CN111286586A - Method for strengthening and toughening steel material - Google Patents
Method for strengthening and toughening steel material Download PDFInfo
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- CN111286586A CN111286586A CN202010226160.3A CN202010226160A CN111286586A CN 111286586 A CN111286586 A CN 111286586A CN 202010226160 A CN202010226160 A CN 202010226160A CN 111286586 A CN111286586 A CN 111286586A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/04—Hardening by cooling below 0 degrees Celsius
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
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Abstract
The strengthening and toughening treatment method of the steel material combines the sub-temperature quenching and the deep cooling treatment, after the steel material is subjected to the sub-temperature quenching treatment, the microstructure is a ferrite and martensite dual-phase structure, and the tempering treatment is carried out to reduce the quenching stress and play a certain role in carbide precipitation; after that, the cryogenic treatment is carried out, so that the effects of thinning ferrite tissues and improving the ferrite-martensite orientation relation can be achieved, the service performance of the workpiece is prevented from being reduced due to coarse and uneven tissues in the using process of the steel material, and the toughness of the steel material is effectively enhanced; and the subzero treatment is carried out after the tempering, so that the influence of the subzero treatment on the decomposition of supersaturated martensite in the tempering process can be avoided, and simultaneously, the precipitation of carbide particles is further promoted by the shrinkage effect of crystal lattices at low temperature, and the strength and the hardness of the steel material are effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of material treatment processes, in particular to a strengthening and toughening treatment method for steel materials.
Background
For most steel structural materials, it is important to have both high strength and high toughness. However, in general, the strength and toughness of steel materials are contradictory, that is, one of them is improved at the expense of the other. The pair of contradictions of coordination and unification ensures that the steel material obtains higher strength and toughness at the same time, and the purpose of strengthening and toughening the steel is achieved.
The ferrite has good toughness and plasticity, and the steel contains a certain amount of ferrite tissues which can block the initiation and the propagation of cracks and play a role of toughening materials. Based on this, the sub-temperature quenching is to heat the steel to a two-phase region for quenching, and 15-20% of undissolved ferrite is reserved in the quenched microstructure. Therefore, the structure obtained by the sub-temperature quenching is a martensite-ferrite dual-phase structure, and the strength can be recovered by subsequent tempering treatment, so that the room-temperature and low-temperature impact toughness of the steel material is obviously improved on the premise of ensuring high strength, and the aim of strengthening and toughening is fulfilled. Generally, the morphological distribution and the existence form of the ferrite structure are important criteria for testing the sub-temperature quenching. Although the existing heat treatment method (CN 102660666A) for improving the mechanical property of the graphite free-cutting steel improves the service performance of the free-cutting steel through the process of sub-temperature quenching and high-temperature tempering, the steel material still has a coarse and unevenly distributed ferrite structure after being treated by the traditional sub-temperature quenching-tempering process, which easily causes microscopic stress concentration and increases the risk of stress cracking. Therefore, the structure form and the distribution of ferrite after the sub-temperature quenching of the steel material are effectively regulated and controlled, the strength and toughness of the steel are further optimized, and the method has very important scientific and engineering significance.
The cryogenic treatment is an important supplementary process of the traditional heat treatment, can not only make up the structural defects of the material after the heat treatment, but also further promote the dispersion and precipitation of carbide, simultaneously readjust the stress distribution in the material and effectively improve the mechanical property and the service performance of the material. The process idea of combining heat treatment and cryogenic treatment is applied to many occasions and has good use effect. Therefore, the cryogenic treatment is supplemented into the sub-temperature quenching process, the effects of refining the structure and promoting precipitation of the cryogenic treatment are fully exerted, the ferrite-martensite dual-phase structure after the sub-temperature quenching is optimized, and a new way is opened for the strengthening and toughening treatment of the steel material. The existing super-strength steel strengthening and toughening treatment process (CN106906337A) is repeated to carry out sub-temperature quenching and quenching processes, and then carries out cryogenic treatment and tempering treatment, thereby obtaining a refined lath martensite, a composite structure of reversed austenite and a small amount of carbide, and achieving the purpose of improving the strength and toughness of the super-strength steel.
However, the above method does not directly combine the sub-temperature quenching and the cryogenic treatment in the process, and mainly focuses on refining the martensite structure, and does not relate to the optimization of the ferrite structure, and the existence of ferrite has more obvious toughening effect on the steel material. Therefore, the method does not fully exert the technological advantages of the sub-temperature quenching.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, it is necessary to provide a method for strengthening and toughening a steel material to further enhance the strength and toughness matching of the steel material.
A strengthening and toughening treatment method of a steel material comprises the following steps:
heating the steel material to a partial austenitizing temperature between two-phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then preserving heat, and performing water quenching to room temperature after finishing the heat preservation to finish sub-temperature quenching, wherein Ac1 is the initial temperature at which ferrite starts to transform into austenite during heating, and Ac3 is the final temperature at which ferrite completely transforms into austenite during heating;
heating the steel material subjected to sub-temperature quenching to a tempering temperature, preserving heat, and then cooling in air to room temperature to finish the tempering treatment;
and carrying out cryogenic treatment on the tempered steel material.
In one embodiment, the steel material is heated to a partial austenitizing temperature between two phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then heat preservation is carried out, water quenching is carried out to room temperature after the heat preservation is finished, and in the step of completing the sub-temperature quenching, the quenching temperature is 30-50 ℃ lower than the Ac3 temperature.
In one embodiment, the steel material is heated to a partial austenitizing temperature between two phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then heat preservation is carried out, water quenching is carried out to room temperature after heat preservation is finished, and in the step of completing the sub-temperature quenching, the heat preservation time is that the steel material core part is kept for 1-2 hours after reaching the quenching temperature.
In one embodiment, in the step of heating the ferrous material to a tempering temperature after the sub-temperature quenching, keeping the temperature, and then air-cooling to room temperature to complete the tempering treatment, the tempering temperature is 450-580 ℃.
In one embodiment, in the step of heating the steel material subjected to the sub-temperature quenching to the tempering temperature, preserving the heat, and then cooling the steel material to room temperature in air to complete the tempering treatment, the heat preservation time is that the steel material core is preserved for 2-8 hours after reaching the tempering temperature.
In one embodiment, the step of performing cryogenic treatment on the tempered steel material specifically comprises:
and (3) placing the steel material in a deep cooling box, cooling to the deep cooling treatment temperature at the cooling rate of 2-5 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 12-24 h, and then heating to the room temperature at the same rate as the cooling rate to complete the deep cooling treatment.
In one embodiment, the cryogenic treatment temperature is-120 ℃ to-196 ℃.
In one embodiment, the steel material contains 0.27-0.34% of carbon, 0.90-1.20% of silicon, 0.80-1.10% of manganese, 1.00-1.30% of chromium, 0.025-0.040% of sulfur, 0.025-0.040% of phosphorus and the balance of iron.
The strengthening and toughening treatment method of the steel material combines the sub-temperature quenching and the deep cooling treatment, after the steel material is subjected to the sub-temperature quenching treatment, the microstructure is a ferrite and martensite dual-phase structure, and the tempering treatment is carried out to reduce the quenching stress and play a certain role in carbide precipitation; after that, the cryogenic treatment is carried out, so that the effects of thinning ferrite tissues and improving the ferrite-martensite orientation relation can be achieved, the service performance of the workpiece is prevented from being reduced due to coarse and uneven tissues in the using process of the steel material, and the toughness of the steel material is effectively enhanced; and the subzero treatment is carried out after the tempering, so that the influence of the subzero treatment on the decomposition of supersaturated martensite in the tempering process can be avoided, and simultaneously, the precipitation of carbide particles is further promoted by the shrinkage effect of crystal lattices at low temperature, and the strength and the hardness of the steel material are effectively improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating steps of a method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a process route diagram of the method for strengthening and toughening a steel material according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a transmission photograph of a ferrous material treated by a process for toughening a ferrous material according to an embodiment of the present application.
Fig. 4 (a) is an EBSD phase distribution diagram of a steel material treated by a conventional sub-temperature quenching-tempering process of a comparative example.
FIG. 4 (b) is an EBSD phase distribution diagram of the steel material treated by the toughening treatment process for the steel material of the example.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with examples are described in detail below. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein, but rather should be construed as broadly as the present invention is capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The invention provides a strengthening and toughening treatment method for a steel material, wherein the steel material contains 0.27-0.34 (wt.%) of carbon, 0.90-1.20 (wt.%) of silicon, 0.80-1.10 (wt.%) of manganese, 1.00-1.30 (wt.%) of chromium, 0.025-0.040 (wt.%) of sulfur, 0.025-0.040 (wt.%) of phosphorus and the balance of iron. The above element contents all represent mass fractions.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, a flow chart of steps and a flow process route of a method for strengthening and toughening a steel material according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown. The strengthening and toughening treatment method of the steel material provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
step S110: heating the steel material to a partial austenitizing temperature between two-phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then preserving heat, and performing water quenching to room temperature after finishing the heat preservation to finish sub-temperature quenching, wherein Ac1 is the initial temperature at which ferrite starts to transform into austenite during heating, and Ac3 is the final temperature at which ferrite completely transforms into austenite during heating.
Preferably, in the step, the quenching temperature is 30-50 ℃ lower than the Ac3 temperature.
Preferably, in the step, the heat preservation time is 1-2 hours after the steel material core reaches the quenching temperature.
It is understood that the microstructure may include a certain amount of ferrite and martensite matrices by the sub-temperature quenching in the above-described step.
Step S120: and heating the steel material subjected to sub-temperature quenching to a tempering temperature, preserving heat, and then cooling in air to room temperature to finish the tempering treatment.
Preferably, in the above step, the tempering temperature is 450 to 580 ℃.
Preferably, in the step, the heat preservation time is 2-8 hours after the steel material core reaches the tempering temperature.
It can be understood that the tempering treatment can reduce the quenching stress, and can precipitate a certain amount of carbide in the supersaturated martensite to obtain tempered sorbite, thereby realizing the preliminary strengthening and toughening of the steel material.
Step S130: and carrying out cryogenic treatment on the tempered steel material.
Preferably, in the step of performing cryogenic treatment on the tempered steel material, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
and (3) placing the steel material in a deep cooling box, cooling to the deep cooling treatment temperature at the cooling rate of 2-5 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 12-24 h, and then heating to the room temperature at the same rate as the cooling rate to complete the deep cooling treatment.
Preferably, the cryogenic treatment temperature is-120 ℃ to-196 ℃.
Preferably, the steel material contains 0.27-0.34 of carbon, 0.90-1.20 of silicon, 0.80-1.10 of manganese, 1.00-1.30 of chromium, 0.025-0.040 of sulfur, 0.025-0.040 of phosphorus and the balance of iron.
It can be understood that the cryogenic treatment is carried out after the tempering, the influence of the cryogenic treatment on the decomposition of supersaturated martensite in the tempering process can be avoided, and simultaneously, the precipitation of carbide particles is further promoted through the shrinkage effect of crystal lattices at low temperature, so that the strength and the hardness of the steel material are effectively improved.
In addition, the steel material is subjected to heat treatment to have residual thermal stress, and then is subjected to cryogenic treatment, so that the microstructure can generate micro plastic deformation at low temperature, the structure stress is released or re-prepared, the effect of uniform stress distribution is achieved, and the harm caused by stress concentration is avoided.
In addition, the deep cooling treatment process has the characteristics of convenience and rapidness in operation, low cost and no pollution, and has wide application value.
The strengthening and toughening treatment method of the steel material combines the sub-temperature quenching and the deep cooling treatment, after the steel material is subjected to the sub-temperature quenching treatment, the microstructure is a ferrite and martensite dual-phase structure, and the tempering treatment is carried out to reduce the quenching stress and play a certain role in carbide precipitation; after that, the cryogenic treatment is carried out, so that the effects of thinning ferrite tissues and improving the ferrite-martensite orientation relation can be achieved, the service performance of the workpiece is prevented from being reduced due to coarse and uneven tissues in the using process of the steel material, and the toughness of the steel material is effectively enhanced; and the subzero treatment is carried out after the tempering, so that the influence of the subzero treatment on the decomposition of supersaturated martensite in the tempering process can be avoided, and simultaneously, the precipitation of carbide particles is further promoted by the shrinkage effect of crystal lattices at low temperature, and the strength and the hardness of the steel material are effectively improved.
The technical scheme of the invention is explained in detail by combining the specific embodiments as follows:
examples
A kind of alloy structural steel (30CrMnSi) is subjected to strengthening and toughening treatment of sub-temperature-tempering-deep cooling treatment (QTC). First, the temperature is maintained at 820 ℃ for 1h at partial austenitizing temperature, and then quenched to room temperature. Subsequently, tempering treatment is performed. Finally, the steel material is cooled to 196 ℃ below zero at the cooling rate of 2 ℃/min, and is heated to room temperature at the heating rate of 2 ℃/min after heat preservation for 12 h.
TABLE 1 comparison of the Performance of the comparative and example processes
Description of the drawings:
mechanical property detection
The room temperature (U-shaped) impact toughness test is carried out according to GB/T229-;
the room temperature tensile strength test is carried out according to GB/T228.1-2010 Metal Material Room temperature tensile test-test method;
the room temperature hardness test is carried out according to GB/T4340.1-2012 Vickers hardness test-test method for metal materials.
Microstructure characterization
Observing the microstructure of the steel material by using an (Olympus BX53M) optical microscope, a (Hitachi SU1510) scanning electron microscope and a (JEM-2100) transmission electron microscope;
phase analysis was performed using (Rigaku Smartlab, Cu target) X-ray diffraction analysis;
quantitative analysis of grain boundaries and phase volume fractions was performed using the (EBSD) electron back scattering technique.
As can be seen from Table 1, the alloy structural steel (30CrMnSi) is subjected to a strengthening and toughening treatment process: after the treatment of the process of sub-temperature quenching-tempering-cryogenic treatment, the tensile strength reaches 1007Mpa, the elongation after fracture reaches 21 percent, the (U-shaped) impact toughness reaches 111J, and the Vickers hardness reaches 330.15 HV. The toughness of the material is obviously improved, higher hardness is obtained, and the comprehensive mechanical property is enhanced.
Therefore, compared with QTC treatment, the tensile strength and the room-temperature impact toughness of the sample are respectively improved by about 5 percent and 6 percent, the Vickers hardness is improved by about 8 percent, and the elongation rate basically keeps the original level after the sample is subjected to QTC treatment, which shows that the toughness of the material is strengthened and simultaneously the excellent comprehensive mechanical property is obtained.
Referring to fig. 3 to 4, from the microstructure, the bulk ferrite in the structure is coarse after the conventional sub-temperature quenching-tempering (QT) treatment, and the ferrite in the structure is refined after the sub-temperature quenching-tempering-deep cooling (QTC) treatment, so that the problem of coarse ferrite after the conventional sub-temperature quenching process treatment is solved, and the toughness of the steel material is improved. The transmission photograph shows that carbide precipitation in the structure is increased after the QTC process treatment, so that the strength and the hardness of the steel material are improved. The analysis result of EBSD shows that the content of the large-angle grain boundary in the structure after the QTC process treatment is increased, which shows that the phase boundary in the structure after the strengthening is increased, and the structure has good crack propagation resistance and is beneficial to improving the toughness.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A method for strengthening and toughening a steel material, comprising the steps of:
heating the steel material to a partial austenitizing temperature between two-phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then preserving heat, and performing water quenching to room temperature after finishing the heat preservation to finish sub-temperature quenching, wherein Ac1 is the initial temperature at which ferrite starts to transform into austenite during heating, and Ac3 is the final temperature at which ferrite completely transforms into austenite during heating;
heating the steel material subjected to sub-temperature quenching to a tempering temperature, preserving heat, and then cooling in air to room temperature to finish the tempering treatment;
and carrying out cryogenic treatment on the tempered steel material.
2. The method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to claim 1, wherein the step of heating the ferrous material to a partial austenitizing temperature between two phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then holding the temperature, and then quenching the ferrous material to room temperature after the holding, thereby completing the sub-temperature quenching, wherein the temperature of the water quenching is 30-50 ℃ lower than the Ac3 temperature.
3. The method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to claim 2, wherein in the step of heating the ferrous material to a partial austenitizing temperature between two phase regions Ac 1-Ac 3, then preserving heat, and after the heat preservation is finished, performing water quenching to room temperature to complete the sub-temperature quenching, the heat preservation time is 1-2 hours after the temperature of the core of the ferrous material reaches the quenching temperature.
4. The method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to claim 1, wherein the tempering temperature is 450 to 580 ℃ in the step of finishing the tempering treatment by heating the ferrous material after the sub-temperature quenching to the tempering temperature, maintaining the temperature, and then air-cooling to room temperature.
5. The method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to claim 4, wherein in the step of heating the ferrous material after the sub-temperature quenching to a tempering temperature, performing heat preservation, and then performing air cooling to room temperature to complete the tempering treatment, the heat preservation time is from the core part of the ferrous material to the tempering temperature, and then performing heat preservation for 2-8 hours.
6. The method for strengthening and toughening a ferrous material according to claim 1, wherein in the step of subjecting the tempered ferrous material to the cryogenic treatment, the method specifically comprises:
and (3) placing the steel material in a deep cooling box, cooling to the deep cooling treatment temperature at the cooling rate of 2-5 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 12-24 h, and then heating to the room temperature at the same rate as the cooling rate to complete the deep cooling treatment.
7. The method for strengthening and toughening of steel and iron material according to claim 6, wherein the cryogenic treatment temperature is-120 ℃ to-196 ℃.
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