CN111230113A - Method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser - Google Patents
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Abstract
A method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: mixing TC4 alloy powder and TiAl alloy powder according to four mass fraction ratios; step two: removing an oxide film of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate, and carrying out oil removal treatment on the surface of the substrate; step three: putting the four groups of mixed alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment to obtain dry powder; step four: preparing i four gradient layers on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate subjected to oil removal treatment in the second step from bottom to top by using the four groups of mixed alloy powder in the first step, and finally preparing a 100% TiAl layer on the gradient layers to obtain a TC4/TiAl gradient material; step five: and carrying out integral stress relief annealing. The titanium alloy and the TiAl alloy are uniformly excessive, the residual stress is reduced, the interface structure is improved, the generation of cracks is avoided, the connection of the titanium alloy and the TiAl alloy is realized, the service temperature of parts is increased from about 400 ℃ to over 700 ℃, and the high-temperature service performance of hot-end parts is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention provides a method for preparing a TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser, belongs to the technical field of advanced manufacturing, and is mainly used for solving the problems that in the existing preparation process, a temperature gradient is high, residual stress is large, macroscopic cracks are generated, and TiAl alloy is difficult to prepare on a TC4 substrate.
Background
With the scientific and technical progress and the rapid development of the aerospace industry, modern structural materials are developing towards the direction of combining high strength-to-weight ratio and high fracture toughness. The increasing flight distance of aerospace vehicles makes increasing the thrust-weight ratio of engines an important goal in the design and manufacture of aerospace engines.
The titanium alloy is a light structural material widely applied in the aerospace field, has the characteristics of high corrosion resistance, high strength and the like, the working temperature of the conventional titanium alloy is about 400 ℃, and the performance of a working part is affected when the temperature is continuously increased, so that the use of the titanium alloy in a high-temperature part of an engine is limited.
The TiAl alloy has high specific strength, high creep resistance, excellent oxidation resistance and flame retardant property, can work for a long time at the temperature of 700-900 ℃, is a light high-temperature structural material with great development potential, and can be widely applied to high-temperature parts of aeroengines or automobiles, such as blades, turbine discs, valve and the like.
The laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing technology is an advanced digital additive material forming technology, metal powder is melted by high-power laser beams, materials are stacked on a forming substrate layer by layer, and a near-net-shape part can be directly obtained by a CAD model. Compared with the traditional material-removing manufacturing, forging, casting and other technologies, the method has the advantages of high material utilization rate, mold cost saving, short design and manufacturing period, capability of manufacturing complex components which cannot be realized by the traditional technology and the like. Therefore, the titanium alloy and the TiAl alloy are connected by adopting the laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing technology and are used for manufacturing the engine with the double-alloy structure, so that the weight of the engine can be greatly reduced, and the performance of the engine is further improved.
Because the TiAl alloy has low ductility at room temperature and is very difficult to machine and form, the titanium alloy and the TiAl alloy are directly connected to generate a hard brittle phase at an interface so as to generate cracking, and the key for solving the problem is how to reduce residual stress, improve the structure of the interface region and inhibit the generation of the hard brittle phase. At present, no relevant report is found.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows:
the invention aims to provide a method for preparing a TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser, which is mainly used for solving the problems that in the existing preparation process, the temperature gradient is high, the residual stress is large, the macroscopic cracks are generated, and the TiAl alloy is difficult to prepare on a TC4 substrate.
The technical scheme is as follows:
a method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: mixing TC4 alloy powder and TiAl alloy powder according to four mass fraction ratios to obtain four groups of mixed alloy powder, wherein the mass fraction ratio of the mixed TC4 alloy powder to the mixed TiAl alloy powder is 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4;
step two: removing an oxide film of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate, removing oil on the surface of the substrate, and then putting the TC4 titanium alloy substrate into laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment;
step three: putting the four groups of mixed alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment to obtain dry powder;
step four: in the laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment, four groups of mixed alloy powder in the first step are sequentially used for preparing four gradient layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl, 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl, 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl and 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl on a TC4 titanium alloy substrate subjected to oil removal treatment in the second step from bottom to top by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, and finally a 100% TiAl layer is prepared on the gradient layers to obtain a TC4/TiAl gradient material;
step five: and (3) carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the TC4/TiAl gradient material obtained in the four steps under the protection of inert gas, wherein the annealing temperature is as follows: the annealing time is 500-800 ℃, and is as follows: 3-8 h.
In the first step, the TiAl alloy powder is Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder.
In the first step, the alloy powder is spherical or nearly spherical, and the particle size distribution is 50-150 mu m.
In the fourth laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, the laser power is 1000W-2000W, the scanning speed is 4-10 mm/s, the powder feeding speed is 5-10 g/min, and the lap joint rate is 40-60%.
In the fourth step, four gradient layers are adopted, and the thickness of each gradient layer is 1-3 mm.
In the fourth step, the thickness of the 100% TiAl layer is 1-3 mm.
And (4) preparing each layer in the fourth step in a plurality of layers, wherein the thickness of each layer is 0.4-0.8 mm until the thickness of the layer is 1-3 mm.
The advantages and effects are as follows:
a method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronous laser powder feeding comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively mixing TC4 alloy powder and TiAl alloy powder according to the mass fraction ratio of 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4, weighing, and mechanically mixing for 2 hours to obtain mixed powder;
step two: polishing the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using an electric grinder to remove an oxidation film, wiping the surface of the substrate by using alcohol to remove oil, and then putting the substrate into laser 3D printing equipment;
step three: putting the alloy powder into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, and then conveying the alloy powder into a laser cladding head by adopting a pneumatic powder feeder;
step four: sequentially preparing four gradient layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl, 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl, 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl and 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl on a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, wherein the thickness of each gradient layer is 1-3 mm, and finally preparing 100% TiAl on the gradient layers, wherein the thickness of each gradient layer is 1-3 mm;
step five: and carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the obtained TC4/TiAl gradient material under the protection of inert gas, wherein the annealing temperature is as follows: the annealing time is 500-800 ℃, and is as follows: and (5) cooling along with the furnace for 3-8 hours.
The TC4/TiAl gradient material is prepared by adopting a laser coaxial powder feeding additive manufacturing technology, and the laser additive has the following advantages when the gradient material is prepared: the laser beam has high energy density, can be rapidly heated and cooled, and the obtained formed piece has fine structure and high performance; the technology has great flexibility in the control of material composition, solidification structure, overall dimension and the like, and can prepare functionally graded materials or multi-material combined structures with different components, phases and structures at different positions.
The invention adopts the laser coaxial powder feeding additive manufacturing technology to prepare the TC4/TiAl gradient material, and the most important is that a plurality of gradient layers consisting of mixed powder of TC4 and TiAl alloy with different component proportions are designed and added, so that Ti element and Al element are uniformly excessive, the residual stress is reduced, the interface structure is improved, the generation of cracks is avoided (as shown in figure 2), the connection of the titanium alloy and the TiAl alloy is realized, the use temperature of parts is increased to over 700 ℃ from about 400 ℃, and the high-temperature use performance of hot-end parts is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of additive manufacturing of a manufacturing method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronous laser powder feeding;
FIG. 2 is a micrograph of TC4/TiAl gradient material.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
a method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: mixing TC4 alloy powder and TiAl alloy powder according to four mass fraction ratios to obtain four groups of mixed alloy powder, wherein the mass fraction ratio of the mixed TC4 alloy powder to the mixed TiAl alloy powder is (the front is TC4 alloy powder and the back is TiAl alloy powder) 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4, weighing and mechanically mixing for 2-3 h;
step two: polishing the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by an electric grinder, removing an oxide film of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate, wiping the surface of the substrate by alcohol, removing oil on the surface of the substrate, and then putting the TC4 titanium alloy substrate into LDM8060 laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment produced by Nanjing Zhongjiuchai Chen laser technology Limited company;
step three: putting the four groups of mixed alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment for 1-2h to obtain dry powder, and then conveying the dried mixed alloy powder into a laser cladding head by adopting a pneumatic powder feeder;
step four: in the laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment, four groups of mixed alloy powder in the first step are sequentially used for preparing four gradient layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl, 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl, 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl and 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl on a TC4 titanium alloy substrate subjected to oil removal treatment in the second step from bottom to top by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, and finally a 100% TiAl layer is prepared on the gradient layers to obtain a TC4/TiAl gradient material;
step five: and (3) carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the TC4/TiAl gradient materials obtained in the four steps under the protection of inert gas (argon concentration is 99.99%), wherein the annealing temperature is as follows: the annealing time is 500-800 ℃, and is as follows: 3-8 h.
In the first step, the TiAl alloy powder is Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder.
In the first step, the alloy powder (TC4 powder and TiAl alloy powder) is prepared by an air atomization method (the powder prepared by the existing method is directly utilized, the TC4 powder and the TiAl powder are prepared by the air atomization method, in addition, the powder is directly purchased, manufacturers prepare the powder by the air atomization method, namely the two powders are mixed according to different proportions), and the alloy powder prepared by the air atomization method is spherical or nearly spherical, and the particle size distribution is 50-150 mu m.
In the fourth laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, the laser power is 1000W-2000W, the scanning speed is 4-10 mm/s, the powder feeding speed is 5-10 g/min, and the lap joint rate is 40-60%.
In the fourth step, four gradient layers are adopted, and the thickness of each gradient layer is 1-3 mm.
In the fourth step, the thickness of the 100% TiAl layer is 1-3 mm.
And (4) preparing each layer in the fourth step in a plurality of layers, wherein the thickness of each layer is 0.4-0.8 mm until the thickness of the layer is 1-3 mm.
The technical scheme of the invention is further detailed by combining the following examples:
example 1:
the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively mixing TC4 alloy powder and Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder according to the mass fraction ratio of 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4, weighing, and mechanically mixing for 2 hours to obtain mixed powder, wherein the granularity of the two kinds of powder is 50-150 mu m;
step two: grinding the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using an electric grinder to remove an oxidation film, wiping the surface of the substrate by using alcohol to remove oil, and then putting the substrate into laser 3D printing equipment (LDM 8060 laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment manufactured by Nanjing Kogyo laser technology Co., Ltd.), wherein the size of the TC4 substrate is 100mm multiplied by 10 mm;
step three: putting the alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the speed of 150 ℃/2h, and then adopting a pneumatic powder feeder to feed the alloy powder into a laser cladding head;
step four: forming 5 layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm) on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate treated in the second step by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, wherein laser forming parameters are laser power of 1800W, scanning speed of 10mm/s and powder feeding speed of 7 g/min; then 5 layers of 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl gradient layers are formed (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), and the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1600W, scanning speed 500mm/min and powder feeding speed 7 g/min; forming 5 layers of 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1600W, scanning speed 500mm/min and powder feeding speed 7 g/min; forming 5 layers of 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1400W, scanning speed 420mm/min and powder feeding speed 5 g/min; finally, 5 layers of 100 percent TiAl are formed on the gradient layer, and the thickness of each layer is 0.45 mm; the lapping rate was 40%.
Step five: and carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the obtained TC4/TiAl gradient material under the protection of inert gas (argon concentration is 99.99%), wherein the annealing process is carried out for 3h at 600 ℃, and the annealing process is carried out along with furnace cooling.
Example 2:
the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively mixing TC4 alloy powder and Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder according to the mass fraction ratio of 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4, weighing, and mechanically mixing for 3 hours to obtain mixed powder, wherein the granularity of the two kinds of powder is 50-150 mu m;
step two: grinding the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using an electric grinder to remove an oxidation film, wiping the surface of the substrate by using alcohol to remove oil, and then putting the substrate into laser 3D printing equipment (LDM 8060 laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment manufactured by Nanjing Kogyo laser technology Co., Ltd.), wherein the size of the TC4 substrate is 100mm multiplied by 10 mm;
step three: putting the alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the speed of 150 ℃/1h, and then adopting a pneumatic powder feeder to feed the alloy powder into a laser cladding head;
step four: forming a 5-layer 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl gradient layer (the thickness of the first layer is 0.4 mm, the thicknesses of the second layer and the third layer are 0.5mm, the thicknesses of the fourth layer and the fifth layer are 0.8mm, and the total thickness is 3 mm) on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate subjected to the second step by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power of 1000W, scanning speed of 10mm/s and powder feeding speed of 10 g/min; forming 5 layers of 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of the first layer is 0.4 mm, the thicknesses of the second layer and the third layer are 0.5mm, the thicknesses of the fourth layer and the fifth layer are 0.8mm, so that the total thickness is 3 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1300W, scanning speed of 10mm/s and powder feeding speed of 8 g/min; 5 layers of 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl gradient layers are formed again (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), and the laser forming parameters are laser power 1800W, scanning speed 8mm/s and powder feeding speed 7 g/min; forming 5 layers of 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1400W, scanning speed 420mm/min and powder feeding speed 5 g/min; finally, 5 layers of 100 percent TiAl are formed on the gradient layer, and the thickness of each layer is 0.6 mm; the lap joint rate was 60%.
Step five: and carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the obtained TC4/TiAl gradient material under the protection of inert gas (argon concentration is 99.99%), wherein the annealing process is carried out for 8h at 500 ℃, and the annealing process is carried out along with furnace cooling.
Example 3:
the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: respectively mixing TC4 alloy powder and Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder according to the mass fraction ratio of 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4, weighing, and mechanically mixing for 2 hours to obtain mixed powder, wherein the granularity of the two kinds of powder is 50-150 mu m;
step two: grinding the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy substrate by using an electric grinder to remove an oxidation film, wiping the surface of the substrate by using alcohol to remove oil, and then putting the substrate into laser 3D printing equipment (LDM 8060 laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment manufactured by Nanjing Kogyo laser technology Co., Ltd.), wherein the size of the TC4 substrate is 100mm multiplied by 10 mm;
step three: putting the alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the temperature of 150 ℃/1.5h, and then adopting a pneumatic powder feeder to feed the alloy powder into a laser cladding head;
step four: forming 2 layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.5mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm) on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate treated in the second step by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, wherein the laser forming parameters are laser power of 1800W, scanning speed of 10mm/s and powder feeding speed of 10 g/min; then 5 layers of 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl gradient layers are formed (the thickness of each layer is 0.4 mm, so that the total thickness is 2 mm), and the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1600W, scanning speed 500mm/min and powder feeding speed 7 g/min; 2, forming 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.5mm, so that the total thickness is 1 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1600W, scanning speed 4mm/s and powder feeding speed 7 g/min; 2, forming 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl gradient layers (the thickness of each layer is 0.5mm, so that the total thickness is 1 mm), wherein the laser forming parameters comprise laser power 1400W, scanning speed 4mm/s and powder feeding speed 5 g/min; finally, forming 2 layers of 100 percent TiAl on the gradient layer, wherein the thickness of each layer is 0.5 mm; the lap ratio was 50%.
Step five: and carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the obtained TC4/TiAl gradient material under the protection of inert gas (argon concentration is 99.99%), wherein the annealing process is carried out at 800 ℃ for 5h, and the annealing process is carried out along with furnace cooling.
As shown in FIG. 2, the present application improves the interface structure and avoids the generation of cracks.
In conclusion, the invention provides a method for preparing a TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser, belongs to the technical field of advanced manufacturing, and is used for solving the problems that in the existing preparation process, a macroscopic crack is generated due to high temperature gradient and large residual stress, and TiAl alloy is difficult to prepare on a TC4 substrate. The invention adopts a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing process, adopts TC4 titanium alloy as a substrate, improves residual internal stress by designing a plurality of gradient layers composed of mixed powder of TC4 and TiAl alloy with different component proportions, realizes the transition from 100% TC4 to 100% TiAl, and finally obtains a TC4/TiAl gradient material with no cracks on the surface and inside and better comprehensive performance on the titanium alloy, so that the service temperature of parts is increased from about 400 ℃ to above 700 ℃, and the high-temperature service performance of hot-end parts is improved.
Claims (7)
1. A method for preparing TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder by laser is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: mixing TC4 alloy powder and TiAl alloy powder according to four mass fraction ratios to obtain four groups of mixed alloy powder, wherein the mass fraction ratio of the mixed TC4 alloy powder to the mixed TiAl alloy powder is 4: 1. 3: 2. 2: 3 and 1: 4;
step two: removing an oxide film of the TC4 titanium alloy substrate, removing oil on the surface of the substrate, and then putting the TC4 titanium alloy substrate into laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment;
step three: putting the four groups of mixed alloy powder obtained in the step one into a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment to obtain dry powder;
step four: in the laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing equipment, four groups of mixed alloy powder in the first step are sequentially used for preparing four gradient layers of 80% TC4+ 20% TiAl, 60% TC4+ 40% TiAl, 40% TC4+ 60% TiAl and 20% TC4+ 80% TiAl on a TC4 titanium alloy substrate subjected to oil removal treatment in the second step from bottom to top by adopting a laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, and finally a 100% TiAl layer is prepared on the gradient layers to obtain a TC4/TiAl gradient material;
step five: and (3) carrying out integral stress relief annealing on the TC4/TiAl gradient material obtained in the four steps under the protection of inert gas, wherein the annealing temperature is as follows: the annealing time is 500-800 ℃, and is as follows: 3-8 h.
2. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the TiAl alloy powder is Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy powder.
3. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the first step, the alloy powder is spherical or nearly spherical, and the particle size distribution is 50-150 mu m.
4. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fourth laser synchronous powder feeding additive manufacturing method, the laser power is 1000W-2000W, the scanning speed is 4-10 mm/s, the powder feeding speed is 5-10 g/min, and the lap joint rate is 40-60%.
5. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fourth step, four gradient layers are adopted, and the thickness of each gradient layer is 1-3 mm.
6. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding powder through laser according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fourth step, the thickness of the 100% TiAl layer is 1-3 mm.
7. The method for preparing the TC4/TiAl gradient material by synchronously feeding the powder through the laser according to claim 5 or 6, which is characterized in that: and (4) preparing each layer in the fourth step in a plurality of layers, wherein the thickness of each layer is 0.4-0.8 mm until the thickness of the layer is 1-3 mm.
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