitude variation of all the polar wave voltages in the sampling time window is calculatedaveAnd a threshold value Δ PsetAnd comparing to detect the faults inside and outside the high-voltage direct-current transmission line.
The gradient threshold ^ PsetThe rated voltage corresponding to the voltage level is 0.01 times.
The average value delta P of the absolute value of the polar wave voltage amplitude variationaveThe average value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of the polar wave voltage at each sampling time in the sampling time window is obtained by the following formula:
in the formula, N is the number of sampling points of a sampling time window, and N is 20; delta PiThe polar wave voltage amplitude variation of the sampling serial number i is obtained by subtracting the polar wave voltage amplitude at the sampling moment from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting moment.
The slope threshold value y'setAnd setting according to the fact that the fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude in the sampling time window is multiplied by a reliable coefficient when the out-of-zone metal is in fault, wherein the reliable coefficient ranges from 1.0 to 1.3.
The threshold value Δ Pset_2Setting according to the absolute value of the polar wave amplitude variation quantity in the out-of-zone metallic fault multiplied by the reliable coefficient; the threshold value Δ Pset_1And setting according to the multiplication of the minimum value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of each polar wave in the high-resistance fault of the far end in the region and the reliability coefficient.
The specific implementation case of the invention is verified by simulation experiments:
building a bipolar +/-500 kV high-voltage direct-current transmission system model in PSCAD/EMTDC by referring to Tianguang direct-current transmission engineering parameters, wherein the tower-pole model is as follows: the total length of the transmission line is 960km, the rated current is 1.8kA, the transmission power is 1800MW, the converter station adopts a mode of connecting 12 pulsating converters in series for each pole, and a smoothing reactor of 150mH is connected in series between the direct current outlet end of the converter and the direct current line. The sampling frequency was 100 kHz. Gradient threshold ^ PsetTake 500 × 0.01 ═ 5kV, i.e., (P +)set＝5kV。
Y 'is set by an out-of-range fault according to a protection threshold setting method'set、ΔPset_2. Due to the fact that overlapping and equivalence exist between the region of the direct current transmission line with the region of the out-of-region fault, 6 typical out-of-region fault types are simulated respectively, and are shown in the figure 2. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,the fault circuit comprises an F1 positive pole outlet ground fault, an F2 alternating current system single-phase ground fault, an F3 alternating current system inter-phase short-circuit fault, an F4 converter valve short-circuit fault, an F5 converter valve phase-change failure fault and an F6 converter high-voltage bridge-to-bridge midpoint short-circuit fault.
Setting threshold Δ P by in-zone faultset_1Different transition resistances are respectively arranged at the head end, the middle part and the tail end of the direct current line to carry out simulation experiments to calculate the threshold value.
Obtaining the numerical value y 'of each threshold value according to a large number of simulation experiment results'set＝1.0，ΔPset_1＝30，ΔPset_2＝50。
Various fault situations are set respectively, and for the in-zone faults of the direct current line, transition resistors of 0 omega, 300 omega and 600 omega are set at the head end, the middle part and the tail end of the line respectively to carry out simulation experiments so as to detect the effectiveness of the method, wherein simulation results under various fault situations are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 simulation results under various fault scenarios
From table 1, it can be seen that the proposed single-ended adaptive protection scheme can accurately identify various internal and external faults, and correct identification of far-end high-resistance faults and external faults is realized only by single-ended data, so that the tolerance of the existing protection method to 300 Ω transition resistance is doubled.
To further illustrate the effect of the protection method, for several typical fault cases, which are bolded in table 1 and most likely to affect the protection reliability, the distribution of the absolute value of the fitting slope and the average value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of each polar wave voltage in fig. 3 is used to express, in fig. 3, the abscissa of each point is the absolute value | y' | of the fitting slope, and the ordinate is the average value Δ P of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of each polar wave voltageave。
In fig. 3, the coordinates of the high-resistance fault at the far end in the area are (0.1223,37.3634), | y' | 0.1223<y′set＝1.0，ΔPave37.3634, largeCorresponding to a threshold value Δ Pset_1The protection device can operate correctly at 30 deg.
For a bipolar distal metallic fault in a zone, its coordinates are (1.0300,451.6144), | y'>y′setAt this time,. DELTA.Pave451.6144, much larger than the corresponding threshold Δ Pset_2The protection still works correctly at 50.
For an out-of-zone anode exit fault, its coordinates are (1.2600,40.3516), | y'>y′setAt this time,. DELTA.Pave40.3516, less than the corresponding threshold Δ Pset_2The protection device can be disabled exactly 50.
For both an out-of-zone ac-side fault and an out-of-zone high-resistance fault that may be confused with the polar wave voltage waveform under the in-zone fault, the coordinates of the out-of-zone ac unipolar ground fault are (0.3473,12.4710) and the coordinates of the out-of-zone positive outlet high-resistance fault are (0.2610,11.4986) in fig. 3, when their absolute value of the fitted slope | y'<y′setΔ P of themaveAre all less than the corresponding threshold value deltapset_1The method can accurately judge that none of them are active and can distinguish them from in-zone faults.
Therefore, the invention can correctly identify various internal and external faults of the area, and has high protection sensitivity under the condition of high-resistance faults in the area.
Claims (5)
1. A single-ended adaptive protection method for a high-voltage direct-current transmission line comprises the following steps:
step 1: collecting the voltage and current of a sampling serial number i in a protection device at a converter station, respectively subtracting the voltage and current at the moment before a sampling time window, and calculating to obtain a voltage fault component delta UiAnd a current fault component Δ IiCalculating to obtain the polar wave voltage P of the sampling sequence number i by adopting a formula (1)i：
Pi＝ΔUi-ZPΔIi (1)
Wherein Z isPIs the polar wave impedance of the line;
step 2: using sampling numbers i andcalculating the polar wave voltage gradient operator of the sampling sequence number i by adopting the formula (2) for the polar wave voltages at the previous 5 sampling moments
Wherein P isi-jIs the polar wave voltage of sampling serial number i-j;
when polar wave voltage gradient operator
Greater than a gradient threshold
When the fault is detected, the protection device is started, and the moment is the protection starting moment or the arrival moment of the detected fault polar wave head;
subtracting the current at the previous 5 th sampling moment from the current at the protection starting moment, calculating to obtain a current break variable, determining that the current polarity is a negative pole if the current break variable is negative, determining that the current polarity is an external fault of the current side, and returning to the step 1; if the current mutation quantity is positive, the current polarity is positive, the fault in the suspected area or the fault outside the opposite side area is determined, and the step 3 is carried out;
and step 3: delaying the protection starting moment backwards by 5 sampling moments, continuously collecting the current voltage of each sampling moment in a sampling time window, calculating to obtain a voltage fault component and a current fault component of each sampling moment, respectively calculating to obtain a polar wave voltage of each sampling moment through a formula (1), and fitting the polar wave voltage amplitude of each sampling moment by utilizing a first-order polynomial fitting method to obtain a first-order coefficient of a first-order polynomial as a fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude;
the polar wave voltage amplitude at each sampling time is subtracted from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting time, and the polar wave voltage amplitudes are respectivelyObtaining the polar wave voltage amplitude variation of each sampling time, then respectively taking absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variation, and then averaging the absolute values of the polar wave voltage amplitude variation of the sampling times, thereby obtaining the average value delta P of the absolute values of all the polar wave voltage amplitude variation in the sampling time windowave；
And 4, step 4: fitting the absolute value | y ' | of the slope y ' to a slope threshold y 'setComparing if y 'is greater than or equal to slope threshold y'setThen, will be Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_2Making a comparison if Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_2Judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling the line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1; if y 'is less than the slope threshold y'setThen compare Δ PaveAnd a threshold value Δ Pset_1If Δ P is satisfiedave>ΔPset_1Judging the fault of the direct current transmission line and enabling the line protection device to act; otherwise, judging that the direct current transmission line is normal, and returning to the step 1;
the single-end self-adaptive protection criterion of the constructed high-voltage direct-current transmission line is as follows:
through the criterion, the average value threshold value delta P of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of different polar wave voltages is selected in a self-adaptive manner according to the magnitude of the absolute value | y' | of the fitting slope ysetIs DeltaPset_1Or Δ Pset_2Then, the average value delta P of the absolute values of the amplitude variation of all the polar wave voltages in the sampling time window is calculatedaveAnd a threshold value Δ PsetAnd comparing to detect the faults inside and outside the high-voltage direct-current transmission line.
2. The single-ended adaptive protection method for the HVDC line according to claim 1, characterized in that: the gradient threshold value
The rated voltage corresponding to the voltage level is 0.01 times.
3. The single-ended adaptive protection method for the HVDC line according to claim 1, characterized in that: the average value delta P of the absolute value of the polar wave voltage amplitude variationaveThe average value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of the polar wave voltage at each sampling time in the sampling time window is obtained by the following formula:
in the formula, N is the number of sampling points of a sampling time window, and N is 20; delta PiThe polar wave voltage amplitude variation of the sampling serial number i is obtained by subtracting the polar wave voltage amplitude at the sampling moment from the polar wave voltage amplitude before the protection starting moment.
4. The single-ended adaptive protection method for the HVDC line according to claim 1, characterized in that: the slope threshold value y'setAnd setting according to the fact that the fitting slope y' of the polar wave voltage amplitude in the sampling time window is multiplied by a reliable coefficient when the out-of-zone metal is in fault, wherein the reliable coefficient ranges from 1.0 to 1.3.
5. The single-ended adaptive protection method for the HVDC line according to claim 1, characterized in that: the threshold value Δ Pset_2Setting according to the absolute value of the polar wave amplitude variation quantity in the out-of-zone metallic fault multiplied by the reliable coefficient; the threshold value Δ Pset_1And setting according to the multiplication of the minimum value of the absolute value of the amplitude variation of each polar wave in the high-resistance fault of the far end in the region and the reliability coefficient.
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