CN111262323A - Reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control - Google Patents
Reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control, wherein a constant current source is used for charging a super capacitor in a super capacitor main topological circuit, the super capacitor main topological circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units which are mutually connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor and 2 switching tubes, the super capacitor is connected with 1 switching tube in series and then connected with the other 1 switching tube in parallel, and the real-time control method of the 2 switching tubes comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of obtaining the voltage of a local super capacitor and the voltage of a neighbor super capacitor, calculating the error voltage of the local super capacitor voltage, the reference voltage and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor by adopting a cooperative equilibrium control method, generating PWM (pulse width modulation) signals according to the error voltage, and driving 2 switching tubes in a super capacitor unit according to the PWM signals. The invention improves the energy utilization rate of the whole energy storage system and prolongs the service life of the super capacitor energy storage system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of power electronics, and relates to a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control.
Background
Compared with the traditional lithium battery, the super capacitor has the advantages of large capacity, high power density, large instantaneous current, high charging and discharging speed, long cycle life and the like. They have been widely used in various high-power application scenarios, such as various complex public transportation environments, and in low-power fields such as portable electronic products. Since the voltage of the single super capacitor can only reach 2.7V, in practical application, in order to increase the voltage and the storage capacity of the whole super capacitor energy storage system, a plurality of super capacitors are often connected in series. However, since the super capacitors are subject to certain limitations during the manufacturing process, the capacitance, internal resistance and self-discharge rate of each super capacitor are different, and therefore, the super capacitors are often connected in series to cause a voltage imbalance problem. The problem of overcharge or overdischarge of the super capacitor in the charging and discharging process is inevitably caused by the fact that the unbalance is not controlled, so that the research on how to eliminate the unbalance phenomenon when the super capacitors are connected in series becomes important.
The equalization circuit mainly comprises an active equalization circuit and a passive equalization circuit, the passive equalization circuit dissipates redundant energy in the high-voltage super capacitor on the power resistor, and although the passive equalization circuit is low in energy efficiency, the passive equalization circuit is favored in low-power consumption applications with limited system scale and cost budget. The active equalization circuit transfers the redundant energy of the high-voltage super capacitor to the low-voltage super capacitor by means of active elements such as capacitors and inductors, and the active equalization circuit has high energy efficiency, but is complex in circuit and high in design cost, so that the active equalization circuit is generally used in high-power application. However, both active equalization and passive equalization circuits are fixed topologies, and when the weakest cell reaches its EoL (end-of-life), the entire supercapacitor bank will fail, which greatly reduces the lifetime of the supercapacitor energy storage system, and therefore a flexible topology is needed to overcome this drawback.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the aging speed of the super capacitor is accelerated by overshoot of the super capacitor in the charging process in the prior art, so that the service life of the super capacitor is shortened, the invention provides a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control, so that the energy utilization rate of the whole energy storage system is improved, and the service life of the super capacitor energy storage system is prolonged.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method based on cooperative control uses a constant current source to charge a super capacitor in a super capacitor main topological circuit, wherein the super capacitor main topological circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units which are mutually connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor and 2 switching tubes, the super capacitor is connected with 1 switching tube in series and then connected with the other 1 switching tube in parallel, and the real-time control method of the 2 switching tubes comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining the voltage of a local super capacitor and the voltage of a neighbor super capacitor, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and a reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor by adopting a cooperative equilibrium control method, summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, generating PWM (pulse width modulation) signals according to the error voltage, and driving 2 switching tubes in a super capacitor unit according to the PWM signals.
In a more preferred technical scheme, a calculation formula of the cooperative equilibrium control method is as follows:
where i is the local super-capacitor, eiIs the error voltage, x, of the super capacitor i0Is a reference voltage, xiIs the voltage, x, of the supercapacitor ijIs the voltage of the neighboring super capacitor j, NiA set formed by all the neighbor super capacitors; if the super capacitor i can receive the information of the super capacitor j, the super capacitor j is called as a neighbor of the super capacitor i and has aij1, otherwiseij0; if the voltage of the super capacitor i can be charged to the reference voltage x0Then g isi1, otherwise gi＝0。
In a more preferred embodiment, the PWM signal is obtained by generating a high level or a low level according to whether the error voltage is greater than 0.
In a more preferred embodiment, when eiWhen the voltage is less than or equal to 0, the PWM signal outputs high level voltage, and the parallel switch tube is closed and the series switch tube is disconnected through the driving circuit; otherwise, the PWM signal outputs low level, and the series switch tube is closed and the parallel switch tube is opened through the driving circuit.
The invention also provides a reconfigurable super capacitor charging device based on cooperative control, which charges a super capacitor in a super capacitor main topological circuit by using a constant current source, wherein the super capacitor main topological circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units which are mutually connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor and 2 switching tubes, and the super capacitor is connected with 1 switching tube in series and then connected with the other 1 switching tube in parallel; the reconfigurable super capacitor charging device based on cooperative control comprises: the control circuit, the sampling circuit and the driving circuit are arranged for each super capacitor unit;
the sampling circuit is used for collecting the voltage value of the local super capacitor and sending the voltage value to the local control circuit;
the control circuit is used for sending the received voltage value of the local super capacitor to the neighbor control circuit, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor according to a cooperative equilibrium control algorithm according to the received voltage value of the local super capacitor and the voltage value of the neighbor super capacitor, summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, generating a PWM signal according to the error voltage, and sending the PWM signal to the local drive circuit;
and the driving circuit is used for driving the parallel switch tube and the series switch tube of the local super capacitor according to the received PWM signal, so that the local super capacitor is controlled to be charged.
In a more preferred technical scheme, the cooperative equalization control algorithm calculates a difference between a local super-capacitor voltage and a reference voltage, and a difference between the local super-capacitor voltage and a neighboring super-capacitor voltage, and then sums the two errors to generate an error voltage, wherein a calculation formula of the error voltage is as follows:
where i is the local super-capacitor, eiIs the error voltage, x, of the super capacitor i0Is a reference voltage, xiIs the voltage, x, of the supercapacitor ijIs the voltage of the neighboring super capacitor j, NiA set formed by all the neighbor super capacitors; if the super capacitor i can receive the information of the super capacitor j, the super capacitor j is called as a neighbor of the super capacitor i and has aij1, otherwiseij0; if the voltage of the super capacitor i can be charged to the reference voltage x0Then g isi1, otherwise gi＝0。
In a more preferred embodiment, the PWM signal is obtained by generating a high level or a low level according to whether the error voltage is greater than 0.
In a more preferred embodiment, when eiWhen the voltage is less than or equal to 0, the PWM signal outputs high level voltage, and the parallel switch tube is closed and the series switch tube is disconnected through the driving circuit; otherwise, the PWM signal outputs low level, and the series switch tube is closed and the parallel switch tube is opened through the driving circuit.
In a more preferable technical scheme, the device further comprises a low-pass filter circuit which is arranged between the sampling circuit and the control circuit and used for carrying out low-pass filtering on the collected voltage data and then sending the voltage data to the control circuit.
Advantageous effects
In the invention, each super capacitor respectively uses two switching tubes to construct a super capacitor main topology circuit, and for each super capacitor: the voltages of the local super capacitor and the neighbor super capacitor are collected in real time, the on-off of two switching tubes of the super capacitor is controlled by adopting a cooperative control method, and then whether a constant current source is used for charging the super capacitor at present is controlled: only charging 1 or a plurality of super capacitors with the minimum current voltage; and (4) recycling the control method until all the super capacitors are charged to the reference voltage, cutting off all the series-connected switching tubes, and stopping charging all the super capacitors.
The invention can dynamically adjust the switching tube of the super capacitor to adjust the voltage and the current according to the current real-time voltage of the super capacitor, thereby realizing higher energy conversion efficiency and preventing the super capacitor from being overcharged so as to prolong the service life of the super capacitor; the super capacitor with serious aging can be easily separated from the super capacitor group, so that the service life of the whole energy storage system is prolonged; in addition, compared with the prior art that a power resistor is introduced for passive voltage sharing, the invention improves the energy utilization rate of the energy storage system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a super capacitor master topology according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a charging method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a CPS model diagram of a charging device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the method and apparatus for improving the lifetime of the super capacitor by using the cooperative control algorithm.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail, which are developed based on the technical solutions of the present invention, and give detailed implementation manners and specific operation procedures to further explain the technical solutions of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method and device based on cooperative control, and a constant current source is used as a super capacitor main topology circuitCharging a medium super capacitor, wherein, referring to fig. 1, the super capacitor main topology circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor CiAnd 2 switching tubes Sia、SibSuper capacitor and 1 switch tube SibConnected in series and then connected with another 1 switch tube SiaAnd (4) connecting in parallel. Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the reconfigurable supercapacitor charging device based on cooperative control according to the embodiment of the present invention includes: the control circuit, the sampling circuit, the low-pass filter circuit and the driving circuit are arranged for each super capacitor unit;
the sampling circuit is used for collecting the voltage value of the local super capacitor, performing low-pass filtering through the low-pass filtering circuit and then sending the voltage value to the local control circuit;
the control circuit is used for sending the received voltage value of the local super capacitor to the neighbor control circuit, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor according to a cooperative equilibrium control algorithm according to the received voltage value of the local super capacitor and the voltage value of the neighbor super capacitor, summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, generating a PWM signal according to the error voltage, and sending the PWM signal to the local drive circuit;
and the driving circuit is used for driving the parallel switch tube and the series switch tube of the local super capacitor according to the received PWM signal, so that the local super capacitor is controlled to be charged.
In the embodiment, the filter circuit is implemented by a 2-order low-pass filter circuit; the TMS320F2808 is adopted by the control circuit to build a control board; the drive circuit adopts a totem-pole drive circuit to drive the switching tube, so that the switching tube can be strictly ensured to be completely conducted and judged; the switch tube is a power MOSFET. In addition, the power supply module is selected from two types of power supply modules, namely VRA2415YMD-6WR3-DUAL and DCR022405P-U, wherein the former is a 24V to +/-15V power supply module which is used for supplying power to the main topology circuit, and the latter is used for supplying power to the control circuit by converting 24V to 5V. The communication between the control circuits adopts a serial port module of TMSF2808 and an RS485 communication module.
Based on the charging device, the embodiment of the invention provides a reconfigurable super capacitor charging method based on cooperative control, wherein the real-time control method for 2 switching tubes of each super capacitor is as follows:
firstly, acquiring the voltage of a local super capacitor and the voltage of a neighbor super capacitor, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and a reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor by adopting a cooperative equilibrium control method, and then summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, wherein the error voltage calculation formula is as follows:
where i is the local super-capacitor, eiIs the error voltage, x, of the super capacitor i0Is a reference voltage, xiIs the voltage, x, of the supercapacitor ijIs the voltage of the neighboring super capacitor j, NiA set formed by all the neighbor super capacitors; if the super capacitor i can receive the information of the super capacitor j, the super capacitor j is called as a neighbor of the super capacitor i and has aij1, otherwiseij0; if the voltage of the super capacitor i can be charged to the reference voltage x0Then g isi1, otherwise gi＝0。
Then, according to whether the error voltage is greater than 0 or not, high and low levels of the PWM signal are generated, and the switches of 2 switching tubes in the super capacitor unit are driven according to the PWM signal.
In this embodiment, when eiWhen the voltage is less than or equal to 0, the PWM signal outputs high level voltage, and the parallel switch tube S is connected through the driving circuitiaClosed, series switch tube SibDisconnecting; otherwise, the PWM signal outputs low level, and the series switch tube S is driven by the driving circuitibClosed, parallel switch tube SiaAnd (5) disconnecting.
In the invention, each super capacitor respectively uses two switching tubes to construct a super capacitor main topology circuit, and for each super capacitor: the voltages of the local super capacitor and the neighbor super capacitor are collected in real time, the on-off of two switching tubes of the super capacitor is controlled by adopting a cooperative control method, and then whether a constant current source is used for charging the super capacitor at present is controlled: only charging 1 or a plurality of super capacitors with the minimum current voltage; and (4) recycling the control method until all the super capacitors are charged to the reference voltage, cutting off all the series-connected switching tubes, and stopping charging all the super capacitors.
The invention can dynamically adjust the switching tube of the super capacitor to adjust the voltage and the current according to the current real-time voltage of the super capacitor, thereby realizing higher energy conversion efficiency and preventing the super capacitor from being overcharged so as to prolong the service life of the super capacitor; the super capacitor with serious aging can be easily separated from the super capacitor group, so that the service life of the whole energy storage system is prolonged; in addition, compared with the prior art that a power resistor is introduced for passive voltage sharing, the invention improves the energy utilization rate of the charging system.
In order to verify that the method and the device provided by the embodiment of the invention can prolong the service life of the super capacitor, three schemes are designed below to charge the super capacitor, and the three schemes are analyzed and compared.
When a PCB circuit is designed, two power supply modules, namely an RA2415YMD-6WR3-DUAL power supply module and a DCR022405P-U power supply module, are selected, wherein the RA power supply module is a 24V to +/-15V power supply module and is used for supplying power for a driving circuit and a voltage acquisition circuit, and the DCR power supply module is a 24V to 5V power supply module and is used for supplying power for a control board. The control panel comprises a communication module, an AD/DA conversion module and a PWM control module. The three protocols are analyzed and explained below.
In the first scheme, the super capacitor is simply charged by adopting CC-CV, a control algorithm is not added, the total voltage of the super capacitor connected in series is charged to 6V, the average voltage of each single cell is 2V, but the voltage of each single cell is different but fluctuates around 2V (such as 1.8V, 2.0V and 2.2V) due to the absence of any algorithm. When the scheme is designed, an AC-DC power converter is needed, an AC part is connected with 220V alternating voltage, and the converted DC voltage supplies power to the reconfigurable bottom plate. Wherein super capacitor voltage gathers through voltage sensor earlier, and the voltage of gathering passes through low pass filter module, and low pass filter module can be built by TL074ID chip, and voltage gathers with the AD sample connection in the DSP chip after the filtering, and DSP can the lectotype be TMS320F2808 chip.
Next, the control circuit module is designed: and a TMS320F2808 is adopted to build a control board to generate a PWM control signal for judging whether the super capacitor is charged or not. Then design drive circuit, this scheme has designed 6 drive circuit altogether and has driven 3 pairs of MOS pipes, and every pair of MOS pipe divide into upper tube and low tube, and upper and lower MOS pipe are complementary breakover (prevents that super capacitor from being short circuited), and super capacitor does not charge when wherein the upper tube switches on, and super capacitor just is in the mode of switching on charging when the low tube switches on. And finally, the voltage of each super capacitor is collected by a PXI collecting plate externally connected with the voltage of the super capacitor, the collected voltage is transmitted to Labview, and meanwhile, the temperature of the super capacitor in the charging period is collected by a temperature sensor for analysis and comparison.
In the second scheme, the voltage of each super capacitor rises to the reference voltage v by adopting a distributed control algorithm0And then, the corresponding lower switch is switched off, and the upper switch is switched on, so that the voltage of the super capacitor adopting the distributed control is lower than that of the common CC-CV charging mode.
In the third scheme, by adopting the cooperative algorithm, the super capacitor with lower initial voltage is used as the leader, the voltage of the two super capacitors with higher voltage is kept unchanged in the early stage of charging, and the neighbor voltage starts to rise only when the voltage of the super capacitor of the leader is equal to the neighbor voltage, so that the voltage of the three super capacitors adopting the cooperative control algorithm is lower than the voltage of the distributed control algorithm.
In order to better analyze and compare, temperature acquisition experiments are carried out on the three schemes, as shown in fig. 4, after a cooperative control algorithm is adopted, the voltage of the super capacitor in the charging process is lower than that of the traditional charging method, and the low voltage means that the charging current flowing through the super capacitor is lower, so that the heat generation of the super capacitor is reduced and the temperature of the super capacitor is reduced according to ohm law, namely the temperature of the super capacitor in the charging method can be correspondingly restrained, and the following formula proves that the service life of the super capacitor can be effectively prolonged.
Wherein, tau0Initial lifetime of the supercapacitor, vi(t) is the voltage of the supercapacitor i, μi(T) is the temperature of the supercapacitor i, T is the charging period, τ0、v0、μ0Is a constant, and the values are respectively: tau is0＝1.4*103s,
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present application, and those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications without departing from the general concept of the present application, and such changes or modifications should fall within the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (9)
1. A reconfigurable super capacitor charging method based on cooperative control is characterized in that a constant current source is used for charging a super capacitor in a super capacitor main topological circuit, wherein the super capacitor main topological circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units which are connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor and 2 switching tubes, the super capacitor is connected with 1 switching tube in series and then connected with the other 1 switching tube in parallel, and the real-time control method of the 2 switching tubes comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of obtaining the voltage of a local super capacitor and the voltage of a neighbor super capacitor, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and a reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor by adopting a cooperative equilibrium control method, summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, generating PWM (pulse width modulation) signals according to the error voltage, and driving 2 switching tubes in a super capacitor unit according to the PWM signals.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calculation formula of the cooperative equalization control method is:
where i is the local super-capacitor, eiIs the error voltage, x, of the super capacitor i0Is a reference voltage, xiIs the voltage, x, of the supercapacitor ijIs the voltage of the neighboring super capacitor j, NiA set formed by all the neighbor super capacitors; if the super capacitor i can receive the information of the super capacitor j, the super capacitor j is called as a neighbor of the super capacitor i and has aij1, otherwiseij0; if the voltage of the super capacitor i can be charged to the reference voltage x0Then g isi1, otherwise gi＝0。
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the PWM signal is derived based on whether the error voltage is greater than 0 to generate a high level or a low level.
4. A charging method according to claim 3, characterised in that when e is reachediWhen the voltage is less than or equal to 0, the PWM signal outputs high level voltage, and the parallel switch tube is closed and the series switch tube is disconnected through the driving circuit; otherwise, the PWM signal outputs low level, and the series switch tube is closed and the parallel switch tube is opened through the driving circuit.
5. A reconfigurable super capacitor charging device based on cooperative control is characterized in that a constant current source is used for charging a super capacitor in a super capacitor main topological circuit, wherein the super capacitor main topological circuit comprises a plurality of super capacitor units which are connected in series, each super capacitor unit comprises 1 super capacitor and 2 switching tubes, and the super capacitor is connected with 1 switching tube in series and then connected with the other 1 switching tube in parallel; the reconfigurable super capacitor charging device based on cooperative control comprises: the control circuit, the sampling circuit and the driving circuit are arranged for each super capacitor unit;
the sampling circuit is used for collecting the voltage value of the local super capacitor and sending the voltage value to the local control circuit;
the control circuit is used for sending the received voltage value of the local super capacitor to the neighbor control circuit, respectively calculating the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the reference voltage and the difference between the voltage of the local super capacitor and the voltage of the neighbor super capacitor according to a cooperative equilibrium control algorithm according to the received voltage value of the local super capacitor and the voltage value of the neighbor super capacitor, summing the two errors to generate an error voltage, generating a PWM signal according to the error voltage, and sending the PWM signal to the local drive circuit;
and the driving circuit is used for driving the parallel switch tube and the series switch tube of the local super capacitor according to the received PWM signal, so that the local super capacitor is controlled to be charged.
6. The charging device according to claim 5, wherein the cooperative equalization control algorithm calculates the difference between the local super capacitor voltage and the reference voltage, and the difference between the local super capacitor voltage and the neighbor super capacitor voltage, respectively, and then sums the two errors to generate an error voltage, and the error voltage is calculated by the formula:
where i is the local super-capacitor, eiIs the error voltage, x, of the super capacitor i0Is a reference voltage, xiIs the voltage, x, of the supercapacitor ijIs the voltage of the neighboring super capacitor j, NiA set formed by all the neighbor super capacitors; if the super capacitor i can receive the information of the super capacitor j, the super capacitor j is called as a neighbor of the super capacitor i and has aij1, otherwiseij0; if the voltage of the super capacitor i can be charged to the reference voltage x0Then g isi1, otherwise gi＝0。
7. The charging device of claim 5, wherein the PWM signal is generated according to whether the error voltage is greater than 0 to generate a high level or a low level.
8. A charging arrangement as claimed in claim 7, in which when e isiWhen the voltage is less than or equal to 0, the PWM signal outputs high level voltage, and the parallel switch tube is closed and the series switch tube is disconnected through the driving circuit; otherwise, the PWM signal outputs low level, and the series switch tube is closed and the parallel switch tube is opened through the driving circuit.
9. The charging device of claim 5, further comprising a low-pass filter circuit disposed between the sampling circuit and the control circuit for low-pass filtering the collected voltage data and sending the filtered voltage data to the control circuit.
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| CN113746190A (en) * | 2021-08-17 | 2021-12-03 | 湖南工商大学 | Distributed cooperative control method and system for single voltage balance |
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