CN111283008A - Manufacturing method of multilayer bending structure - Google Patents

Manufacturing method of multilayer bending structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111283008A
CN111283008A CN202010119905.6A CN202010119905A CN111283008A CN 111283008 A CN111283008 A CN 111283008A CN 202010119905 A CN202010119905 A CN 202010119905A CN 111283008 A CN111283008 A CN 111283008A
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composite
extrusion
push rod
blank
original blank
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CN111283008B (en
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喻俊荃
赵国群
朱传宝
林建国
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Kaiweisi Lightweight Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute Heze Co ltd
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Kaiweisi Lightweight Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute Heze Co ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/22—Making metal-coated products; Making products from two or more metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C25/00—Profiling tools for metal extruding
    • B21C25/02—Dies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C27/00—Containers for metal to be extruded
    • B21C27/02—Containers for metal to be extruded for making coated work

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of a multilayer bending structure, which solves the problems that the prior art is difficult to realize the bending forming of a multilayer material composite structure, the production efficiency is low, and the application range is narrow, and has the effects of uniform layer thickness of a composite layer, good interface composite effect, high composite efficiency and capability of manufacturing composite structures in various forms; the technical scheme is as follows: the method comprises the following steps: preparing a composite original blank; placing the composite type original blank into an extrusion container, and heating the composite type original blank, the extrusion container and a forming die; moving the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank; by varying the advancing speed v of the first extrusion ram1And a propulsion speed v of the second extrusion push rod2So that the composite raw blank is changed while passing through the forming passage of the forming dieAnd (4) gradient speed, thereby obtaining a variable-curvature multilayer bending structure.

Description

Manufacturing method of multilayer bending structure
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of machining, in particular to a manufacturing method of a multilayer bending structure.
Background
The composite structure composed of the multilayer materials can fully exploit the advantages of each component material in the composite structure, obtain the optimal configuration of component material resources and realize the performance requirements which cannot be met by a single material. The composite bending structure formed by the multilayer materials has the advantages of the composite materials in performance, and has more diversity and flexibility in shape and structure, so that the degree of freedom of product design is increased. Therefore, the structure has a huge application prospect in the fields of petroleum, chemical engineering, aviation, aerospace, medical appliances, household appliances, electronics, rail traffic, automobiles, heat exchange equipment and the like, but the manufacturing of the structure has a higher technical barrier.
The inventor finds that the manufacture of the multilayer material bent structure has roughly three technical routes: 1. the multilayer bending structure is directly manufactured by adopting the modes of liquid solidification forming, 3D printing, chemical reaction, powder sintering and the like, but the problems of long manufacturing period, high manufacturing cost, lower yield, narrow application range, poor composite effect and product performance, poor flexibility and the like exist. 2. The multilayer bending structure can be obtained by respectively bending each layer of components and then assembling and combining the components, but the problems of multiple working procedures, large material waste, poor interface bonding quality, low production efficiency and the like exist. 3. The multilayer composite bent structure composed of specific materials can be obtained by firstly preparing the composite structure of the multilayer materials by adopting the modes of lamination rolling, composite extrusion, welding, bonding and the like, and then performing shape bending forming on the multilayer composite structure, but for most of composite structures composed of multilayer metals, metal matrix composite materials, non-metal materials and the like, due to the difference of the elastic modulus, the yield strength and the deformation limit of each layer of materials, the existence of the hard and brittle phase of a composite interface and the like, the method can not realize the bending forming or can not prepare the multilayer bent structure with uniform layer thickness of the composite layer and good interface composite effect.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a method for manufacturing a multilayer bent structure, which can solve the problems that the prior art is difficult to realize the bending forming of a multilayer material composite structure, has low production efficiency and narrow application range, and has the effects of uniform thickness of a composite layer, good interface composite effect, high composite efficiency and capability of manufacturing composite structures in various forms.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a multi-layered bent structure, including the steps of:
preparing a composite original blank, wherein the composite original blank adopts a double-layer or multi-layer opening structure;
placing the composite type original blank into an extrusion container, and heating the composite type original blank, the extrusion container and a forming die;
moving the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank; by varying the advancing speed v of the first extrusion ram1And a propulsion speed v of the second extrusion push rod2The composite type original blank obtains a variable speed gradient when passing through a forming passage of a forming die, so that a variable curvature multilayer bending structure is obtained.
As a further implementation, the composite raw blank adopts a nested structure, and comprises a bar stock at an inner layer and a cylindrical structure surrounding an outer layer of the bar stock.
As a further implementation manner, the longitudinal section of the composite original blank adopts a first longitudinal section of the blank, and the cross section adopts a first cross section of the blank or a second cross section of the blank.
As a further implementation, the resulting multilayer bent structure after extrusion is a closed multilayer metal bent structure.
As a further implementation manner, the composite original blank adopts a multilayer stacked structure, the longitudinal section of the composite original blank adopts a first longitudinal section or a third longitudinal section of the blank, and the cross section adopts a third cross section or a fourth cross section of the blank.
As a further implementation, the third cross section of the blank is a three-layer plate stacking structure, and the fourth cross section of the blank is a two-layer plate stacking structure.
As a further implementation, the multilayer bent structure obtained after extrusion is an open multilayer metal bent structure.
Embodiments of the present invention also provide a method of manufacturing a multi-layer bent structure, including the steps of:
preparing a composite original blank, wherein the composite original blank adopts a nested sealing structure, and an inner layer material of the composite original blank adopts a form that metal powder and reinforcing phase are mixed with each other;
placing the composite type original blank into an extrusion container, and heating the composite type original blank, the extrusion container and a forming die;
moving the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank; by varying the advancing speed v of the first extrusion ram1And a propulsion speed v of the second extrusion push rod2The composite type original blank obtains a variable speed gradient when passing through a forming passage of a forming die, so that a variable curvature multilayer bending structure is obtained.
As a further implementation manner, the preparation method of the inner layer material comprises the following steps: firstly, weighing metal powder and a reinforcing phase, then mixing the metal powder and the reinforcing phase in a vacuum environment, and filling the mixed powder into a metal pipe sleeve in the vacuum environment; and compacting the mixed powder in the metal pipe sleeve, and sealing two ends of the metal pipe sleeve.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned embodiment of the present invention are as follows:
(1) the composite original blank of one or more embodiments of the invention adopts a double-layer or multi-layer structure, the inner material of the composite original blank can be a bar, a plate and the like, and can also be a composite material formed by mixing metal powder and nonmetal, and the application range is wide;
(2) one or more embodiments of the invention can realize chemical bonding of the interfaces of the multilayer materials, and obtain a composite interface with excellent comprehensive performance; the bending section with variable curvature and a multilayer structure can be manufactured, and the thickness of the composite layer is uniform; the material composition can be designed, the microstructure and the propertyThe regulation and control and the product shape control are integrated, the forming process is reduced, and the production efficiency is high; high compounding efficiency, and the number of layers N of the produced composite section barpNumber of layers N combined with original blankbPresence of Np ═ 2 × Nb-1, the number of layers is large;
(3) one or more embodiments of the present invention can manufacture various forms of composite structures, such as closed multilayer metal bending structures, open multilayer metal bending structures, closed multilayer metal/metal matrix composite bending structures, etc., to achieve the functions of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat insulation, mechanical property enhancement, light weight, etc., of the composite bending structures.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a differential lateral extrusion apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
fig. 2(a) -2 (g) are schematic diagrams of composite raw blanks according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 3(a) -3 (c) are schematic illustrations of the configuration of the forming channel of an extrusion die in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 4(a) -4 (h) are schematic illustrations of extrusion profile configurations according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the fabrication of a multi-layer metal/metal matrix composite curved component according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the effectiveness of one or more embodiments of the present invention;
wherein, 1, the extrusion cylinder, 2, the forming die, 2 to 001, the forming channel, 2 to 002, the first cross section of the forming channel, and 2 to 003, the second cross section of the forming channel; 3. the device comprises a first extrusion push rod, 4. a second extrusion push rod, 5. a composite original blank, 5-001. a blank first longitudinal section, 5-002. a blank second longitudinal section, 5-003. a blank first cross section, 5-004. a blank second cross section, 5-005. a blank third cross section, 5-006. a blank fourth cross section, 5-007. an end enclosure, and 5-008. a blank third longitudinal section;
6. a multi-layer curved structure; 6-001, 6-002, 6-003, third, 6-004, 6-005, first, 6-006, second, 6-007, third, 6-008, and fourth.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present application. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and/or "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof;
for convenience of description, the words "up", "down", "left" and "right" in this application, if any, merely indicate correspondence with the directions of up, down, left and right of the drawings themselves, and do not limit the structure, but merely facilitate the description of the invention and simplify the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced device or element must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be construed as limiting the application.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the embodiment provides a manufacturing method of a multilayer bending structure, which is used for manufacturing a closed multilayer metal bending structure, and adopts a differential lateral extrusion device as shown in fig. 1, and comprises an extrusion container 1, a forming die 2, a first extrusion push rod 3 and a second extrusion push rod 4, wherein the first extrusion push rod 3 and the second extrusion push rod 4 are arranged along the axial direction of the extrusion container 1 and are symmetrically distributed on two sides of the extrusion container 1; the forming die 2 is mounted on one side perpendicular to the axial direction of the container 1.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
preparing a composite original blank 5, wherein the composite original blank 5 adopts a nested structure and comprises a bar material on an inner layer and a cylindrical structure on an outer layer surrounding the cylindrical surface of the bar material. Wherein, the inner layer is made of a second material, and the outer layer is made of a first material.
The longitudinal section of the composite original blank 5 is the first longitudinal section 5-001 of the blank shown in fig. 2(a), the longitudinal section of the inner layer is rectangular, and the longitudinal section of the outer layer is rectangular symmetrical to the inner layer. The cross section can be the first cross section 5-003 of the blank shown in fig. 2(c), the cross section of the outer layer material is circular and the cross section of the inner layer material is circular. At this time, the shaping channel 2-001 is provided as the shaping channel first cross-section 2-002, i.e., a circular configuration, as shown in FIG. 3 (b).
The second cross-section 5-004 of the blank shown in fig. 2(d) may also be used, the cross-sectional shape of the outer layer material being a rectangular ring with rounded corners and the cross-sectional shape of the inner layer material being rectangular. At this time, the shaping channel 2-001 is provided as the shaping channel second cross-section 2-003 shown in FIG. 3(c), i.e., a rectangular structure.
And (2) placing the composite type original blank 5 into the extrusion container 1, and heating the composite type original blank 5, the extrusion container 1 and the forming die 2.
Moving the first extrusion push rod 3 and the second extrusion push rod 4 to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank 5; then the propelling speed v is changed by changing the first extrusion push rod 31And the propelling speed v of the second extrusion push rod 42Such that the composite raw blank 5 obtains a varying velocity gradient when passing through the forming channels 2-001 of the forming die 2, thereby obtaining a variable curvature multilayer curved structure 6.
Specifically, when the cross section of the composite type starting billet 5 is the billet first cross section 5-003 and the cross section of the forming channel 2-001 is the forming channel first cross section 2-002, the cross section of the composite profile obtained by extrusion is the extruded profile first cross section 6-001 shown in fig. 4 (a). Wherein the inner layer material is converted from an original bar stock with a circular cross section into a double bar stock with an elliptical cross section; the outer layer material is changed into a double-hole structure from an original cylindrical structure with a circular ring-shaped cross section, and the cylindrical surface of the inner layer material is completely coated.
When the cross-section of the composite raw billet 5 is billet second cross-section 5-004 and the cross-section of the shaping channel 2-001 is shaping channel second cross-section 2-003 shown in fig. 3(c), the cross-section of the composite profile obtained by extrusion is extruded profile second cross-section 6-002 as shown in fig. 4 (b). Wherein the inner layer material is converted from an original bar stock with a rectangular cross section into a double bar stock with an oval cross section; the outer layer material is changed into a double-hole structure from an original cylindrical structure with a rectangular ring-shaped cross section, and the cylindrical surface of the inner layer material is completely coated.
In both cases, v is1＝ν2Then the first longitudinal section 6-005 of the extrusion shown in fig. 4(e), i.e., a straight five-layer composite structure, is obtained; v if1<ν2The second longitudinal cross-section of the extrusion of 6-006 shown in fig. 4(f), i.e., the five-layer composite structure curved upward, is then obtained.
Under the two conditions, on the cross section of the extruded section, the outer layer material realizes the complete coating of the inner layer material, and can obtain the functions of protecting the surface of the material, resisting wear, resisting corrosion and the like; this type of curved composite profile is a closed multilayer metal curved structure.
The enclosed multi-layer metal bending structure can obtain some special functions, for example, the inner layer material is magnesium alloy, the outer layer material is aluminum alloy, and the enclosed multi-layer metal bending structure obtained by the embodiment can prevent the inner magnesium alloy from being oxidized. If the inner layer material is 2 series or 7 series high-strength aluminum alloy and the outer layer material is 1 series or 6 series medium-low strength aluminum alloy, the closed multilayer metal bending structure obtained by adopting the embodiment can play a role in reinforcing the outer layer material.
Number of layers N of composite profile manufactured in this examplepNumber of layers N combined with original blankb(Material on longitudinal section of billet)Number of layers) with Np ═ 2 × Nb-a relationship of 1. The multilayer bent structure obtained by extrusion can be subjected to post-treatments such as heat treatment, surface treatment, and machining. Fig. 6 shows the effect of the multi-stage variable-curvature Al/Mg five-layer composite structure manufactured by the present embodiment.
Example two:
the present embodiment provides a method for manufacturing a multi-layer bent structure, which is used for manufacturing an open multi-layer metal bent structure, and is different from the first embodiment in that the structural form of the composite raw blank 5 is different, specifically:
step (1) adopts a multilayer stacked structure, the longitudinal section of the composite type original blank 5 adopts a first longitudinal section 5-001 of the blank as shown in fig. 2(a), the cross section adopts a third longitudinal section 5-005 of the blank as shown in fig. 2(e), or the longitudinal section of the composite type original blank 5 adopts a third longitudinal section 5-008 of the blank as shown in fig. 2(g), and the cross section adopts a fourth longitudinal section 5-006 of the blank as shown in fig. 2 (f). Wherein, the third cross section 5-005 of the blank is a three-layer plate stacking structure, the middle layer is a material II, and the two side layers are materials I; the fourth cross section 5-006 of the blank is a two-layer plate stacking structure, the left side material is a first material, and the right side material is a second material.
Step (2) and step (3) are the same as in the first embodiment, and are not described herein again.
When the cross-section of the forming channel 2-001 is the second cross-section 2-003 of the forming channel shown in fig. 3(c), the cross-section of the resulting extrudate in the form of the third cross-section 5-005 of the billet is the third cross-section 6-003 of the extrudate as shown in fig. 4(c), i.e., the material is converted from a three-layer sheet structure to a five-layer sheet structure. The cross-section of the extrusion obtained with the billet fourth cross-section 5-006 construction is the extrusion fourth cross-section 6-004 as shown in fig. 4(d), i.e. the material is transformed from a two-layer sheet construction to a three-layer sheet construction.
For the second case, if v1＝ν2A third longitudinal section 6-007 of the extrusion as shown in fig. 4(g), i.e. a flat three-layer composite structure, is obtained; v if1<ν2Then 6-008 extrusion as shown in FIG. 4(h) is obtainedThe profile has a fourth longitudinal section, i.e. an upwardly curved three-layer composite structure.
For the first case, v is regulated and controlled similarly1V and v2Straight five-layer composite structures and curved five-layer composite structures are obtained.
Under the two conditions, on the cross section of the extruded section, the inner layer material is not completely coated by the outer layer material, so that good heat dissipation, heat insulation or mechanical property enhancement and other beneficial effects can be obtained; this type of curved composite profile is an open multilayer metal curved structure.
Number of layers N of composite profile manufactured in this examplepNumber of layers N combined with original blankbPresence of Np ═ 2 × Nb-a relationship of 1. The multilayer bent structure obtained by extrusion can be subjected to post-treatments such as heat treatment, surface treatment, and machining.
Example three:
the present embodiment provides a method for manufacturing a multilayer bent structure, which is used for manufacturing a closed multilayer metal/metal matrix composite bent structure, and is different from the first embodiment in that the inner layer material in the composite raw blank 5 is manufactured in a different manner.
The inner layer material in the composite type original blank 5 in the step (1) adopts a form that metal powder and reinforcing phase are mixed with each other. Specifically, as shown in fig. 5, the metal powder and the reinforcing phase are first weighed, then mixed in a vacuum environment and the mixed powder is filled into the metal pipe sleeve in the vacuum environment; compacting the mixed powder in the pipe sleeve and sealing two ends of the pipe sleeve so as to obtain a second longitudinal section 5-002 of the original blank shown in the figure 2(b) and provided with end sockets 5-007; the end sockets 5-007 ensure that the inner layer material is in a vacuum environment, and the composite performance of the material is prevented from being influenced.
After the steps (2) and (3) in the first embodiment, a closed multilayer metal/metal matrix composite curved structure can be obtained, i.e., the first cross section 6-001 of the extrudate as shown in fig. 4(a), the second cross section 6-002 of the extrudate as shown in fig. 4(b), the first longitudinal section 6-005 of the extrudate as shown in fig. 4(e), and the second longitudinal section 6-006 of the extrudate as shown in fig. 4 (f).
Number of layers N of composite profile manufactured in this examplepNumber of layers N combined with original blankbPresence of Np ═ 2 × Nb-1, the number of layers is large; the multilayer bent structure obtained by extrusion can be subjected to post-treatments such as heat treatment, surface treatment, and machining.
Although the composite blank in the above embodiments is of a two-layer or three-layer composite structure, the invention is not limited to a two-layer or three-layer structure, and four-layer, five-layer, or even more-layer structures are applicable.
Although only two materials are used in the above embodiment, the invention is not limited to two materials, and one, three, four, or even more materials may be used.
The composite blanks and shaping channels in the above embodiments have only circular and rectangular configurations, but the invention is not limited to the combinations of these two configurations and embodiments, and other configurations of blanks and combinations are also suitable.
In the above embodiments, metal bar stock, metal powder and reinforcing phase powder are mainly used, but the invention is not limited to these materials, and is also applicable to other metal particles, second phase particles, polymer materials, other non-metal materials, and the like.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims (10)

1. A method of manufacturing a multilayer curved structure, comprising the steps of:
preparing a composite original blank, wherein the composite original blank adopts a double-layer or multi-layer opening structure;
placing the composite type original blank into an extrusion container, and heating the composite type original blank, the extrusion container and a forming die;
moving the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank; by varying the advancing speed v of the first extrusion ram1And a propulsion speed v of the second extrusion push rod2The composite type original blank obtains a variable speed gradient when passing through a forming passage of a forming die, so that a variable curvature multilayer bending structure is obtained.
2. A method of manufacturing a multi-layered curved structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite raw blank is of a nested structure comprising an inner layer of bar stock and a tubular structure surrounding the outer layer of bar stock.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the composite raw blank has a first longitudinal section and a first or second cross section.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the multi-layer bent structure obtained after the extrusion is a closed multi-layer metal bent structure.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite green stock is a multi-layered stacked structure having a first longitudinal section and a third longitudinal section, or a fourth longitudinal section and a fourth cross section.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the third cross-section of the blank is a three-ply sheet stack and the fourth cross-section of the blank is a two-ply sheet stack.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the multi-layer bent structure obtained after the extrusion is an open multi-layer metal bent structure.
8. A method of manufacturing a multilayer curved structure, comprising the steps of:
preparing a composite original blank, wherein the composite original blank adopts a nested sealing structure, and an inner layer material of the composite original blank adopts a form that metal powder and reinforcing phase are mixed with each other;
placing the composite type original blank into an extrusion container, and heating the composite type original blank, the extrusion container and a forming die;
moving the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod to make the first extrusion push rod and the second extrusion push rod contact with the composite original blank; by varying the advancing speed v of the first extrusion ram1And a propulsion speed v of the second extrusion push rod2The composite type original blank obtains a variable speed gradient when passing through a forming passage of a forming die, so that a variable curvature multilayer bending structure is obtained.
9. The method for manufacturing a multi-layer bent structure according to claim 8, wherein the inner layer material is prepared by: firstly, weighing metal powder and a reinforcing phase, then mixing the metal powder and the reinforcing phase in a vacuum environment, and filling the mixed powder into a metal pipe sleeve in the vacuum environment; and compacting the mixed powder in the metal pipe sleeve, and sealing two ends of the metal pipe sleeve.
10. The method of claim 1 or 8, wherein the multi-layer bent structure obtained by extrusion is subjected to post-processing.
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