CN111149932A - 一种娟姗犊牛开食料及其饲喂方法 - Google Patents
一种娟姗犊牛开食料及其饲喂方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种娟姗犊牛开食料及其饲喂方法，属于畜牧养殖领域，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70～90％、糖蜜豆皮5～20％、苜蓿草粉0～20％；所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米30～40份、麦麸10～20份、豆粕20～30份、DDGS 10～20份、食盐0.5～2份、矿物质0.1～1份、预混料1～3份、过瘤胃脂肪0.1～0.3份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.05～0.3份、尿酶抑制剂0.1～0.5份、糖萜素0.5～2份、β(1，3)‑葡聚糖0.5～2份。该娟姗犊牛开食料，包含犊牛颗粒料、糖蜜豆皮和苜蓿草粉，产品营养均衡，可有效地促进犊牛生长，降低断奶应激的对犊牛的不良影响。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及畜牧养殖领域，具体一种娟姗犊牛开食料及其饲喂方法。
背景技术
犊牛一般指从初生到6月龄的小牛，这个阶段的生长发育是奶牛整个生命过程中最为迅速的时期。尤其是0-3月龄犊牛，是奶牛生长的最为关键的时期。犊牛刚出生时，不能进行反刍，到3周龄时，瘤胃内开始出现正常的微生物活动，8-10周龄时开始反刍，6月龄时建立完全的消化功能。在犊牛阶段，消化道和采食发生了重要的变化。
犊牛开食料是断奶前后适应犊牛营养需要的混合精料，除了能给犊牛提供生长发育过程中所必需的营养物质外，还能促进犊牛尽早采食非乳类精、粗饲料，为犊牛的前胃提供发育的刺激物，并为其接种有用的细菌、纤毛原虫和厌氧性真菌。及时给犊牛提供开食料能使其提早形成自由采食习惯，适应非乳类饲料，为早期断奶奠定基础，但早期断奶应激会使犊牛血液中一些代谢物的含量产生一定变化，出现厌食、生长延滞和免疫力下降等现象，发病率和死亡率升高，不仅影响犊牛健康，对后续生产性能亦有不良影响，给养牛业带来巨大的经济损失。
娟姗牛是世界闻名的中小型奶牛品种，该品种因其体型外貌、泌乳性能、适应性、牛只性情、乳质等方面具有优良特性而在世界乳业发达国家广受欢迎。该品种在血统上与瑞士褐牛、德温牛和凯瑞牛有关系，而与荷斯坦牛没有关系。在该品种的早期娟姗牛培育过程中，曾被称为奥尔德尼牛(Alderney)。娟姗牛是主要乳用牛品种中最小的品种之一(凯瑞牛和德克斯特牛更小)。
广西于2004年从新西兰引入娟姗牛进行饲养。娟姗牛是外来品种，广大养殖户对娟姗牛本身也不尽了解，常常在养殖方式、方法上与荷斯坦牛混为一谈，很大程度上制约了娟姗牛生产性能的有效发挥。娟姗奶牛体型较小，初生母犊体重22～27kg，体格比较纤瘦，性情温驯，采食量较少，在犊牛培育和饲养管理等方面有别于荷斯坦犊牛。现有的普通开食料不能适应和满足娟姗犊牛的生长需求，因此，需求一种娟姗犊牛专用的开食料，具有重要的意义。
发明内容
本发明的发明目的之一是，针对上述问题，提供一种娟姗犊牛开食料，包含犊牛颗粒料、糖蜜豆皮和苜蓿草粉，产品营养均衡，可有效地促进犊牛生长，降低降低断奶应激的对犊牛的不良影响。
为达到上述目的，本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种娟姗犊牛开食料，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70～90％、糖蜜豆皮5～20％、苜蓿草粉0～20％；
所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米30～40份、麦麸10～20份、豆粕20～30份、DDGS10～20份、食盐0.5～2份、矿物质0.1～1份、预混料1～3份、过瘤胃脂肪0.1～0.3份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.05～0.3份、尿酶抑制剂0.1～0.5份、糖萜素0.5～2份、β(1，3)-葡聚糖0.5～2份。
优选的，所述预混料由以下重量份数的原料制备而成：石粉10～20份、小苏打5～15份、氧化镁1～5份、磷酸氢钙1～3份、抗氧化剂0.05～0.3份、复合维生素1～5份、矿物质添加剂1～5份。
优选的，所述苜蓿草粉营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥15％，粗脂肪≥3％，粗纤维≥20％，无氮浸出物≥35％，粗灰分≤12％。
优选的，所述糖蜜豆皮由糖蜜和豆皮组成；营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥8％，粗脂肪≥2％，粗纤维≥30％，无氮浸出物≥38％，粗灰分≤6％。
优选的，所述复合维生素包含以下成分：维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B1、维生素B12、烟酰胺、D-泛酸钙和叶酸。
优选的，所述矿物质添加剂包含以下成分：硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、碘化钾、亚硒酸钠和硫酸钴。
优选的，所述尿酶抑制剂为醋羟胺酸。
还提供了一种娟姗犊牛开食料的饲喂方法,10日龄调教采食开食料，每日人工哺乳2次，喂开食料2次，随着犊牛月龄的增长逐渐减少喂奶量而增加开食料饲喂量，90日龄断奶时日喂料到2～3kg为止。
还提供了一种娟姗犊牛开食料的饲喂方法，10-30日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料90％、糖蜜豆皮10％；30-60日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料80％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉10％；60-90日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉20％。
由于采用上述技术方案，本发明具有以下有益效果：
1.本发明提供的的娟姗犊牛开食料，包含犊牛颗粒料、糖蜜豆皮和苜蓿草粉，产品营养均衡，可有效地促进犊牛生长，降低降低断奶应激的对犊牛的不良影响。犊牛颗粒料除了发挥固体颗粒料的优势外，还添加了适量的促生长和抗应激成分，提高犊牛免疫力和适应能力；糖蜜成分有增加适口性的作用；苜蓿草粉可提供给瘤胃充足的蛋白质和可消化纤维，还能刺激反刍和促进瘤胃发育，从而促进犊牛的生长，降低断奶应激的对犊牛的不良影响，为娟姗犊牛成年后发挥良好的生产潜力奠定基础。
2.本发明提供的的娟姗犊牛开食料,添加过瘤胃脂肪，可有效保护瘤胃机能不被损害，提高使用效率。因为添加未经包被处理的脂肪存在诸多不足，可能带来的不利影响有：降低纤维素的消化率；包裹饲料颗粒，抑制微生物与纤维素的接触，降低消化酶的活力；液体油对部分微生物的毒害作用；与钙、镁结合，阻止瘤胃内的正常吸收。而过瘤胃脂肪不参加瘤胃内反应，不影响瘤胃的正常消化活动，保护瘤胃微生物平衡，当安全通过前胃而到达皱胃后，能迅速分解成可直接吸收利用的脂肪酸，从而为犊牛机体代谢提供高能量。
添加矿物质添加剂能够预防犊牛养殖中因矿物质缺乏引起的免疫力下降和营养吸收障碍。添加脲酶抑制剂能够有效缓解氨释放，提高氮吸收效率，避免氨中毒。糖萜素是从山茶科植物中提取的天然生物活性物质，可增强犊牛免疫力与抗氧化力，并有很强的抗应激作用，饲料中添加β(1，3)-葡聚糖可缓解犊牛的应激状态，提高应激状态下犊牛适应能力和存活率。
所述苜蓿草粉营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥15％，粗脂肪≥3％，粗纤维≥20％，无氮浸出物≥35％，粗灰分≤12％。苜蓿草含有丰富的粗蛋白质、矿物质(不含植酸磷)和维生素等重要的营养成分，并且含有动物所需的必需氨基酸、微量元素和未知生长因子。是高标准优质饲草，适口性好，营养价值高。
糖蜜豆皮颗粒：由糖蜜和豆皮组成。营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥8％，粗脂肪≥2％，粗纤维≥30％，无氮浸出物≥38％，粗灰分≤6％。其能够为提供优质、充分的能量和纤维。
3.本发明提供的的娟姗犊牛开食料,苜蓿草粉对犊牛的生长发育有明显的影响和促进作用，对犊牛瘤胃发育的影响随着时间的延长逐渐显现出来。因此，在生产实践中，依据年龄和生长发育适时调整日粮结构及配比可能会使饲养效果更显著。在10-30日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料90％、糖蜜豆皮10％；可以为犊牛生长提供充足的营养成分，并先逐渐促进瘤胃的发育。30-60日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料80％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉10％，随着犊牛瘤胃的发育，添加苜蓿草粉，提供必要的粗蛋白，促进犊牛增重；60-90日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉20％，随着犊牛瘤胃的逐渐完善和抗应激能力的提升，提高苜蓿草粉的含量，为断奶后，适应粗料做准备。采用上述逐级调整的日粮结构，能够使犊牛更好的适应，降低抗应激能力，从而促进增重和降低发病率。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
一种娟姗犊牛开食料，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料90％、糖蜜豆皮10％。
所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米35份、麦麸15份、豆粕25份、DDGS 15份、食盐1份、矿物质0.5份、预混料2份、过瘤胃脂肪0.2份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.1份、尿酶抑制剂0.2份、糖萜素1份、β(1，3)-葡聚糖1份。
所述预混料由以下重量份数的原料制备而成：石粉15份、小苏打10份、氧化镁3份、磷酸氢钙2份、抗氧化剂0.2份、复合维生素3份、矿物质添加剂2份。
糖蜜豆皮颗粒：由糖蜜和豆皮组成。营养成分分析值：干物质90.02％，粗蛋白8.31％，粗脂肪2.11％，粗纤维34.84％，无氮浸出物40.42％，粗灰分4.35％，钙0.65％，磷0.14％，总能16.833MJ/kg。产地为广西防城。
所述复合维生素包含以下成分：维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B1、维生素B12、烟酰胺、D-泛酸钙和叶酸。
所述矿物质添加剂包含以下成分：硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、碘化钾、亚硒酸钠和硫酸钴。所述尿酶抑制剂为醋羟胺酸。
实施例2
一种娟姗犊牛开食料，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料80％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉10％。
所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米35份、麦麸15份、豆粕25份、DDGS 15份、食盐1份、矿物质0.5份、预混料2份、过瘤胃脂肪0.2份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.1份、尿酶抑制剂0.2份、糖萜素1份、β(1，3)-葡聚糖1份。
所述预混料由以下重量份数的原料制备而成：石粉15份、小苏打10份、氧化镁3份、磷酸氢钙2份、抗氧化剂0.2份、复合维生素3份、矿物质添加剂2份。
糖蜜豆皮颗粒：由糖蜜和豆皮组成。营养成分分析值：干物质90.02％，粗蛋白8.31％，粗脂肪2.11％，粗纤维34.84％，无氮浸出物40.42％，粗灰分4.35％，钙0.65％，磷0.14％，总能16.833MJ/kg。产地为广西防城。
苜蓿草粉：干物质94.42％，粗蛋白16.55％，粗脂肪3.50％，粗纤维23.84％，无氮浸出物39.76％，粗灰分10.78％，钙1.89％，磷0.20％，总能16.341MJ/kg。美国进口。
所述复合维生素包含以下成分：维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B1、维生素B12、烟酰胺、D-泛酸钙和叶酸。
所述矿物质添加剂包含以下成分：硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、碘化钾、亚硒酸钠和硫酸钴。所述尿酶抑制剂为醋羟胺酸。
实施例3
一种娟姗犊牛开食料，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉20％。
所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米35份、麦麸15份、豆粕25份、DDGS 15份、食盐1份、矿物质0.5份、预混料2份、过瘤胃脂肪0.2份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.1份、尿酶抑制剂0.2份、糖萜素1份、β(1，3)-葡聚糖1份。
所述预混料由以下重量份数的原料制备而成：石粉15份、小苏打10份、氧化镁3份、磷酸氢钙2份、抗氧化剂0.2份、复合维生素3份、矿物质添加剂2份。
糖蜜豆皮颗粒：由糖蜜和豆皮组成。营养成分分析值：干物质90.02％，粗蛋白8.31％，粗脂肪2.11％，粗纤维34.84％，无氮浸出物40.42％，粗灰分4.35％，钙0.65％，磷0.14％，总能16.833MJ/kg。产地为广西防城。
苜蓿草粉：干物质94.42％，粗蛋白16.55％，粗脂肪3.50％，粗纤维23.84％，无氮浸出物39.76％，粗灰分10.78％，钙1.89％，磷0.20％，总能16.341MJ/kg。美国进口。
所述复合维生素包含以下成分：维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B1、维生素B12、烟酰胺、D-泛酸钙和叶酸。
所述矿物质添加剂包含以下成分：硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、碘化钾、亚硒酸钠和硫酸钴。所述尿酶抑制剂为醋羟胺酸。
实验验证：
1材料
1.1试验动物
10日龄健康娟姗犊牛75头，广西南宁市奶牛场提供。
2方法
2.1试验设计
于2018年3—11月份在广西南宁市奶牛场选择10日龄健康娟姗犊牛75头，随机分成5组，每组15头，采用下表1的方法进行喂养。
表1实验例及喂养方法
2.2饲养管理
试验犊牛饲养管理相同，10日龄调教采食开食料，每日人工哺乳2次，喂开食料2次，随着犊牛月龄的增长逐渐减少喂奶量而增加开食料饲喂量，90日龄断奶时日喂料到2.5kg为止，哺乳期哺乳量约330kg。
2.3测定项目及方法
试验期间观测犊牛腹泻、感冒、发烧等发病头次，发病率指发病头次与试验期饲养犊牛头次的百分比。在犊牛60日龄和90日龄分别测定体重，计算日增重。犊牛断奶后连续7d测定各组的日采食量，包括犊牛开食料重量和以新鲜象草为主的草料重量的总和。日平均采食量＝采食总量/7d；犊牛平均日采食量＝试验组日平均采食量/15头。
2.4数据的分析：【试验采用电子计算器计算数据的平方和与自由度，采用最小显著极差法(LSR法)进行多重比较】
3结果与分析
试验期间各组犊牛生长发育良好，皮毛柔顺光亮，四肢健壮灵活，其中实验例1发病1头次(腹泻)，实验例2发病1头次(感冒)，实验3发病1头次(腹泻)，对比例2头次(腹泻)。见表2。
表2娟姗犊牛生长发育情况
| 实验例 | 实验例1 | 实验例2 | 实验例3 | 实验例4 | 对比例 |
| 犊牛初生重/kg | 24.78±1.48 | 24.44±2.55 | 24.89±1.96 | 24.65±2.48 | 24.34±2.18 |
| 哺乳期发病率/％ | 7 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 13 |
| 60日龄个体重/kg | 55.44±4.59 | 55.00±5.52 | 56.89±4.40 | 58.28±3.80 | 54.21±3.25 |
| 0～60日增重/kg | 0.51±0.08 | 0.51±0.07 | 0.53±0.06 | 0.56±0.07 | 0.49±0.06 |
| 90日龄个体重/kg | 75.11±3.33 | 75.11±5.69 | 79.11±4.26 | 83.12±5.29 | 73.89±3.52 |
| 0～90日增重/kg | 0.57±0.04 | 0.56±0.04 | 0.60±0.03 | 0.65±0.04 | 0.55±0.03 |
| 个体采食量/kg | 7.75±0.57 | 8.63±0.64 | 8.33±0.46 | 8.85±0.58 | 7.10±0.50 |
注：经统计学分析，组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
从实验例1-4、对比例和表2可以看出，本发明制备的开食料可有效地促进犊牛生长，促进增重，降低发病率，降低断奶应激的对犊牛的不良影响。尤其采用逐级调整的日粮结构，能够使犊牛更好的适应，降低抗应激能力，从而促进增重和降低发病率。
上述说明是针对本发明较佳可行实施例的详细说明，但实施例并非用以限定本发明的专利申请范围，凡本发明所提示的技术构思下所完成的同等变化或修饰变更，均应属于本发明所涵盖专利范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种娟姗犊牛开食料，其特征在于，按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70～90％、糖蜜豆皮5～20％、苜蓿草粉0～20％；
所述颗粒料按照重量份包括：玉米30～40份、麦麸10～20份、豆粕20～30份、DDGS 10～20份、食盐0.5～2份、矿物质0.1～1份、预混料1～3份、过瘤胃脂肪0.1～0.3份、过瘤胃氨基酸0.05～0.3份、尿酶抑制剂0.1～0.5份、糖萜素0.5～2份、β(1，3)-葡聚糖0.5～2份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述预混料由以下重量份数的原料制备而成：石粉10～20份、小苏打5～15份、氧化镁1～5份、磷酸氢钙1～3份、抗氧化剂0.05～0.3份、复合维生素1～5份、矿物质添加剂1～5份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述苜蓿草粉营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥15％，粗脂肪≥3％，粗纤维≥20％，无氮浸出物≥35％，粗灰分≤12％。
4.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述糖蜜豆皮由糖蜜和豆皮组成；营养成分：干物质≥90％，粗蛋白≥8％，粗脂肪≥2％，粗纤维≥30％，无氮浸出物≥38％，粗灰分≤6％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述复合维生素包含以下成分：维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E、维生素K、维生素B1、维生素B12、烟酰胺、D-泛酸钙和叶酸。
6.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述矿物质添加剂包含以下成分：硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锌、硫酸锰、碘化钾、亚硒酸钠和硫酸钴。
7.根据权利要求1所述的娟姗犊牛开食料,其特征在于，所述尿酶抑制剂为醋羟胺酸。
8.根据任一权利要求1-8所述的娟姗犊牛开食料的饲喂方法,其特征在于，10日龄调教采食开食料，每日人工哺乳2次，喂开食料2次，随着犊牛月龄的增长逐渐减少喂奶量而增加开食料饲喂量，90日龄断奶时日喂料到2～3kg为止。
9.根据任一权利要求1-8所述的娟姗犊牛开食料的饲喂方法,其特征在于，10-30日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料90％、糖蜜豆皮10％；30-60日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料80％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉10％；60-90日龄，喂食的开食料按照质量百分比包括：颗粒料70％、糖蜜豆皮10％、苜蓿草粉20％。
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