CN111093982A - 包含带有具有每个本身闭合的烧蚀线的加热层的透明基材的层压窗玻璃 - Google Patents

包含带有具有每个本身闭合的烧蚀线的加热层的透明基材的层压窗玻璃 Download PDF

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CN111093982A
CN111093982A CN201880059634.0A CN201880059634A CN111093982A CN 111093982 A CN111093982 A CN 111093982A CN 201880059634 A CN201880059634 A CN 201880059634A CN 111093982 A CN111093982 A CN 111093982A
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laminated glazing
conductive layer
glazing according
busbars
transparent substrate
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T.通杜
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
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    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
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    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
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    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10183—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer being not continuous, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B17/10192—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer being not continuous, e.g. in edge regions patterned in the form of columns or grids
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    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10201—Dielectric coatings
    • B32B17/10211—Doped dielectric layer, electrically conductive, e.g. SnO2:F
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    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/1022—Metallic coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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    • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
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    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract

本发明涉及：‑层压窗玻璃，其由多个经由层间粘合剂层两两粘合的刚性透明基材组成，这些透明基材中的至少一个被涂覆有在其物质种类和其厚度方面基本均匀的导电层(2)，其区域(1)具有两两彼此相对的四个边缘(3,5)，(4,6)，第一和第二母线(7,8)沿着两个相对的边缘(3,5)排列，导电层(2)的烧蚀线(9)自身闭合，从而形成非导电条(11)，每个非导电条占据在母线(7,8)之间的距离的主要部分，非导电条(11)的形状能够通过导电层(2)提供在区域(1)的整个表面上几乎恒定的加热温度；‑其作为除霜/防霜和除雾/防雾窗玻璃的应用。

Description

包含带有具有每个本身闭合的烧蚀线的加热层的透明基材的 层压窗玻璃
用于运输工具(飞机，火车，直升机，轮船，汽车等)的窗玻璃，在某些情况下，建筑物的窗玻璃可配备有加热功能，该功能被集成在窗玻璃中以防止/去除(视情况而定)在内表面上的结露或在外表面上结霜。
加热通过其比功率(W/m²)进行表征，它根据每种应用的特定需求进行调节。
加热系统由嵌在窗玻璃中的金属丝或透明导电层(掺杂的氧化物：掺杂锡的氧化铟-英文“Indium Tin Oxide”ITO-，AZO(氧化铝锌)；SnO2:F；或金属，如银或金)允许通过焦耳效应的加热。在这两种情况下，加热系统都通过电极以车辆或建筑物中可用的电压进行供电。在带有具有表面电阻率Rs的加热层的矩形窗玻璃的简单情况下，由两个在相对的且相隔D的两侧上的电极以电压U加热，所得的比功率Ps由以下公式确定：
Figure 366909DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
。
带有加热层的玻璃可以通过切割已经存在一个层的玻璃并任选使其成型来获得，或者可以通过稍后在成型玻璃上(切割之后)沉积该层来获得。术语“玻璃”在这里优先理解为任何矿物玻璃，以及由聚合物材料制成的刚性透明基底，其典型示例是聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)。
由于使用均匀的导电层不可能均匀加热非矩形形状，因此使用两种策略：
-电导率梯度，通常通过导电金属氧化物(通常为ITO)的厚度梯度获得；
-在导电层中的烧蚀线，称为流线，例如在专利EP1897412-B1中描述的，其定向电流流动的方向，并且通常还要求层的厚度梯度。
使用具有预沉积的导电层(在切割之前，并且任选地在成形/弯曲之前沉积)的玻璃在工业和经济上更加令人满意，因为它受益于生产的缩放效应(effects de volume)，而缩放效应对窗玻璃不是特定的。
但是，这在两种非常常见的情况下是不可能的：
-具有层的玻璃的电导率与玻璃的尺寸和为了获得所需比功率而可用的电源电压不兼容(换句话说，对于给定的几何形状和可用电压，目标比功率需要该层具有在汽车或建筑物中不可用或不标准的电阻值)；
-窗玻璃的形状显著偏离矩形：发生过加热(surchauffe)和亚加热(sous-chauffe)的区域。
在具有高比功率(阈值约为kW/m²)的窗玻璃中，局部过热可能导致窗玻璃严重老化，甚至导致光学性能下降(由于层压窗玻璃的层间粘合剂的局部蠕变)或这种层间粘合剂的局部起泡。
通过以受控方式沉积导电层，可以克服这两个限制，以：
-调节电导率(通过控制沉积：厚度梯度，金属氧化物中的O2富集度，ITO等)；
-通过有意地创建电导率图来克服由形状引起的影响。
最后，还可以通过引导电流，特别地通过使用激光工艺烧蚀导电层的线来帮助比功率均匀化。
因此，本发明的目的是使用具有均匀导电层(设计用于日光控制，低辐射性能，机动车辆加热等)的玻璃，以获得在整个加热表面上均匀的所需加热比功率，无论其几何形状复杂性为如何。
该目的通过本发明得以实现，因此本发明的主题是由多个刚性透明基材组成的层压窗玻璃，该刚性透明基材通过层间粘合剂层两两地彼此粘合，这些透明基材中的至少一个被在物质种类(nature)上和厚度上基本均匀的导电层涂覆，该透明基材的一个区域具有两两彼此相对的四个边缘，第一和第二母线沿着两个相对的边缘布置，其特征在于，导电层的烧蚀线自身闭合，而形成不导电条，每个不导电条占据母线之间的距离的主要部分，不导电条的形状能够通过导电层提供加热温度，该加热温度在该区域的整个表面上几乎是恒定的。
不导电带当然是与电流通过有关。
与非导电条的表面互补的表面定义了导电条(或区域)，它们构成了各种类型的导电层的导线，其宽度和间距进行调节以使用可用电源电压而获得所需的比功率。
层的选择性烧蚀允许适应可用的电源电压，并允许管理由形状引起的影响。该层的表面的仅一小部分参与电流的流通，从而增大了视电阻率。此外，视电阻率的这种增大伴随着电流的导向，其允许管理复杂的形状。因此，通过使电流仅流过该层的一部分来降低视电导率。
通常，可以将烧蚀或烧蚀线设计成任何形状。
非导电区的宽度必须足够小(根据比功率，毫米大小数量级)，以在加热时不引起光雾(层压窗玻璃的层间粘合剂的折射率随温度而变化的影响)。正是这个问题决定了对于导线加热窗玻璃而言可允许的间距。
根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的优选特征：
-在第一和第二母线之间的距离沿相对的边缘而变化，并且导电条的宽度随着母线之间的距离而增加；例如，对于具有恒定宽度的加热区域(因此可变的电源电极(母线)之间的距离)，可以通过设置导电带实现加热，该导电带的宽度在其整个长度上是均匀的，但针对在电极之间的长度进行了调整；
-第一母线的长度比第二母线的长度更大，并且每个导电条的宽度从第一母线到第二母线增大；因此，例如，对于长度不同但平行的电极(母线)，导电带必须形成在最长电极一侧较窄的四边形，以获得均匀的比功率；
-导电层基于掺杂的金属氧化物，例如掺杂锡的氧化铟(ITO)或SnO2:F，或基于银多层堆叠体；优选后者应用，因为烧蚀较不明显；
-导电层具有在0.5-100Ω/□之间的表面电导率或薄层电阻；该值是根据要加热的窗玻璃的尺寸和可用的电源电压来选择的；
-烧蚀线具有为5-200µm的宽度，知晓的是，狭窄的烧蚀较不明显，但在技术上更难以实现；
-导电条具有至少等于50，优选为200μm，且最多等于5，优选3mm的宽度；
-导电带和非导电带的图案的间距至少等于0.5，优选1mm，且至多等于10，优选4mm；图案的间距为相邻的导电带与非导电带的宽度；对于较高的比功率(最高7kW/m2)时，此间距较小；对于较低的比功率(最低350W/m2)时，此间距较大；
-它由玻璃，如钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐或硼硅酸盐玻璃制成，或由聚合物材料，如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)，聚碳酸酯(PC)或聚氨酯(PU)制成；
-导电层位于构成层压窗玻璃的两个外表面的两个刚性透明基材中的至少一个的朝向层压窗玻璃的内部的面上；
-层间粘合剂层选自聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)，聚氨酯(PU)和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)，单独或以它们中多种的混合物的形式。
本发明还涉及：
-如上定义的层压窗玻璃的应用，其中根据本发明的透明基材旨在与外部大气接触，其作为除霜/防霜窗玻璃；
-如上所定义的层压窗玻璃的应用，其中根据本发明的透明基材旨在与交通工具或建筑物的内部空间接触，作为除雾/防雾窗玻璃。
这些应用尤其针对空中、地面或水上交通工具，尤其飞机，并且优选地作为飞机驾驶舱的前窗玻璃或侧窗玻璃。
本发明借助于附图1和2的以下描述将得到更好地理解，附图是本发明的层压窗玻璃的特征透明基材的两个主要实施方案的示意图。
参照图1和图2，由铝硅酸盐玻璃制成的透明基材被涂覆有由掺杂锡的氧化铟(ITO)制成的厚度基本均匀的导电层(2)，其区域(1)具有四个两两彼此相对的边缘(3,5)，(4,6)，第一和第二母线(7,8)沿着两个相对的边缘(3,5)排列。
导电层(2)的烧蚀线(9)自身闭合，同时形成非导电带(11)，每个非导电带(11)占据母线(7,8)之间的距离的主要部分。在区域(1)中与非导电带(11)互补的表面限定了导电带(10)。
图1所示的示例性实施例：
比功率：Ps=7000W/m²
表面电阻率：R平方=0.9Ω/□
电源电压：U=40V
宽度：L=0.4m
最大高度H1=0.4m
最小高度H2=0.2m。
定义了横坐标x，其从在最大高度H1的0升到在最小高度H2的0.4m。在横坐标x处的高度H为
H(x)=H1+x/L(H2-H1)。
图案的宽度或间距被定义为相邻的导电带(10)和非导电带(11)的宽度。在这里它的值为e0=600µm，即667个图案。
导电条(10)的宽度是位置的函数：
Figure 441307DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
。
这给出了以下数值应用：
-在母线之间最短距离(H2)一侧的导电宽度为e1=95µm
-在母线之间最长距离(H1)一侧的导电宽度为e2=378µm。
图2所示的示例性实施例：
L1=1m和L2=1.5m的母线
在母线之间的距离H=1m
在U=100V时的比功率Ps=1000W/m²
R平方=5Ω/□的层
n=31个导电条：
如上定义的图案宽度是两个母线之间的位置h的含量x0(h)=(L1+h/H(L2-L1))/n。
每个导电条的中心限定了直线段，该直线段相对于母线的法线形成角度θ。
导电带的宽度值为：
Figure 486623DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
。
在这种特定情况下，中央导电条的宽度在短母线(8)一侧为2.52毫米，在长母线(7)一侧为1.68毫米。
因此，本发明对于交通工具的加热玻璃(为其设置了电源)是特别有利的，因为其允许在整个加热表面上均匀地建立所期望的加热比功率。

Claims (13)

1.层压窗玻璃，其由多个经由层间粘合剂层两两彼此粘合的刚性透明基材组成，这些透明基材中的至少一个被涂覆有在其物质种类和其厚度方面基本均匀的导电层(2)，该透明基材的区域(1)具有两两相对的四个边缘(3,5)，(4,6)，第一和第二母线(7,8)沿着两个相对的边缘(3,5)排列，其特征在于，导电层(2)的烧蚀线(9)自身闭合，从而形成非导电条(11)，每个非导电条占据在母线(7,8)之间的距离的主要部分，非导电条(11)的形状能够通过导电层(2)提供在区域(1)的整个表面上几乎恒定的加热温度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，在所述第一和第二母线(7,8)之间的距离沿着相对的边缘(3,5)变化，并且在母线(7,8)之间距离增大时，所述导电条(10)是更宽的。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一母线(7)的长度大于所述第二母线(8)的长度，并且每个导电带(10)的宽度从所述第一母线(7)朝向第二母线(8)增加。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述导电层(2)基于掺杂的金属氧化物，如掺杂锡的氧化铟(ITO)或SnO2:F，或基于银多层堆叠体。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述导电层具有为0.5-100Ω/□的表面电导率或薄层电阻。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述烧蚀线(9)具有为5至200μm的宽度。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述导电条(10)具有至少等于50，优选200μm，并且最多等于5，优选3mm的宽度。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述导电条(10)和所述非导电条(11)的图案的间距至少等于0.5，优选地1mm，最多等于10毫米，优选地4毫米。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，涂覆有导电层(2)的透明基材由玻璃，如钠钙玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃或硼硅酸盐玻璃制成，或者由聚合物材料，如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)，聚碳酸酯(PC)或聚氨酯(PU)制成。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述导电层(2)位于构成层压窗玻璃的两个外表面的两个刚性透明基材中的至少一个的朝向层压窗玻璃的内部的面上。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，层间粘合剂层选自聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、聚氨酯(PU)和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)，单独的或以它们中多种的混合物的形式。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃的应用，其中涂覆有导电层(2)的透明基材旨在与外部大气接触，其用作为除霜/防霜窗玻璃。
13.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃的应用，其中涂覆有导电层(2)的透明基材旨在与交通工具或建筑物的内部空间接触，其用作为除雾/防雾窗玻璃。
CN201880059634.0A 2017-09-15 2018-09-13 包含带有具有每个本身闭合的烧蚀线的加热层的透明基材的层压窗玻璃 Pending CN111093982A (zh)

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