CN111196878A - 现场固化轻质导热界面 - Google Patents

现场固化轻质导热界面 Download PDF

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CN111196878A
CN111196878A CN201910505250.3A CN201910505250A CN111196878A CN 111196878 A CN111196878 A CN 111196878A CN 201910505250 A CN201910505250 A CN 201910505250A CN 111196878 A CN111196878 A CN 111196878A
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thermal interface
interface member
thermal
thermally conductive
battery
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CN111196878B (zh
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H·K·福莱姆
M·阿卜杜勒哈米德
T·J·富勒
M·O·范恩
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种被配置为设置在散热器与热释放设备之间的热界面构件，该热界面构件包括热界面构件。热界面构件具有导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫，该导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫被配置为保持与散热器和热释放设备中的每一者均匀接触。热界面构件另外被配置为吸收由热释放设备释放的热能，并且将该释放的热能引导到散热器。聚合物泡沫垫具有包括各向异性导热各向异性填充材料和各向同性导热各向异性填充材料中的至少一者的基体结构，并且其特征在于泡沫材料密度低于0.5g/cm3。

Description

现场固化轻质导热界面
背景技术
本公开涉及在热能源与邻近的结构之间的现场固化轻质导热界面。
各种电动和电子设备(诸如能量存储电池、控制模块、电动机、计算机等)释放废热作为其主要操作的副产品。
能量存储电池(例如，电池)可广泛分类为一次能量存储单元和二次能量存储单元。一次能量存储电池(例如，一次性电池)旨在使用直到耗尽，之后它们简单地用一个或多个新的能量存储电池替换。二次能量存储电池(例如，可再充电电池)能够被再充电和再使用，因此与一次性能量存储单元相比提供了经济、环保和易用的益处。一次能量存储电池和二次能量存储电池两者可互连并组织成能量存储电池组，以递送期望的电压、容量或电力密度。
与一次电池相比，二次电池诸如锂离子电池往往更容易发生热失控或内部温度不受控制的升高。具体地讲，当内部反应速率增加直至生成的热多于可撤出的热时，发生热失控，从而导致反应速率和热生成两者的进一步增加。最终，生成热的量可能足以导致电池的效用的损失以及电池附近材料的损坏。二次能量存储电池中的热失控可通过电池内的短路、不正确的电池使用、物理损坏、制造缺陷或电池暴露于极端外部温度而引发。
在热失控事件期间，快速释放大量热能，从而将整个电池加热至高达900℃或更高的温度。由于电池温度增加经历热失控，电池组内邻近的电池的温度通常也会增加。如果允许邻近的电池的温度不受阻碍地增加，则此类电池也可能进入热失控状态，从而导致级联效应，其中单个电池内的热失控的引发在整个存储电池组中传播。因此，来自电池组的电力可被中断，而采用电池组的系统可能由于热失控的规模和相关联的热能释放而引起附带损坏。
发明内容
被配置为设置在散热器与热释放设备之间的热界面构件包括热界面构件。热界面构件具有导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫，该导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫被配置为保持与散热器和热释放设备中的每一者均匀接触。热界面构件另外被配置为吸收由热释放设备释放的热能，并且将该释放的热能引导到散热器。聚合物泡沫垫具有包括各向异性导热填充材料和各向同性导热填充材料中的至少一者的基体结构，并且其特征在于泡沫材料密度低于0.5g/cm3。
热界面构件可包括各向异性导热层，该各向异性导热层被配置为将由热释放设备释放的热能引导到散热器。
导热层可为各向异性的并且包括氮化硼、石墨和石墨烯中的至少一者。
导热层可为各向同性的并且包括氮化铝、碳化硅、氧化铝、氧化锌、金属粉末和合成金刚石中的至少一者。
聚合物泡沫垫可包括耐热的热固性聚合物，该耐热的热固性聚合物具有有机硅、丙烯酸、聚氨酯、聚乙烯酯、聚环烯烃、聚烯烃和聚苯乙烯中的至少一者。
聚合物泡沫垫的基体结构可具有开孔或闭孔泡沫构造。此外，闭孔泡沫构造可包括被配置为微胶囊的发泡剂。
聚合物泡沫垫可为导电的，并且热界面构件可另外包括电隔离层。
电隔离层可被配置为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
聚合物泡沫垫可为非导电的并且其特征在于不存在电隔离构件。
本公开的另一个实施方案涉及能量存储系统。能量存储系统包括能量存储电池组，该能量存储电池组具有第一电池以及邻近第一电池设置的第二电池，其中第一电池和第二电池中的每一者被配置为通过热能生成或释放电化学反应来生成并存储电能。能量存储系统还包括散热器，该散热器被配置为接受和耗散由第一电池和第二电池释放的热能。能量存储系统另外包括第一热界面构件，诸如上文具体描述的热界面构件。第一热界面构件设置在第一电池与第二电池之间，并且包括第一导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫。第一热界面构件被配置为在第一电池和第二电池在充电时膨胀以及第一电池和第二电池在放电时收缩的交替期间保持与第一电池和第二电池中的每一者均匀接触，并且吸收由第一电池和第二电池释放的热能，并且将热能引导到散热器。
第一热界面构件可包括各向异性导热层，该各向异性导热层设置在第一聚合物泡沫垫与第一电池和第二电池中的至少一个之间。在此类实施方案中，导热层被配置为将由第一电池和第二电池中的至少一个释放的热能引导到散热器。各向异性导热层可为直接施加到第一聚合物泡沫垫的涂层。
各向异性导热层可包括氮化硼、石墨或石墨烯。
能量存储系统还可包括第二热界面构件，该第二热界面构件具有正交于第一聚合物泡沫垫设置在散热器与能量存储电池组之间的第二导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫。第二聚合物泡沫垫被配置为将散热器联接到第一聚合物泡沫垫。
第一聚合物泡沫垫和第二聚合物泡沫垫中的每一者可具有基体结构，并且其特征在于泡沫材料密度低于0.5g/cm3，该基体结构包括导热各向异性和/或各向同性填充材料，诸如氮化硼、石墨和石墨烯。
第二热界面构件可被配置为将散热器联接到第一热界面构件，并且在其间作为热界面工作。
能量存储系统另外包括冷却板，诸如翅片，该冷却板邻近第一电池和第二电池中的至少一个延伸。在此类实施方案中，第二热界面构件被配置为将散热器联接到冷却板，并且在其间作为热界面工作。
第一聚合物泡沫垫和第二聚合物泡沫垫中的至少一个可为导电的。第一热界面构件和第二热界面构件中的相应至少一个可另外包括电隔离层，该电隔离层被配置为限制来自能量存储电池组的电能损失。
电隔离层可被配置为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
第一聚合物泡沫垫和第二聚合物泡沫垫中的至少一个可为非导电的。在此类实施方案中，第一聚合物泡沫垫和第二聚合物泡沫垫中的相应至少一个的特征可在于在相应第一聚合物泡沫垫和第二聚合物泡沫垫处不存在电隔离。
本公开的又一个实施方案涉及采用动力装置的车辆，该动力装置使用由此类能量存储系统产生的电能来生成扭矩。
本公开的上述特征和优点以及其它特征和优点将通过下面结合附图和随附权利要求对实施所述公开的实施方案和最佳模式进行的详细描述而变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1为车辆的示意图，该车辆采用混合动力装置系统以及根据本公开的被配置为向其提供电能的能量存储系统。
图2为示于图1中的能量存储系统的一个实施方案的示意性特写横截面平面图，其中能量存储系统包括具有多个电池的存储电池组以及具有导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫的热界面构件。
图3为具有基体结构的相应聚合物泡沫垫的示意性特写透视图。
图4A为具有开孔基体结构的相应聚合物泡沫垫的特写细部图。
图4B为具有闭孔基体结构的相应聚合物泡沫垫的特写细部图。
图5为相应聚合物泡沫垫的导电耐热基体结构的具体实施方案的示意性特写横截面平面图。
图6为相应聚合物泡沫垫的非导电耐热基体结构的实施方案的示意性特写横截面平面图。
图7为具有各向异性和/或各向同性导热层的特定热界面构件的示意性特写横截面平面图。
图8为示于图1中的能量存储系统的另一个实施方案的示意性特写横截面平面图，该能量存储系统具有存储电池组，该存储电池组具有多个电池、热界面构件、以及邻近电池中的一些延伸的冷却板。
具体实施方式
参见附图，图1示出车辆10。应当理解，在多个附图上使用的相同元件符号是指相同的部件或具有相同功能的部件。另外，附图仅意在说明而非限制本公开的范围，并且不应视为按比例绘制。车辆10可为但不限于商用车辆、工业车辆、乘用车辆、火车等。如图所示，车辆10可为具有一个或多个动力源或动力装置以提供车辆推进的电动或混动车辆。具体地讲，车辆10可具有第一动力装置12(诸如电动机)以及第二动力装置14(诸如内燃机)，其被配置为生成相应驱动扭矩以经由轮16驱动车辆。
车辆10另外包括能量存储系统18，该能量存储系统被配置为向第一动力装置12和第二动力装置14中的每一者提供电能以有利于相应驱动扭矩的生成。如图2所示，能量存储系统18包括热释放设备，具体地讲能量存储电池组20，诸如电池组。能量存储电池组20包括邻近的第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2。第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2中的每一者被配置为通过热能生成或释放电化学反应生成并存储电能。虽然能量存储电池组20被具体地示为具有第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2，但能量存储电池组可包括各种多个能量存储电池。
在以下描述中，术语“能量存储电池”、“电池(battery)”、“电池(cell)”和“电池单元”可互换地使用，并且可指各种不同的电池化学物质和配置，包括但不限于锂离子(例如，磷酸铁锂、钴酸锂、其它锂金属氧化物等)、锂离子聚合物、镍金属氢化物、镍镉、镍氢、镍锌、银锌或其它电池类型/配置。如本文所用，术语“电池组”是指包含在单件或多件式壳体内的多个单独电池，单独电池电互连以实现特定应用期望的电压和容量。另外，存储电池组20示意性地表示，并且因此，并非所有电池元件和/或电池组元件都在图示中示出。
能量存储系统18被配置为在电池的一般典型的充电和放电期间保持由第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2发射或释放的热能的一致耗散。能量存储系统18还旨在有利于热能在不太典型的例如损坏的操作条件下的有效耗散，并且限制能量存储电池组20中的热失控的可能性。能量存储系统18具体地被配置为经由设置在单独电池(例如，20-1、20-2)之间并且相对于邻近的结构的一个或多个轻质导热界面来完成上述任务，这将在下面详细讨论。
各种不同的损坏操作/充电条件和/或制造缺陷可能使电池(诸如电池组20中的那些电池)进入热失控，其中内部生成的热的量大于可有效撤出的热。因此，快速释放大量热能，从而将整个电池加热至高达900℃或更高的温度，并且在温度可超过1500℃的情况下使局部热点形成。一旦电池(例如，电池20-1)开始经历热失控，在该事件期间生成的热能可将邻近的电池(诸如电池20-2)加热到它们的临界温度以上，从而使它们进入热失控。这些邻近的电池继而可将另外的电池加热到足够的温度以使它们进入热失控。因此，发生热失控的单个电池的出现可引发可遍及整个能量存储电池组20的级联反应。
虽然说明书集中于能量存储系统18，但是能够快速释放显著量热能的其它系统也被认为是在本公开的范围内。此类系统可例如包括消费电子器件，诸如电话和个人计算机，以及包括热释放设备并且可使用散热器来管理此类热能释放的其它系统。因此，虽然以下描述主要讲述的是下述结构到能量存储系统18的应用，但是也可设想到使用热释放设备的此类其它系统的应用。
继续参考图2，能量存储系统18还包括散热器22，诸如冷却剂板或储存器，其被配置为接受和耗散由第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2产生的热能。散热器22可包括采用冷却剂循环管的冷却剂回路22-1。能量存储系统18还包括设置在第一电池20-1与第二电池20-2之间的第一热界面构件24。第一热界面构件24包括第一导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫26(示于图3至图6中)。泡沫垫26通过将特定聚合物与适当的发泡剂混合而构造，每种发泡剂将在下面详细讨论。由此生成的泡沫垫26的材料具有在1分钟至5分钟范围内的短工作时间，并现场固化，即，在注入或放置在第一电池20-1与第二电池20-2之间之后在约10分钟至30分钟内凝固并呈现其最终形状。因此，在固化之后，注入的材料形成固体、坚固、柔性且持久的泡沫垫26。在现场固化时，可设想到泡沫垫26的材料具有基本上0％的收缩率。如本文所用，术语“固体”是指液体或凝胶的完全交联，使得固体结构形成，并且将指示完全固化的泡沫材料。在具体实施方案中，通过对材料进行取样并在核磁共振机上进行测试来测量固化量度，以提供固化程度。在材料与动态力学分析器交联之前，可执行流动能力。如上所述，还可设想到能够快速释放显著量热能并利用散热器部件诸如散热器22的其它系统。
如图3至图5具体地示出，第一聚合物泡沫垫26具有耐热多孔基体结构28。如图3所示，耐热多孔基体结构28可包括适形的轻质基础材料28A，其具有导热的各向异性和/或各向同性填料28B以及空隙或孔28C。第一聚合物泡沫垫26的固化轻质多孔基体结构被配置为限制热能在第一电池20-1与第二电池20-2之间的传播，并且有利于废热从存储电池组20转移到散热器22。具体地讲，第一聚合物泡沫垫26被配置为在电池20-1、20-2在充电时膨胀以及电池在放电时收缩的交替期间保持与第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2的直接、一致和均匀接触。另外，第一聚合物泡沫垫26被配置为吸收由第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2释放的热能，并且将热能引导到散热器22。
如上所讨论，第一聚合物泡沫垫26的基础材料28A形成耐热基体28，并且输注有导热的各向异性和/或各向同性填料28B。一般来讲，“各向异性”材料具有方向依赖性或在不同方向上不同的性质，这与“各向同性”材料相反，“各向同性”材料具有与方向无关的性质。如本文中具体采用的，“各向异性”表示耐热基体28的材料，其具有方向依赖性(即，当沿着不同轴测量时不相似)的导热率。当沿着不同的轴X和Y测量时，可识别材料的物理或机械性质(例如，第一聚合物泡沫垫26的导热率)的差异。就第一聚合物泡沫垫26而言，材料各向异性特性可用于有利地确立目标垫的导热率的方向。例如，与沿着X轴的热导率相比，第一聚合物泡沫垫26在X-Y平面中的导热率沿着Y轴可更高(示于图5中)，以经由第一热界面构件24从存储电池组20到散热器22最有效地耗散热能。
基体28的基础材料28A可选自耐热的热固性聚合物的列表，包括但不限于有机硅、丙烯酸、聚氨酯、聚乙烯酯、聚(环烯烃)(例如聚环辛烯诸如Vestenamer 8012或6213)、聚烯烃(例如，聚丁二烯、聚(1-烯烃)和聚苯乙烯)。填料可选自各向异性材料的列表，包括但不限于氮化硼、石墨和石墨烯，并且/或者选自各向同性填料的列表，包括但不限于氮化铝、碳化硅、氧化铝、氧化锌、金属粉末、合成金刚石、或其混合物。预期填料中的每一者本身或者作为其混合物为导热的。基础材料28A中的每一者可用于形成聚合物泡沫垫26的基本结构，同时添加先前提到的发泡剂。发泡剂可为惰性气体，诸如氮气、氩气或空气。
泡沫垫26的所需导热率可经由基体28的开孔泡沫结构28-1(示于图4A中)或闭孔泡沫结构28-2(示于图4B中)来实现。发泡剂可作为中空微胶囊引入基体28的闭孔泡沫结构28-2中。此类中空微胶囊可为预膨胀的，或者作为与填充材料并且与耐热聚合物共混的热活化膨胀微胶囊。微胶囊可例如由聚偏二氯乙烯-聚丙烯腈形成。微胶囊可以膨胀或未膨胀的形式采用。根据特定发泡剂，膨胀微胶囊可具有不同的尺寸或直径范围，例如33微米至55微米、30微米至50微米、55微米至85微米或30微米至50微米。类似地，各种发泡剂未膨胀微胶囊也可具有不同的尺寸范围，例如10微米至16微米、9微米至15微米、18微米至14微米或28微米至38微米。未膨胀微胶囊可在约80摄氏度至190摄氏度的温度下活化以膨胀，这取决于发泡剂。
第一聚合物泡沫垫26的泡沫材料密度可低于0.5g/cm3，并且进一步低于0.3g/cm3。更具体地讲，第一聚合物泡沫垫26材料密度可在0.1g/cm3至0.2g/cm3的范围内，从而有利于第一热界面构件24的轻质结构(示于图7中)。相对于基体的示例性基础材料28A，有机硅通常为聚合物，该聚合物包括由硅氧烷的重复单元组成的惰性合成化合物，该化合物为交替硅原子和氧原子的链，与碳、氢以及有时其它元素组合。膨胀泡沫形成有机硅通常为耐热的和非导电的。特别地，膨胀石墨干扰两部分有机硅(诸如Elastocil)的发泡。因此，在此类实施方案中，微胶囊可用于构造闭孔泡沫垫26。
丙烯酸弹性体通常属于一组通常称为塑料的聚合物。丙烯酸弹性体以其透明性、抗断裂性和弹性而著称。丙烯酸弹性体具有耐热特性和耐化学特性。
通常，聚氨酯为由氨基甲酸酯(聚氨酯)链接连接的有机单元组成的聚合物。虽然大多数聚氨酯为热稳定(即，在加热时不熔化)的热固性聚合物，但热塑性聚氨酯也为可用的。
通常，聚乙烯酯或乙烯基聚合物为一组衍生自乙烯基单体的聚合物。酯为衍生自有机酸或无机酸的化合物。一般来讲，酯衍生自羧酸和醇。通常，聚乙烯酯为热稳定的并且为非导电的。
聚苯乙烯通常为由单体苯乙烯制成的合成芳烃聚合物。聚苯乙烯可为固体或发泡的，并且为非导电的。
一般来讲，氮化硼为硼和氮的耐热和耐化学性的难熔化合物，化学式为BN。氮化硼以各种晶体的形式存在，其与相似结构的碳晶格等电子。类似于金刚石的立方(闪锌矿结构)品种称为c-BN；它比金刚石更柔软，但其热稳定性和化学稳定性更高。
通常，石墨为碳的结晶同素异形体、半金属、天然元素矿物质、以及煤的形式。石墨为标准条件下最稳定的碳的形式。石墨具有分层的平面结构。单独层被称为石墨烯。在每个层中，碳原子排列成蜂窝状晶格。平面中的原子共价键合，其中四个潜在键合位点中只有三个满足。第四电子在平面内自由迁移，从而使石墨导电。然而，石墨在与相应平面成直角的方向上不导电。其它形式的碳也可用作功能性导热材料，包括碳纳米纤维和纳米管。
如图7所示，第一热界面构件24还可包括各向异性和/或各向同性的导热层30，该导热层设置在第一聚合物泡沫垫26与第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2中的至少一个之间。层30被配置为将由第一电池20-1和/或第二电池20-2释放的热能引导到散热器22(示于图2和图7中)。层30可为直接施加到第一聚合物泡沫垫26上的涂层或膜。层30可包括各向异性和/或各向同性的导热材料或者由各向异性和/或各向同性的导热材料制成，该材料包括但不限于氮化硼、石墨、和石墨烯、氮化铝、碳化硅、氧化铝、氧化锌、金属粉末、合成金刚石、或其混合物。第一热界面构件24的此类实施方案可用作布置在第一电池20-1与第二电池20-2之间的主要传热介质。
参考图8，能量存储系统18还可包括冷却板或翅片32，其沿着第一电池20-1和第二电池20-2中的至少一个延伸并且邻近其作为另一种传热介质。如图8所示，在具有大于两个目标电池20-1、20-2的能量存储电池组20中，冷却板32可定位在相应的电池对之间，并且因此与此类电池组中的第一热界面构件24交替。在此类实施方案中，每个电池20-1、20-2将与一个第一热界面构件24和一个冷却板32接触。参考图2和图7中的每一者，能量存储系统18可另外包括第二热界面构件34。第二热界面构件34旨在包括第二导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫36。
如图所示，第二聚合物泡沫垫36正交于第一聚合物泡沫垫26设置在散热器22与能量存储电池组20之间。第二聚合物泡沫垫36被配置为将散热器22联接到第一聚合物泡沫垫26，并且在其间作为热界面工作。在具有冷却板32的能量存储系统18的实施方案中，冷却板与第二聚合物泡沫垫36直接接触。因此，第二热界面构件34可另外被配置为将散热器22联接到冷却板32，并且在其间作为热界面工作。
类似于第一聚合物泡沫垫26，第二聚合物泡沫垫36可由具有导热的各向异性和/或各向同性的导热填料28B的适形轻质基础材料28A构造为耐热基体28，如图3和图4所示。第二聚合物泡沫垫36(示于图8中)的各向异性和/或各向同性的导热材料特性可用于有利地确立第二垫的导热率的方向，以经由第二热界面构件34从第一热界面构件24到散热器22最有效地耗散热能。类似于第一聚合物泡沫垫26，第二聚合物泡沫垫36(示于图8中)的泡沫材料密度可低于0.5g/cm3。更具体地讲，第二聚合物泡沫垫36材料密度可在0.1g/cm3至0.2g/cm3的范围内，从而有利于第二热界面构件34的轻质结构。
第一聚合物泡沫垫26和第二聚合物泡沫垫36中的每一者的耐热基体28可为导电的。在导电的第一聚合物泡沫垫26的实施方案中，另外可设想到，第一热界面构件24包括电隔离层或构件38(示于图5中)。电隔离层38被配置为通过第一聚合物泡沫垫26限制从能量存储电池组20到环境的电能损失。如图所示，电隔离层38的一个示例可设置在第一聚合物泡沫垫26与第一电池20-1之间，并且电隔离层38的另一个示例可设置在第一聚合物泡沫垫与第二电池20-2之间。
在示于图2和图7中的导电的第二聚合物泡沫垫36的实施方案中，第二热界面构件34另外包括电隔离层40。类似于示于图5中的电隔离层38，电隔离层40被配置为限制从能量存储电池组20到环境的电能损失。具体地讲，电隔离层40被配置为通过第二聚合物泡沫垫36限制来自能量存储电池组20的电能的损失。如图所示，电隔离层38可设置在第二聚合物泡沫垫36与第一电池20-1之间，并且电隔离层38的另一个示例可设置在第一聚合物泡沫垫26与散热器22之间。电隔离层38、40中的每一者可被配置为例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
作为另外一种选择，如图6所示，第一聚合物泡沫垫26和类似的第二聚合物泡沫垫36(未示出)中的每一者可为非导电的。在非导电的第一聚合物泡沫垫26和第二聚合物泡沫垫36的实施方案中，目标聚合物泡沫垫中的每一者的特征在于不存在电隔离构件，诸如示于图2和图7中的隔离层40。换句话讲，非导电的第一聚合物泡沫垫26(和类似的第二聚合物泡沫垫36)不需要电隔离以限制从能量存储电池组20到环境的电能损失。
通常，第一热界面构件24和第二热界面构件34中的任一个或两个可在能量存储系统18中利用，无论是用于推进车辆10或是用于在不同设备中发电。另外，第一热界面构件24和第二热界面构件34中的一个或两个可用于移除(即，吸收和重定向)由各种热释放设备发射的废热能。相对于本公开，发射热能作为其主要工作的副产品的热释放设备可存在于诸如控制模块、电动机、计算机之类的组件和其它高电阻电气和电子应用中。
虽然本公开支持并且描述了具体实施方式和附图或图表，但是本公开的范围仅由权利要求限定。虽然已经详细描述了用于实施受权利要求书保护的本公开的最佳模式和其它实施方案中的一些，但仍存在用于实践所附权利要求书中限定的本公开的各种替代设计和实施方案。此外，附图中示出的实施方案或本说明书中提到的各种实施方案的特性不一定被理解为彼此独立的实施方案。相反，可将实施方案的示例中的一个中描述的特性中的每一者与来自其它实施方案的一个或多个其它期望特性相组合，从而产生未在文字中或通过参考附图描述的其它实施方案。因此，此类其它实施方案落入所附权利要求书的范围的框架内。

Claims (10)

1.一种热界面构件，所述热界面构件被配置为设置在散热器与热释放设备之间，包括：
导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫，所述导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫被配置为保持与所述散热器和所述热释放设备中的每一者均匀接触，吸收由所述热释放设备释放的热能，并且将所述释放的热能引导到所述散热器；
其中所述聚合物泡沫垫具有包括各向异性导热填充材料和各向同性导热填充材料中的至少一者的基体结构，并且其特征在于泡沫材料密度低于0.5g/cm3。
2.根据权利要求1所述的热界面构件，还包括导热层，所述导热层被配置为将由所述热释放设备释放的所述热能引导到所述散热器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的热界面构件，其中所述导热层为各向异性的，并且包括氮化硼、石墨、石墨烯中的至少一者。
4.根据权利要求2所述的热界面构件，其中所述导热层为各向同性的，并且包括氮化铝、碳化硅、氧化铝、氧化锌、金属粉末和合成金刚石中的至少一者。
5.根据权利要求1所述的热界面构件，其中所述聚合物泡沫垫包括耐热的热固性聚合物，所述耐热的热固性聚合物具有有机硅、丙烯酸、聚氨酯、聚乙烯酯、聚环烯烃、聚烯烃和聚苯乙烯中的至少一者。
6.根据权利要求1所述的热界面材料，其中：
所述基体结构具有开孔泡沫构造和闭孔泡沫构造中的一者；并且
所述闭孔泡沫构造包括发泡剂微胶囊。
7.根据权利要求1所述的热界面构件，其中所述聚合物泡沫垫为导电的，并且所述热界面构件另外包括电隔离层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的热界面构件，其中所述电隔离层被配置为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜。
9.根据权利要求1所述的热界面构件，其中所述聚合物泡沫垫为非导电的，并且其特征在于不存在电隔离构件。
10.一种能量存储系统，包括：
能量存储电池组，所述能量存储电池组包括第一电池以及邻近所述第一电池设置的第二电池，其中所述第一电池和所述第二电池中的每一者被配置为通过热能释放电化学反应来生成并存储电能；
散热器，所述散热器被配置为接受和耗散由所述第一电池和所述第二电池释放的热能；以及
第一热界面构件，所述第一热界面构件设置在所述第一电池与所述第二电池之间，具有第一导热的现场固化聚合物泡沫垫，并且被配置为：
在所述第一电池和所述第二电池在充电时膨胀以及所述第一电池和所述第二电池在放电时收缩的交替期间保持与所述第一电池和所述第二电池均匀接触，并且
吸收由所述第一电池和所述第二电池释放的所述热能，并且将所述热能引导到所述散热器。
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