CN111088469B - Method for regulating and controlling toughness of aluminum alloy surface - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for regulating and controlling the toughness of an aluminum alloy surface, which is characterized in that multiple times of high-energy laser shot blasting is utilized to carry out laser shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy, so that the aluminum alloy generates plastic deformation, high-density dislocation is induced on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and the surface of a material generates plastic deformation higher than recrystallization critical deformation energy storage; heating the surface of the aluminum alloy to a static recrystallization temperature by using a heating furnace, preserving heat, recrystallizing and refining the original crystal grains into fine crystals under the driving action of deformation energy storage, and air-cooling to room temperature; after air cooling to room temperature, the aluminum alloy is subjected to shot blasting treatment by using multiple times of low-energy laser shot blasting, dislocation is induced in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy, and a surface structure with the coexistence of the dislocation and fine grains is obtained. The invention utilizes the processes of 'high-energy laser shot blasting, high-temperature maintaining and low-energy laser shot blasting' to prepare the microstructure with the coexistence of dislocation and fine crystalline structure, thereby greatly increasing the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of laser shot peening strengthening, and particularly relates to a method for regulating and controlling the surface toughness of an aluminum alloy.
Background
Laser shot peening is an effective metal/alloy surface strengthening method, and utilizes extremely high shock wave pressure (GPa level) to induce the surface plastic deformation of a material, so that lattice defects such as high-density dislocation and the like are generated on the surface of the material, and the strength and hardness of the material are obviously improved. However, due to the blocking effect of high-density dislocation on subsequent dislocation slip, laser peening generally reduces the plasticity and toughness of the material, which leads to a series of problems such as difficult secondary processing, reduced elongation, brittle crack initiation and the like of the laser peening surface. How to regulate and control the strength and toughness of the laser shot peening strengthened surface and realize the improvement of the toughness of the laser shot peening strengthened surface is a key technical problem which is urgently needed to be solved at present.
For example, the Chinese patent with application number 201410177914.5 proposes a method and a device for remarkably improving the vibration resistance of an aviation aluminum alloy material, firstly, high-density dislocation and dislocation tangle are obtained on the surface of the material by laser warm peening based on dynamic strain aging, and meanwhile, an obvious grain refinement structure is generated; and after the shot blasting is finished, rapidly placing the workpiece into an aqueous solution at the temperature of 5-8 ℃ for rapid cooling, reducing the dislocation annihilation and grain growth processes, and finally obtaining a microstructure with the coexistence of dislocation and fine grains at room temperature. This patent can increase the strength and toughness of aluminum alloys, but has the following disadvantages: (1) the method is to develop a laser shot blasting experiment at high temperature, and the traditional constraint layer and the absorption layer are not applicable; (2) the high temperature holding time in the method is related to the shot blasting time, so that the heating time is difficult to control, and the grain refinement degree is not easy to control; (3) the temperature adopted by the method is the dynamic strain aging temperature, and does not meet the condition of static recrystallization temperature, so the grain refinement degree is smaller.
The most similar to this patent is the document titled "influence of annealing treatment on mechanical properties of laser shock AZ31 magnesium alloy" (Yangen mei, Zhang Ling peak, Haoshui. Chinese laser 2015,42 (2): 0206002-1.) which utilizes laser peening and annealing treatment to improve the tensile strength and elongation of magnesium alloy, but the technique has the following disadvantages: the dislocation density in the material after the annealing treatment is greatly reduced, and although the toughness is significantly increased, the strength of the material is greatly reduced compared to that before the annealing.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a method for regulating and controlling the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy, which utilizes 'high-energy laser shot blasting-high-temperature maintaining-low-energy laser shot blasting' to prepare the surface structure with the coexistence of dislocation and fine grains, can overcome the defects in the prior art, and greatly improves the strength and the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy by controlling the volume fractions of the dislocation and the fine grains.
The present invention achieves the above-described object by the following technical means.
A method for regulating and controlling the toughness and strength of an aluminum alloy surface by controlling the volume fraction and dislocation of fine crystals comprises the following steps:
(1) performing laser shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy by multiple times of high-energy laser shot blasting to enable the aluminum alloy to generate plastic deformation, and inducing high-density dislocation on the surface of the aluminum alloy to generate plastic deformation higher than recrystallization critical deformation energy storage on the surface of the material;
(2) heating the surface of the aluminum alloy to a static recrystallization temperature by using a heating furnace, preserving heat, recrystallizing and refining original crystal grains into fine crystals under the action of deformation energy storage driving, and air-cooling to room temperature;
(3) after air cooling to room temperature, the aluminum alloy is subjected to shot blasting treatment by using multiple times of low-energy laser shot blasting, dislocation is induced in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy, and a surface structure with the coexistence of the dislocation and fine grains is obtained.
Further, the parameters in the laser peening of the plastic deformation in the step (1) are as follows: the laser energy range is 5-20 joules, the laser pulse width range is 8-20 nanoseconds, and the shot blasting times are 3-10 times.
Further, the parameters at the time of the laser peening treatment in step (3) to generate dislocations in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy are as follows: the laser energy range is 3-5 joules, the laser pulse width range is 8-20 nanoseconds, and the shot blasting frequency is 1-3 times.
Further, after the laser shot peening is used for strengthening the plastic deformation in the step (1), nondestructive detection is carried out on the deformation energy storage of the material by using an XRD (X-ray diffraction) diffractometer, and if the deformation energy storage of the material is lower than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0Increasing the times of high-energy laser strengthening and the laser energy until the deformation energy storage of the material is higher than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0。
Further, the volume fraction of fine crystals on the surface of the aluminum alloy is regulated and controlled through recrystallization temperature and holding time, and the dislocation density of the surface of the aluminum alloy is regulated and controlled through the laser energy and shot blasting times of laser shot blasting after high-temperature holding, namely: if the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the recrystallization temperature and the retention time in the step (2) and repeating the step (3) until the toughness meets the requirement; and (4) if the surface strength of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the laser energy and the shot blasting times of the laser shot blasting in the step (3) until the strength meets the requirement.
Further, the critical deformation energy of recrystallization is stored as
Wherein γ is the recrystallization interface surface energy, and r is the recrystallization grain radius.
Further, the recrystallization heat preservation time is 0.5-1 hour.
Further, the recrystallization temperature is
Wherein Q is recrystallization activation energy, A is a material constant, and t is high temperature retention time.
Further, in the step (1) and the step (3), a water curtain is used as a constraint layer and a black adhesive tape is used as a protective layer during laser peening.
The method utilizes 5-20 joules of high-energy laser to carry out laser shot peening strengthening plastic deformation on the aluminum alloy, and induces high-density dislocation on the surface of the aluminum alloy, so that plastic deformation higher than recrystallization critical deformation energy storage is generated on the surface of the material; and then the original crystal grains are recrystallized and refined into fine crystals under the driving action of deformation energy storage through recrystallization annealing treatment. And carrying out shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy by using 3-5 joules of low-energy laser, and inducing dislocation in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy to obtain a surface structure with the coexistence of the dislocation and fine grains. The microstructure with the coexistence of dislocation and fine grain structure is prepared by utilizing the process of large-energy laser shot blasting, high-temperature maintaining and small-energy laser shot blasting, so that the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy is greatly improved.
In the treatment process, the treatment parameters can be further adjusted according to the strength and toughness of the treated material, and the strength and toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy are regulated and controlled by controlling the volume fraction of dislocation and fine grains. In addition, the invention is green and environment-friendly and has no pollution.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for regulating and controlling the toughness of an aluminum alloy surface according to the invention.
In fig. 2, (a) shows that high-density dislocation is obtained after high-energy laser peening, (b) ultrafine grains are obtained after high-temperature recrystallization is maintained, and (c) shows that surface structure in which high-density dislocation and ultrafine grains coexist is obtained after low-energy laser peening.
FIG. 3 is a gold phase diagram after shot peening, recrystallization, and shot peening in the first example.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
The method for regulating and controlling the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy mainly regulates and controls the toughness and the strength of the surface of the aluminum alloy by controlling the volume fraction of fine grains and dislocation. Firstly, carrying out laser shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy by using 5-20 joules of high-energy laser to enable the aluminum alloy to generate plastic deformation and induce high-density dislocation on the surface of the aluminum alloy, and enabling the surface of a material to generate plastic deformation higher than recrystallization critical deformation energy storage as shown in figure 2 (a); wherein the range of the laser pulse width is 8-20 nanoseconds, and the shot blasting times is 3-10 times. And then the original crystal grains are recrystallized and refined into fine crystals under the driving action of deformation energy storage through recrystallization annealing treatment, as shown in figure 2 (b). After air cooling to room temperature, the aluminum alloy is subjected to shot blasting treatment by using 3-5 joules of low-energy laser, dislocation is induced to be generated in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy, as shown in figure 2(c), wherein the pulse width range of the laser is 8-20 nanoseconds, and the shot blasting frequency is 1-3 times. Finally, a surface structure in which dislocations coexist with fine crystals is obtained.
In the processing process, when laser shot blasting is carried out, a water curtain is used as a constraint layer, and a black adhesive tape is used as a protective layer. After the laser shot peening is used for strengthening the plastic deformation in the step (1), nondestructive detection is carried out on the deformation energy storage of the material by using an XRD (X-ray diffraction) diffractometer, and if the deformation energy storage of the material is lower than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0Increasing the times of high-energy laser strengthening and the laser energy until the deformation energy storage of the material is higher than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0. If the temperature is lower than the critical deformation energy storage of recrystallization, the aluminum alloy is not maintained at high temperatureRecrystallization occurs and thus a fine crystalline structure cannot be obtained.
The critical deformation energy of the recrystallization of the aluminum alloy is
Wherein γ is the recrystallization interface surface energy, and r is the recrystallization grain radius.
And the treatment parameters can be further adjusted according to the strength and toughness of the treated material, and the strength and toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy can be regulated and controlled by controlling the volume fraction of dislocation and fine grains. The volume fraction of fine grains on the surface of the aluminum alloy is regulated and controlled through recrystallization temperature and holding time, and the dislocation density on the surface of the aluminum alloy is regulated and controlled through the laser energy and shot blasting times of laser shot blasting after high-temperature holding.
The high-temperature holding time is 0.5-1 hour. The recrystallization temperature was:
wherein Q is recrystallization activation energy, A is a material constant, and t is high temperature retention time. If the high temperature holding temperature is lower than the recrystallization temperature, the aluminum alloy does not undergo recrystallization, and therefore a fine crystalline structure cannot be obtained.
And (3) if the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the recrystallization temperature and the holding time in the step (2) and repeating the step (3) until the toughness meets the requirement.
And (4) if the surface strength of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the laser energy and the shot blasting times of the laser shot blasting in the step (3) until the strength meets the requirement.
Example one
Taking 2024 aluminum alloy as an example, the method for regulating and controlling the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy is adopted to treat the surface of the material, and the treatment steps are shown in figure 1.
A. Cleaning the surface of the 2024 aluminum alloy to remove dirt on the surface;
B. the water curtain is used as a restraint layer, the black adhesive tape is used as a protective layer, and the high-energy laser shot peening strengthening is carried out, wherein the parameters are as follows: the laser energy was 8 joules, the laser pulse width was 15 nanoseconds, and the number of shots was 5. After shot peening, high density dislocations are obtained as shown in fig. 3 (a).
C. After removing the black adhesive tape, carrying out nondestructive detection on the material deformation energy storage by adopting an XRD diffractometer, and indicating that the material surface deformation energy storage exceeds a recrystallization deformation energy storage threshold;
D. the high temperature holding experiment was conducted at a temperature of 230 c for 0.6 hour, and grain refinement was achieved by a recrystallization process, the recrystallized grains being shown in fig. 3 (b).
E. Cooling in air;
F. the water curtain is used as a restraint layer, the black adhesive tape is used as a protective layer, and small-energy laser shot peening strengthening is carried out, wherein the parameters are as follows: the laser energy was 3 joules, the laser pulse width was 15 nanoseconds, and the shot blasting frequency was 2 times. After the shot peening, a surface structure in which high-density dislocations and ultra-fine grains coexist is obtained, as shown in fig. 3 (c).
G. The surface of the aluminum alloy with the coexistence of dislocation and fine crystal is obtained, and the regulation and control of the strength and the toughness are realized.
The result shows that the method for regulating and controlling the toughness of the aluminum alloy surface can generate a surface structure with high-density dislocation and ultra-fine grains coexisting on the 2024 aluminum alloy surface, and the structure is favorable for improving the strength and the toughness of the 2024 aluminum alloy.
The room temperature tensile test results are shown in table 1, which shows that the strength of the 2024 aluminum alloy after being not subjected to shot blasting, laser shot blasting and recrystallization treatment is 161MPa, 165MPa and 194MPa respectively, and the length after fracture is 35.97mm, 35.93mm and 36.61mm respectively, and thus the method for regulating and controlling the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy can remarkably improve the strength and the toughness of the aluminum alloy.
TABLE 1
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any obvious improvements, substitutions or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for regulating and controlling the toughness and the strength of an aluminum alloy surface is characterized in that the toughness and the strength of the aluminum alloy surface are regulated and controlled by controlling the volume fraction and the dislocation of fine crystals, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) performing laser shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy by multiple times of high-energy laser shot blasting to enable the aluminum alloy to generate plastic deformation, and inducing high-density dislocation on the surface of the aluminum alloy to generate plastic deformation higher than recrystallization critical deformation energy storage on the surface of the material; the laser energy range of the high-energy laser is 5-20 joules, and the shot blasting times are 3-10 times;
(2) heating the surface of the aluminum alloy to a static recrystallization temperature using a heating furnace
Keeping the temperature for 0.5-1 hour to perform recrystallization annealing treatment, wherein Q is recrystallization activation energy, A is a material constant, and t is high-temperature retention time, so that the original crystal grains are recrystallized and refined into fine crystals under the driving action of deformation energy storage, and air-cooled to room temperature;
(3) after air cooling to room temperature, carrying out shot blasting treatment on the aluminum alloy by using multiple times of low-energy laser shot blasting, inducing dislocation in aluminum alloy recrystallized grains, and obtaining a surface structure with the coexistence of dislocation and fine grains, wherein the laser energy range of the low-energy laser is 3-5 joules, and the shot blasting times are 1-3 times.
2. A regulating and controlling method for the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the parameters in the step (1) of laser shot peening for strengthening plastic deformation are as follows: the range of the laser pulse width is 8-20 nanoseconds.
3. A regulating and controlling method for the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy as claimed in claim 1, wherein the parameters of the laser shot peening treatment in the step (3) when dislocation is generated in the recrystallized grains of the aluminum alloy are as follows: the range of the laser pulse width is 8-20 nanoseconds.
4. The method for regulating and controlling the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy according to claim 1, wherein after the laser shot peening plastic deformation is strengthened in the step (1), the deformation energy storage of the material is subjected to nondestructive testing by using an XRD diffractometer, and if the deformation energy storage of the material is lower than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0Increasing the times of high-energy laser strengthening and the laser energy until the deformation energy storage of the material is higher than the critical deformation energy storage E of recrystallizations0。
5. A regulating method for controlling the toughness of an aluminum alloy surface as claimed in claim 1, wherein the volume fraction of fine crystals on the aluminum alloy surface is regulated by the recrystallization temperature and the holding time, and the dislocation density on the aluminum alloy surface is regulated by the laser energy and the shot blasting frequency of laser shot blasting after high-temperature holding, namely: if the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the recrystallization temperature and the retention time in the step (2) and repeating the step (3) until the toughness meets the requirement; and (4) if the surface strength of the aluminum alloy does not meet the requirement, increasing the laser energy and the shot blasting times of the laser shot blasting in the step (3) until the strength meets the requirement.
6. A method for regulating and controlling the surface toughness of the aluminum alloy according to claim 4, wherein: the critical deformation of recrystallization is stored as
Wherein γ is the recrystallization interface surface energy, and r is the recrystallization grain radius.
7. A method for controlling the toughness of the surface of the aluminum alloy as set forth in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1) and the step (3), a water curtain is used as a restraint layer and a black adhesive tape is used as a protection layer during laser shot blasting.
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