CN111261964A - Closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process for valve-controlled lead-acid storage battery - Google Patents
Closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process for valve-controlled lead-acid storage battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN111261964A CN111261964A CN201911149143.8A CN201911149143A CN111261964A CN 111261964 A CN111261964 A CN 111261964A CN 201911149143 A CN201911149143 A CN 201911149143A CN 111261964 A CN111261964 A CN 111261964A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/121—Valve regulated lead acid batteries [VRLA]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Abstract
The invention discloses a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-controlled lead-acid storage battery, which relates to the technical field of lead-acid storage battery preparation, and is characterized in that an ultrasonic high-frequency cavitation effect is utilized to periodically carry out ultrasonic treatment on a polar plate, so that bubbles generated on the surface of the polar plate are removed, thereby reducing concentration polarization and improving the formation efficiency of the battery; and the sealing and the periodic vacuum pumping are kept, so that the emission of acid mist can be effectively reduced, the environment is protected, the safety is higher, after negative pressure is formed by combining an ultrasonic process, the diffusion effect of ions in the electrolyte can be further promoted, the concentration polarization is prevented, the internal formation process can be optimized, the formation steps are reduced, the formation speed is further increased, the formation period of the battery is shortened, the average energy consumption of a single polar plate is reduced, and the production cost is effectively saved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lead-acid storage battery preparation, in particular to a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-controlled lead-acid storage battery.
Background
Formation, i.e., conversion, is the process of forming the active material of the lead-acid battery. The formation of the storage battery can be divided into an external formation mode and an internal formation mode according to different processes. The external formation is that the solidified green plate is placed in a special formation groove, and a plurality of positive electrodes and negative electrodes are alternately combined together and connected with a direct current power supply; the internalization does not need a special formation groove, but the green plates are assembled and welded into a cluster and are arranged in a battery shell, and the anode and the cathode of the battery are connected to a direct-current power supply after the battery is assembled. The external formation has basically exited the historical stage due to strict environmental protection requirements, and the internal formation has been widely applied to the production of various lead-acid storage batteries. The existing battery container formation process is carried out in an open mode, due to the space limitation of a battery groove body, the density of sulfuric acid needing to be added is high, the charging time is long in the battery re-formation process, the conversion efficiency of active substances is low, the side reaction of electrolyzed water in the later formation stage violently causes high energy consumption of single plate formation, the electrolyzed water reaction can cause the acid mist diffusion of the formation workshop, and the poor working environment of the workshop and the corrosion of equipment facilities are caused. Meanwhile, the micro bubbles formed on the surface of the polar plate in the formation process prevent the electrolyte from being transmitted to the inside of the polar plate, so that concentration polarization is caused, the formation efficiency of the battery is further reduced, even the battery is not completely formed, white-spot/white-spot phenomena are caused on the surface, and the capacity of the battery after formation cannot reach the rated capacity.
For example, a "tubular battery container formation process" disclosed in chinese patent literature, which is publication No. CN104393325B, discloses a tubular battery container formation process capable of saving energy. The tubular storage battery internal formation process comprises the step of adding the material with the density of 1.15g/cm into the tubular storage battery3After the electrolyte is prepared, the charging and discharging time and the charging and discharging current are controlled in the following eight steps to carry out formation; the technological process from the first step to the seventh step is identical to the existing technological process, except that the technological process of the eighth step is that the density in the tubular storage battery is 1.15g/cm3After the electrolyte was poured off, the density of the electrolyte was 1.32g/cm3After the electrolyte is kept stand for 8 to 12 hours, the density of the electrolyte in the tubular storage battery reaches the specified value of 1.280g/cm3And then, finishing the container formation process of the tubular storage battery. However, the invention is carried out in an open manner, which causes acid mist diffusion in a workshop and micro bubbles easily formed on the surface of a polar plate, thereby reducing the formation efficiency of the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that the traditional battery container formation process is carried out in an open mode, the density of sulfuric acid required to be added is high due to the space limitation of a battery groove body, the charging time is long in the battery re-formation process, the conversion efficiency of active substances is low, the single-plate electrode formation energy consumption is high due to severe side reaction of electrolyzed water in the later formation stage, the acid mist diffusion of a formation workshop is caused by the electrolyzed water reaction, and the working environment of the workshop and the corrosion phenomenon of equipment facilities are caused. Meanwhile, the micro bubbles formed on the surface of the polar plate in the formation process prevent the electrolyte from being transmitted to the interior of the polar plate, so that concentration polarization is caused, the formation efficiency of the battery is further reduced, even the battery is not completely formed, white-colored/white-spot phenomena are caused on the surface, the capacity of the battery after formation cannot reach the rated capacity, and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery comprises the following steps:
1) pouring electrolyte into the battery in vacuum, plugging the battery and sealing the battery to form a kettle;
2) standing in a constant-temperature water tank for 0.5-1 h, and vacuumizing before starting up;
3) charging for 4-8h at constant current of 0.15-0.3C;
4) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4-6h at constant current of 0.2-0.4 deg.C;
6) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
7) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4-8h at a constant current of 0.2-0.3C;
8) discharging with constant current of 0.25-0.5C until voltage is less than 10.5V/electrode;
9) charging for 2-4h at constant current of 0.3-0.5 deg.C;
10) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
11) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 2-4h at a constant current of 0.3-0.5 deg.C;
12) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
13) and (4) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 3-5h at a constant current of 0.1-0.2C.
The invention adopts an ultrasonic mode in the internal formation process, and uses the high-frequency change cavitation of the ultrasonic generator in the standing process to break the tiny bubbles on the surface of the polar plate in the charging process, thereby being beneficial to the diffusion of the electrolyte to the interior of the polar plate, reducing the concentration polarization, improving the formation efficiency of the battery and shortening the formation time. Compared with a common internal formation process, the invention keeps the sealing and the periodic vacuum pumping in the formation process, can collect and treat the acid mist generated in the formation process, reduces the influence of the acid mist on the environment, avoids the acid mist discharge caused by opening, can quantitatively add acid without acid pumping, is favorable for the formation of negative pressure by combining an ultrasonic process, promotes the diffusion effect of ions in the electrolyte, prevents concentration polarization, further improves the formation speed, shortens the formation period of the battery, and achieves the effect of 1+1> 2; in addition, due to the existence of vacuum, the ultrasonic standing time of the invention can be greatly shortened, and after standing vacuum ultrasonic for 3-5min, the gas adsorbed on the polar plate can be crushed and discharged, thereby further shortening the formation period of the battery, reducing the heat generated in the ultrasonic process and preventing the internal temperature of the battery from being overhigh. If the ultrasonic forming is adopted, the micro bubbles on the surface of the polar plate cannot be quickly pumped out in the vacuum process after being crushed, the forming time is not obviously shortened, the standing ultrasonic time is long, and the gas in the forming process is directly discharged to a workshop, so that the acid environment in the workshop corrodes workshop equipment and harms the physical health of workers; if only a closed and periodic vacuum pumping mode is adopted, the tiny bubbles on the surface of the polar plate cannot be effectively broken in the charging process, so that the pumping efficiency in the vacuum process is not high.
Moreover, the invention changes the common container formation three-charging two-discharging process into two-charging one-discharging process, because after the process of combining ultrasound and closed periodic vacuum pumping is adopted, the concentration polarization in the battery is reduced, the reaction is more sufficient, the charge and discharge process steps of internal formation can be reduced, the formation time is reduced, in order to combine the ultrasonic and the closed periodic vacuum-pumping process, three stages of segmented charging are required for two times of charging, this is because, if the way of charging in sections is not adopted, the gas generated in the internal formation process can be accumulated in the acid kettle, when the pressure in the acid pot exceeds the valve opening pressure, the acid pot can be directly discharged into the air to cause pollution, and excessive bubbles on the surface of the polar plate can be caused without sectional charging, the time required by the subsequent standing vacuum ultrasonic treatment is greatly prolonged, which is not beneficial to the shortening of the formation time, so that the effect of the ultrasonic and closed periodic vacuum pumping combined process is not obvious. Meanwhile, compared with the first charging, the second charging needs to adopt larger charging current, because the second charging and discharging efficiency is higher, the battery is basically formed, and because the polarization of the battery is periodically removed by adopting the standing vacuum ultrasonic process, the internal resistance of the battery is reduced, the heat generation is less, and the forming current can be increased, so that the process steps are reduced, the forming current is increased, and the forming time can be obviously shortened on the whole; in the general internal formation three-charge two-discharge process, the first discharge is depolarization, but the static vacuum ultrasonic process achieves the same effect, so the discharge step is saved, and the effect of saving time and energy is achieved.
Preferably, the frequency of the ultrasonic generator in the step 3) and the step 6) is 20-40KHz, and the frequency is increased in sequence; the frequency of the ultrasonic generator in the steps 10) and 12) is 30-50KHz, and the frequency is increased in sequence.
The reason is that before the first charging, the polar plate is not formed, and the vacuum ultrasonic frequency is too high at the moment, so that the contact between the grid and the active substance is influenced, and the mechanism of the polar plate is damaged.
Preferably, the valve opening pressure of the sealed forming kettle is not less than 30MPa, and the valve closing pressure is not more than 20 MPa.
Preferably, the degree of vacuum of the evacuation is from-0.08 to-0.1 MPa.
Preferably, the number of times of vacuum infusion of the electrolyte is 2-3 times.
Preferably, the temperature of the electrolyte in the internal formation process is 0-10 ℃, and the density is 1.255g/cm3-1.275g/cm3。
Preferably, the temperature of the constant-temperature water tank is 20-45 ℃.
Preferably, the temperature inside the battery is controlled to be less than or equal to 50 ℃ in the internal formation process.
Therefore, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention utilizes the cavitation of ultrasonic high frequency to regularly carry out ultrasonic treatment on the polar plate, and removes bubbles generated on the surface of the polar plate, thereby reducing concentration polarization and improving the formation efficiency of the battery; and the sealing and the periodic vacuum pumping are kept, so that the emission of acid mist can be effectively reduced, the environment is protected, the safety is higher, after negative pressure is formed by combining an ultrasonic process, the diffusion effect of ions in the electrolyte can be further promoted, the concentration polarization is prevented, the internal formation process can be optimized, the formation steps are reduced, the formation speed is further increased, the formation period of the battery is shortened, the average energy consumption of a single polar plate is reduced, and the production cost is effectively saved.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1: a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery comprises the following steps:
1) pouring electrolyte into the battery for 2 times in vacuum, plugging the battery into a sealed forming kettle, wherein the valve opening pressure of the kettle is 30MPa, and the valve closing pressure of the kettle is 20 MPa;
2) standing in a constant temperature water tank at 20 ℃ for 1h, and vacuumizing to form negative pressure before starting up, wherein the vacuum degree is-0.08 MPa;
3) charging for 8h at a constant current of 0.15C;
4) standing for 3min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.08 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 20 KHz;
5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 6h at a constant current of 0.2C;
6) standing for 3min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.08 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 30 KHz;
7) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 8h at a constant current of 0.2C;
8) discharging with a constant current of 0.25C to a voltage < 10.5V/device;
9) charging for 4h at a constant current of 0.3C;
10) standing for 3min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.08 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 30 KHz;
11) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4h at a constant current of 0.3C;
12) standing for 3min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.08 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 40 KHz;
13) and (5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and carrying out constant current charging for 5h at the current of 0.1C.
The control of parameters during the internalization process is shown in table 1.
Table 1: example 1 parameters are tabulated during the internalization process.
| Item | Electrolyte temperature (. degree.C.) | Density of electrolyte (g/cm)3) | Internal temperature (. degree. C.) of battery |
| Example 1 | 0 | 1.255 | 30℃ |
Example 2: a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery comprises the following steps:
1) injecting electrolyte into the battery for 2 times in vacuum, plugging the battery into a sealed pot, wherein the valve opening pressure of the pot is 35MPa, and the valve closing pressure of the pot is 18 MPa;
2) standing in a constant temperature water tank at 45 ℃ for 0.5h, and vacuumizing to form negative pressure before starting up, wherein the vacuum degree is-0.1 MPa;
3) charging for 6 hours at a constant current of 0.2C;
4) standing for 4min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.1 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 25 KHz;
5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 5h at a constant current of 0.3C;
6) standing for 4min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.1 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 35 KHz;
7) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 6h at a constant current of 0.25 ℃;
8) discharging with a constant current of 0.35C to a voltage < 10.5V/electrode;
9) charging for 3 hours at a constant current of 0.4C;
10) standing for 4min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.1 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 35 KHz;
11) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 3h at a constant current of 0.4C;
12) standing for 4min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.1 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 45 KHz;
13) the ultrasonic generator was turned off and charged at a constant current of 0.15C for 4 h.
The control of parameters during the internalization process is shown in table 1.
Table 2: example 2 parameters are tabulated during the internalization process.
| Item | Electrolyte temperature (. degree.C.) | Density of electrolyte (g/cm)3) | Internal temperature (. degree. C.) of battery |
| Example 2 | 10 | 1.275 | 50℃ |
Example 3: a closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery comprises the following steps:
1) pouring electrolyte into the battery for 2 times in vacuum, plugging the battery into a sealed pot, wherein the valve opening pressure of the pot is 37MPa, and the valve closing pressure of the pot is 15 MPa;
2) standing in a constant temperature water tank at 30 ℃ for 0.7h, and vacuumizing to form negative pressure before starting up, wherein the vacuum degree is-0.09 MPa;
3) charging for 4h at a constant current of 0.3C;
4) standing for 5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.09 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 30 KHz;
5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4h at a constant current of 0.4C;
6) standing for 5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.09 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 40 KHz;
7) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4h at a constant current of 0.3C;
8) discharging with a constant current of 0.5C to a voltage of < 10.5V/electrode;
9) charging for 2h at a constant current of 0.5C;
10) standing for 5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.09 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 40 KHz;
11) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 2h at a constant current of 0.5C;
12) standing for 5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure with a vacuum degree of-0.09 MPa, and starting an ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 50 KHz;
13) and (5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and carrying out constant current charging for 3h at the current of 0.2C.
The control of parameters during the internalization process is shown in table 3.
Table 3: example 1 parameters are tabulated during the internalization process.
| Item | Electrolyte temperature (. degree.C.) | Density of electrolyte (g/cm)3) | Internal temperature (. degree. C.) of battery |
| Example 3 | 5 | 1.265 | 40℃ |
Comparative example 1: the difference from example 1 is that no closed forming pot is inserted, no closed evacuation is performed in the whole process, and no ultrasound is performed after charging.
Comparative example 2: the difference from example 1 is that no closed forming pot was inserted, no closed evacuation was performed throughout, and only ultrasonic processing was performed.
The batteries obtained in examples and comparative examples were then subjected to 2hr capacity and cycle life tests, and the results are as follows.
Table 4: examples and comparative examples cell performance.
| Performance index | Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 |
| 2hr capacity | 134min | 133min | 135min | 108min | 125min |
| Cycle life | 355 times | 368 times | 380 times | - | 152 times |
As can be seen from the above table, in comparison with example 1, in comparative example 1, the cycle capacity of the battery formed in an internal container is low without vacuum and ultrasonic processes, and the requirement that the discharge time of 2hr in the national standard is not less than or equal to 120min is not met, because in each charging process of comparative example 1, the inside of the battery has severe concentration polarization, most of the charged current is used for side reactions such as electrolysis and heat generation, and effective active material conversion is not performed. Comparing the comparative example 2 with the example 1, it can be seen that, because the comparative example 2 does not adopt a vacuum-pumping process, only adopts an ultrasonic process, the capacity after internal formation is relatively low and the cycle life is poor, that is, under the condition of not matching with vacuum-pumping, only ultrasonic processing is performed on the battery, the concentration polarization on the surface of the polar plate is only slightly relieved by the ultrasonic processing in a short time, the pressure of a closed environment is not existed, and the internal formation effect is poor because the electrolyte is relatively difficult to enter the negative plate.
Claims (8)
1. A closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of a valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) pouring electrolyte into the battery in vacuum, plugging the battery and sealing the battery to form a kettle;
2) standing in a constant-temperature water tank for 0.5-1 h, and vacuumizing before starting up;
3) charging for 4-8h at constant current of 0.15-0.3C;
4) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
5) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4-6h at constant current of 0.2-0.4 deg.C;
6) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
7) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 4-8h at a constant current of 0.2-0.3C;
8) discharging with constant current of 0.25-0.5C until voltage is less than 10.5V/electrode;
9) charging for 2-4h at constant current of 0.3-0.5 deg.C;
10) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
11) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 2-4h at a constant current of 0.3-0.5 deg.C;
12) standing for 3-5min, vacuumizing to form negative pressure, and starting an ultrasonic generator;
13) and (4) turning off the ultrasonic generator, and charging for 3-5h at a constant current of 0.1-0.2C.
2. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1, wherein the frequency of the ultrasonic generator in the steps 3) and 6) is 20-40KHz, and the frequency is increased in sequence; the frequency of the ultrasonic generator in the steps 10) and 12) is 30-50KHz, and the frequency is increased in sequence.
3. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the valve opening pressure of the closed formation kettle is not less than 30MPa, and the valve closing pressure is not more than 20 MPa.
4. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vacuum degree of the vacuumizing is-0.08 to-0.1 MPa.
5. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the number of times of vacuum electrolyte infusion is 2-3.
6. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the temperature of the electrolyte in the internal formation process is 0-10 ℃, and the density of the electrolyte is 1.255g/cm3-1.275g/cm3。
7. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-controlled lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the temperature of the constant-temperature water tank is 20-45 ℃.
8. The closed intermittent ultrasonic internal formation process of the valve-regulated lead-acid storage battery according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the temperature inside the battery is controlled to be less than or equal to 50 ℃ in the internal formation process.
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| CN114122543A (en) * | 2021-10-28 | 2022-03-01 | 天能电池集团股份有限公司 | Lead storage battery treatment method for improving discharge performance of external formation positive plate |
| CN114512702A (en) * | 2022-02-10 | 2022-05-17 | 天能电池集团(马鞍山)新能源科技有限公司 | Formation and post-treatment process for rapidly stabilizing open-circuit voltage of storage battery |
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| CN111261964B (en) | 2023-05-26 |
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