CN111106867A - Detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation - Google Patents
Detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation Download PDFInfo
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- CN111106867A CN111106867A CN201911301720.0A CN201911301720A CN111106867A CN 111106867 A CN111106867 A CN 111106867A CN 201911301720 A CN201911301720 A CN 201911301720A CN 111106867 A CN111106867 A CN 111106867A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
- G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
- G06F7/588—Random number generators, i.e. based on natural stochastic processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of quantum random number generators, and discloses a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation. Compared with a common balanced detector, the invention improves the amplifying circuit of the detection module, removes the traditional trans-impedance amplifier and operational amplifier, and adopts a radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, so that the bandwidth of the detection module is greatly improved; and the structure of the two-stage amplifying circuit also meets the requirement of high gain of the detection module, thereby solving the problem of low generation rate of the continuous variable quantum random number. And with the continuous improvement of the photoelectric detection technology, the promotion space of the generation rate of the quantum random number is larger.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of quantum random number generators, and particularly relates to a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation.
Background
At present, a method for generating random numbers based on fluctuation uncertainty of continuous variable quantum state components becomes a quantum random number generation scheme with good application prospect due to the advantages of definite model, high bandwidth, strong robustness, chip integration and the like. However, for practical application of secret communication, the method for extracting random numbers based on continuous variable quantum fluctuation measurement is limited in real-time rate, and the influence factors are that the gains in the homodyne detection bandwidth are difficult to achieve consistency, the consistency evaluation in the quantum entropy bandwidth is difficult to realize, and on the other hand, the method is limited by the shortage of large matrix logic resources of FPGA operation. Recent research proposes a parallel quantum random number generation scheme, so that the multiplication improvement of the yield of the continuous variable quantum random number is realized, and finally, factors for limiting the yield of the quantum random number point to the bandwidth of a balanced homodyne detection system [ references Opt. Lett. vol. 14, Issue12, pp.5566-5569(2019) ], so that the improvement of the performance of a detection module in the quantum random number generator is very important.
As shown in fig. 3, the amplifiers used in the detection module in the prior art are basically operational amplifiers and transimpedance amplifiers, such as OPA847, AD8015 (analog device), LTC6409 (linear technology), SA5211, etc., which are more suitable for low frequency applications. Therefore, with these chips, the gain and signal-to-noise ratio of the detection module are optimized well only in a narrow band, and the performance is degraded when the bandwidth is enlarged. In an actual quantum key distribution scheme, along with the continuous increase of communication distance and the continuous increase of speed, higher requirements on the generation speed of quantum random numbers are bound to be put forward. Therefore, how to effectively increase the generation rate of quantum random numbers is still a problem that is continuously researched.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a detection module design scheme suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation, aiming at solving the problem that the existing detection module of a quantum random number generator has low bandwidth, so that the generation rate of quantum random numbers is low.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation comprises a differential circuit, an alternating current-direct current separation circuit and a two-stage amplification circuit, wherein the differential circuit comprises a first photodiode and a second photodiode; the two-stage amplification circuit comprises a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, a second capacitor, a second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier and a third capacitor, wherein after the output end of the differential circuit passes through the alternating current-direct current separation circuit, a direct current signal is connected with a DC direct current output end, an alternating current signal is connected with the input end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, the output end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier is connected with the input end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier through the second capacitor, and the output end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier is connected with an AC alternating current output end through the third capacitor.
The first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier and the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier are ABA-52563, the first photodiode and the second photodiode are LSIPD-A75, and the capacitance values of the second capacitor and the third capacitor are both 1 uF.
The two-stage amplifying circuit further comprises a fourth resistor, the output end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier is connected with the AC output end after passing through the third capacitor and the fourth resistor, and the resistance value of the fourth resistor is 50 Ω.
The alternating current-direct current separation circuit comprises a first resistor and a first capacitor; the cathode of the first photodiode is connected with a positive voltage of 0V-10V, the anode of the second photodiode is connected with a negative voltage of-10V-0V, the anode of the first photodiode, the cathode of the second photodiode, one end of a first resistor and one end of a first capacitor are connected together, the other end of the first resistor is connected with a DC output end, and the other end of the first capacitor is connected with the input end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier.
The resistance value of the first resistor is 50 Ω, and the first capacitor is 1 uF.
The differential circuit further comprises a second resistor, a fourth capacitor, a third resistor and a fifth capacitor; the cathode of the first photodiode is connected with a positive voltage of 0-10V through a second resistor and is grounded through a fourth capacitor; the anode of the second photodiode is connected with negative voltage of-10V-0V through a third resistor and is grounded through a fifth capacitor.
The capacitance values of the fourth capacitor and the fifth capacitor are 1nF, and the resistance values of the second resistor and the third resistor are 1000 Ω.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention improves the detection module of the quantum random number generator, eliminates a trans-group amplifier and an operational amplifier in the traditional detection module, and adopts a radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, thereby greatly improving the bandwidth of the detection module. The measurement bandwidth of the existing detection module of the quantum random number generator is generally in the MHz magnitude, and the detection range of the invention can reach 1 GHz.
(2) The invention designs and researches a detection module with a two-stage amplification circuit by adopting kirchhoff law. Due to the contradiction between gain and bandwidth, when only one stage of amplifying circuit is used, the bandwidth is increased, then the gain is reduced, however, if two stages of amplifying circuits are used, under the premise of large bandwidth, even if the gains of two stages are not large, the product of the gains, namely the total gain, is much larger than the gain during one-stage amplification, so that the detection module has higher gain, and the amplification of the quadrature component in the quantum vacuum state is realized.
(3) The invention realizes the effective improvement of the generation rate of the quantum random number, and the generation rate of the vacuum quantum random number can be increased compared with the traditional scheme based on the scheme. The cut-off frequency of the detection module is the upper limit of the sampling frequency in the random number generation process, and therefore a large detection bandwidth is pursued. However, the amplifiers used in the current detection module are basically operational amplifiers and trans-impedance amplifiers, which are more suitable for the low frequency field, and will result in the reduction of the random number generation rate. The wide bandwidth characteristics of the present invention just solve this problem. Therefore, the detection module comprises the radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier and the two-stage amplification circuit structure, so that higher bandwidth can be obtained, the generation rate of the quantum random bit is increased, unique advantages are shown in the aspect of generating the quantum random number, and the detection module has good application prospect in quantum secret communication.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a circuit configuration diagram of a conventional transimpedance amplifier.
The circuit comprises a first photodiode, a second photodiode, a first resistor, a first capacitor, a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, a second capacitor, a second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, a third capacitor, a second resistor, a fourth capacitor, a third resistor, a fourth capacitor, a resistor, a transimpedance amplifier, a second resistor, a third resistor, a fourth resistor, a third resistor, a fourth resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor, a fourth resistor, a transimpedance amplifier, a second resistor.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments; all other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a first embodiment of the present invention provides a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation, including a differential circuit, an ac/dc separation circuit, and a two-stage amplification circuit, where the differential circuit includes a first photodiode 1 and a second photodiode 2; the two-stage amplification circuit comprises a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 5, a second capacitor 6, a second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 7 and a third capacitor 8, wherein after the output end of the differential circuit passes through the alternating current-direct current separation circuit, a direct current signal is connected with a DC direct current output end, an alternating current signal is connected with the input end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 5, the output end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 5 is connected with the input end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 7 through the second capacitor 6, and the output end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 7 is connected with an AC alternating current output end through the third capacitor 8.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the types of the first rf integrated circuit amplifier 5 and the second rf integrated circuit amplifier 7 are ABA-52563, the types of the first photodiode 1 and the second photodiode 2 are LSIPD-a75, and the capacitance values of the second capacitor 6 and the third capacitor 8 are both 1 uF.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, in this embodiment, the two-stage amplification circuit further includes a fourth resistor 13, the output terminal of the second rf integrated circuit amplifier 7 is connected to the AC output terminal through the third capacitor 8 and the fourth resistor 13, and the resistance value of the fourth resistor 13 is 50 Ω.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1, in the present embodiment, the ac-dc separation circuit includes a first resistor 3 and a first capacitor 4; the cathode of the first photodiode 1 is connected with a positive voltage of 0V-10V, the anode of the second photodiode 2 is connected with a negative voltage of-10V-0V, the anode of the first photodiode 1, the cathode of the second photodiode 2, one end of a first resistor 3 and one end of a first capacitor 4 are connected together, the other end of the first resistor 3 is connected with a DC output end, and the other end of the first capacitor is connected with the input end of a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 5. The alternating current-direct current separation circuit is composed of a first resistor 3 and a first capacitor 4, wherein the voltage drop of the first resistor can ensure that the two photodiodes work normally under reverse bias voltage, and the first capacitor 4 blocks the capacitor to play a role in blocking a direct current part.
Further, in this embodiment, the resistance of the first resistor 3 is 50 Ω, and the first capacitor 4 is 1 uF.
As shown in fig. 2, a schematic circuit diagram of a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to a second embodiment of the present invention is the same as that of the first embodiment, in this embodiment, the detection module also includes a differential circuit, an ac/dc separation circuit and a two-stage amplification circuit, and the structures of the ac/dc separation circuit and the two-stage amplification circuit are the same as those of the first embodiment; different from the first embodiment, in the present embodiment, the differential circuit includes not only the first photodiode 1 and the second photodiode 2, but also the second resistor 9, the fourth capacitor 10, the third resistor 11, and the fifth capacitor 12; the cathode of the first photodiode 1 is connected with a positive voltage of 0V-10V through a second resistor 9 and is grounded through a fourth capacitor 10; the anode of the second photodiode 2 is connected to a negative voltage of-10V to 0V through a third resistor 11, and is grounded through a fifth capacitor 12.
Specifically, in this embodiment, the capacitance values of the fourth capacitor 10 and the fifth capacitor 12 are 1nF, and the resistance values of the second resistor 9 and the third resistor 11 are 1000 Ω. The second resistor and the third resistor are both 1k Ω, so as to ensure that the voltage of the cathode of the first photodiode is in a required range and the voltage of the anode of the second photodiode is in a required range, and the capacitance values of the fourth capacitor 10 and the fifth capacitor 12 are both 1 nF.
The invention provides a detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation, which can be used for detecting and analyzing a quantum noise spectrum of vacuum shot noise at 0Hz-1GHz and monitoring whether incident light power of two photodiodes is equal or not. The direct current part of the photocurrent difference signals generated by the two photodiodes is output to a DC end through a first resistor 3 and is used for detecting whether the incident light powers of the two photodiodes are equal or not; the alternating current part is output to a first-stage amplification circuit consisting of a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier 5 and a second capacitor through a first capacitor 4, is amplified for the first time, is output to a second-stage amplification circuit consisting of a second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier and a third capacitor, is amplified for the second time, and is output to an AC alternating current output end for measuring the electronic noise of the detection module and the quantum noise of the light field. In the invention, the two-stage amplifying circuit amplifies the alternating current signal twice, the radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier has self-gain, and does not need to amplify the electric signal through an external feedback resistor, thereby avoiding the contradiction between gain (namely trans-resistance R) and gain bandwidth GBW; high gain can be obtained under the broadband condition, the two radio frequency integrated circuit amplifiers adopt ABA-52563, and the second capacitor and the third capacitor are also blocking capacitors and are both 1 uF; for the stability of the circuit, a fourth resistor with the resistance value of 50 Ω is connected behind the third capacitor, and then an AC output end is connected to output an AC signal.
In the invention, the two photodiodes adopt LSIPD-A75 to measure 1550nm laser, the junction capacitance is 1pF (reverse bias voltage is 5V), the 3dB bandwidth is 2.5GHz, and the responsivity is 90%; the two radio frequency integrated circuit amplifiers both adopt ABA-52563, and ABA-52563 of Agilent is an economic and easy-to-use silicon monolithic amplifier with an internal matching resistance of 50 Ω, wherein the internal matching resistance of 50 Ω can provide excellent gain and flat response in the range of 0.1GHz to 3.5GHz, and the self-gain is 21.5 dB. The circuit adopts positive and negative 5V power supply (the cathode of the first photodiode is connected with a positive voltage of 5V, the anode of the second photodiode is connected with a negative voltage of-5V), the node connected with the two photodiodes is A, the node A is connected with a resistor (a first resistor) of 50 Ω to output a direct current signal, and meanwhile, the node A also separates an alternating current signal through an alternating current coupling capacitor (a first capacitor) of 1 uF; the two RF integrated circuit amplifiers are connected with AC coupling capacitors (second capacitor and third capacitor) respectively.
In the prior art, a circuit diagram shown in fig. 3 is mostly adopted to measure the quantum noise of an optical field, after a photodiode converts an optical signal into a corresponding current signal, the current signal is firstly divided into an alternating current signal and a direct current signal through an alternating current coupling capacitor and a sampling resistor, and the alternating current signal is output from an AC end through a transimpedance amplifier; the DC signal is output from the DC terminal through a sampling resistor (first resistor). There are generally two factors affecting the bandwidth of the sounding module: one is the bandwidth of the photodiode and one is the bandwidth of the amplifier. The bandwidth f of the transimpedance operational amplifier is determined by the following equation:
wherein C is the total capacitance (including junction capacitance of the photodiode, input capacitance of the transimpedance operational amplifier, and parasitic capacitance) of the inverting input terminal of the transimpedance amplifier, GBW is the gain bandwidth of the transimpedance amplifier, and R is the feedback resistance. The gain of the transimpedance amplifier is generally the resistance of its feedback resistor R, and therefore the-3 dB bandwidth of the transimpedance operational amplifier is inversely proportional to the gain. It is easy to see that the bandwidth and the gain cannot be well characterized at the same time. The total capacitance of the inverting input terminal in the prior art is about 1uF (including the junction capacitance of two photodiodes in parallel, 2pF, the input capacitance of the transimpedance operational amplifier, 1 uF), GBW is about 1.6GHz, when the bandwidth is 1GHz, the gain is only about 0.3, which is equivalent to the current signal being reduced, therefore, the detection module in the prior art is difficult to realize wide bandwidth and high gain simultaneously, the detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation is adopted by the invention, and the two-stage amplification circuit consists of two radio frequency integrated circuit amplifiers, since the bandwidth of the photodiode is 2.5GHz, the bandwidth of the amplifier is 3.5GHz, even if the filtering effect of the two photodiode terminal capacitors (fourth capacitor and fifth capacitor) and the first resistor of 50 Ω is considered, the bandwidth of the detection module can reach 1.6GHz, and the bandwidth can only be reduced to 1GHz at most by considering the influence of the parasitic capacitor. The two-stage amplification circuit can ensure the characteristic of high gain to the greatest extent, and the radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier is slightly influenced by an external circuit due to the self-gain effect of the radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier, so that the gain of the radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier is far higher than that of the prior art on the premise that the bandwidth is 1 GHz.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation is characterized by comprising a differential circuit, an alternating current-direct current separation circuit and a two-stage amplification circuit, wherein the differential circuit comprises a first photodiode (1) and a second photodiode (2); the two-stage amplification circuit comprises a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (5), a second capacitor (6), a second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (7) and a third capacitor (8), wherein the output end of the differential circuit is connected with a DC (direct current) direct current output end after passing through an alternating current-direct current separation circuit, an alternating current signal is connected with the input end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (5), the output end of the first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (5) is connected with the input end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (7) through the second capacitor (6), and the output end of the second radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (7) is connected with an AC alternating current output end through the third capacitor (8).
2. A detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 1, wherein the first and second rf integrated circuit amplifiers (5, 7) are of the type ABA-52563, the first and second photodiodes (1, 2) are of the type LSIPD-a75, and the capacitance values of the second and third capacitors (6, 8) are each 1 uF.
3. The detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 2, wherein the two-stage amplification circuit further includes a fourth resistor (13), the output terminal of the second rf integrated circuit amplifier (7) is connected to the AC output terminal through a third capacitor (8) and the fourth resistor (13), and the fourth resistor (13) has a resistance of 50 Ω.
4. A detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 1, wherein the ac-dc current splitting circuit comprises a first resistor (3) and a first capacitor (4); the cathode of the first photodiode (1) is connected with a positive voltage of 0V-10V, the anode of the second photodiode (2) is connected with a negative voltage of-10V-0V, the anode of the first photodiode (1), the cathode of the second photodiode (2), one end of a first resistor (3) and one end of a first capacitor (4) are connected together, the other end of the first resistor (3) is connected with a DC (direct current) output end, and the other end of the first capacitor is connected with the input end of a first radio frequency integrated circuit amplifier (5).
5. The detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 4, wherein the resistance value of the first resistor (3) is 50 Ω, and the first capacitor (4) is 1 uF.
6. A detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 1, wherein the differential circuit further comprises a second resistor (9), a fourth capacitor (10), a third resistor (11), a fifth capacitor (12); the cathode of the first photodiode (1) is connected with a positive voltage of 0-10V through a second resistor (9) and is grounded through a fourth capacitor (10); the anode of the second photodiode (2) is connected with negative voltage of-10V-0V through a third resistor (11) and is grounded through a fifth capacitor (12).
7. The detection module suitable for continuous variable quantum random number generation according to claim 6, wherein the capacitance values of the fourth capacitor (10) and the fifth capacitor (12) are 1nF, and the resistance values of the second resistor (9) and the third resistor (11) are 1000 Ω.
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| CN114323090A (en) * | 2021-11-22 | 2022-04-12 | 山西大学 | Broadband balance zero-beat photoelectric detector |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114323090A (en) * | 2021-11-22 | 2022-04-12 | 山西大学 | Broadband balance zero-beat photoelectric detector |
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