CN111077020A - Device for measuring failure strength of flaky ceramic and using method thereof - Google Patents
Device for measuring failure strength of flaky ceramic and using method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111077020A CN111077020A CN201911422674.XA CN201911422674A CN111077020A CN 111077020 A CN111077020 A CN 111077020A CN 201911422674 A CN201911422674 A CN 201911422674A CN 111077020 A CN111077020 A CN 111077020A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
- G01N2203/0003—Steady
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0019—Compressive
Abstract
The invention relates to a sheet ceramic breaking strength measuring device and a using method thereof. The measuring device includes: the suspension type spherical pressure head comprises a spherical pressure head jacket and a spherical pressure head connecting rod which are detachably connected, a ceramic pressure ball is arranged between the spherical pressure head jacket and the spherical pressure head connecting rod and used for providing external force of damaged flaky ceramics, and the spherical pressure head connecting rod is connected with a universal testing machine; the annular base comprises an annular base outer sleeve and an annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is detachably connected with the annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is used for placing the flaky ceramics, and the annular base connecting rod is connected with the universal testing machine. The invention can realize the rapid and accurate measurement of the failure strength by combining the universal testing machine. The device has characteristics such as simple structure, simple operation and measurement accuracy height, can effectively ensure the delivery efficiency and the delivery quality of product.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of high-performance ceramics for the electronic industry, in particular to a device for measuring the destruction strength of flaky ceramics and a using method thereof.
Background
The integrated circuit is a base stone which is rapidly developed in the modern information society, and the flaky ceramic is used as a supporting material of a circuit element and an external adhesive element and is one of core materials of the integrated circuit. With the development requirements of microminiaturization, low power consumption, intellectualization and high reliability of electronic elements and the requirements of ultra-large scale integrated circuits, more rigorous requirements are provided for the density, bending strength, breaking strength, surface quality, dimensional precision and the like of the flaky ceramic.
The breaking strength refers to the maximum stress of the workpiece when the workpiece is broken under the action of external force, and the unit of the breaking strength is N in the invention. The existing research on the flaky ceramic mainly focuses on the preparation process and the product characteristics, and does not relate to the destruction strength; the existing research on the breaking strength mainly comprises the description of a ball pressure method and the analysis of the ball pressure effect, and does not relate to the specific details of a device and a using method thereof.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a sheet ceramic failure strength measuring device and a using method thereof, aiming at solving the technical problem of realizing rapid and accurate measurement of failure strength, thereby being more practical.
The purpose of the invention and the technical problem to be solved are realized by adopting the following technical scheme. According to the invention, the device for measuring the destruction strength of the flaky ceramic comprises:
a suspended spherical indenter and an annular base, wherein,
the suspended spherical pressure head comprises a spherical pressure head outer sleeve and a spherical pressure head connecting rod which are detachably connected, a ceramic pressure ball is arranged between the spherical pressure head outer sleeve and the spherical pressure head connecting rod and used for providing external force of damaged flaky ceramic, and the spherical pressure head connecting rod is connected with a universal testing machine;
the annular base comprises an annular base outer sleeve and an annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is detachably connected with the annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is used for placing the flaky ceramics, and the annular base connecting rod is connected with the universal testing machine.
The object of the present invention and the technical problems solved thereby can be further achieved by the following technical measures.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the destruction strength of the sheet ceramic, the spherical pressure head outer sleeve is a cylindrical cavity with an open upper end, a through hole is formed in the bottom surface of the spherical pressure head outer sleeve, the diameter of the through hole is smaller than that of a ceramic pressing ball, so that the ceramic pressing ball extends out of the through hole but does not fall off, a step structure is arranged in the bottom surface of the spherical pressure head outer sleeve, and the inner diameter of the step structure is consistent with that of the ceramic pressing ball and is used for positioning the ceramic pressing ball.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the fracture strength of the sheet ceramic, the height of the step structure is 0.6-0.9 of the total height of the ceramic press ball.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the fracture strength of the flaky ceramic, the thickness of the bottom surface of the spherical pressure head outer sleeve is 1-2 mm.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the destruction strength of the flaky ceramic, the spherical pressure head connecting rod and the ball contact part pressed by the ceramic are concave, and the concave radian is tightly attached to the outer circular surface of the ceramic pressure ball.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the destruction strength of the sheet ceramic, the lower part of the spherical pressure head connecting rod is connected with the spherical pressure head jacket through an external thread, and the upper part of the spherical pressure head connecting rod is provided with a bolt hole and is connected with an upper cross beam of a universal testing machine through a bolt.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the fracture strength of the sheet ceramic, the annular base outer sleeve is a cylindrical structure with a cavity inside and an upper opening and a lower opening, and the lower part of the annular base outer sleeve is connected with the upper part of the annular base connecting rod through an internal thread; the upper part of the annular base outer sleeve is a containing cavity, and the inner diameter of the containing cavity is consistent with the maximum outer diameter of the flaky ceramic.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the fracture strength of the flaky ceramic, the height of the accommodating cavity is 1.0-3.0 times of the thickness of the flaky ceramic.
Preferably, in the device for measuring the fracture strength of the sheet ceramic, a bolt hole is formed in the lower portion of the annular base connecting rod, and the annular base connecting rod is connected with a middle cross beam of the universal testing machine through a bolt.
The object of the present invention and the technical problem to be solved are also achieved by the following technical means. According to the invention, the use method of the device for measuring the fracture strength of the flaky ceramic comprises the following steps:
turning on a control power supply of the universal testing machine, and switching on manual control;
placing the ceramic pressing ball into a suspension type spherical pressing head jacket;
screwing the spherical pressing head outer sleeve and the spherical pressing head connecting rod;
inserting a spherical pressure head connecting rod into an upper cross beam of the universal testing machine, connecting through a bolt, and fixedly locking;
inserting the annular base connecting rod into a middle cross beam of the universal testing machine, connecting through a bolt, and fixedly locking;
screwing the annular base outer sleeve and the annular base connecting rod tightly;
putting the flaky ceramic into an annular base outer sleeve, and adjusting the center positioning of a workpiece by rotating the annular base outer sleeve;
the height of the middle cross beam is adjusted through a manual button and a pulley, so that the ceramic pressing ball is connected with the flaky ceramic in a virtual mode;
opening the testing software of the universal testing machine, and setting the compression loading rate;
automatically controlling, clicking a test software start button, starting loading until the flaky ceramic is broken, and completing the test of the destruction strength of the flaky ceramic; the load force during fracture is the failure strength of the flaky ceramic;
manually controlling, loosening the annular base outer sleeve, and taking off the broken flaky ceramic; failure strength measurements were completed.
By the technical scheme, the device for measuring the destruction strength of the flaky ceramic and the using method thereof at least have the following advantages:
1. the measuring device adopts the suspended spherical pressure head and the rotatable annular base, and is connected with the universal testing machine through the bolt, so that the problems of complex workpiece clamping, low workpiece clamping precision, inflexible clamping and the like are solved, the clamping engineering is greatly simplified, and the measuring efficiency is improved; greatly improving the convenience and the measurement precision of measurement. In addition, the measurement of the breaking strength of the flaky ceramics with various specifications can be realized only by replacing the annular base outer sleeve, and the method has strong universality. The method has the advantages of visual measurement result and strong universality, can realize direct measurement and direct reading of the damage strength of the sheet ceramics, has visual result, is convenient for unifying the delivery standard of the product and improves the delivery reliability.
2. The measuring device can realize the rapid and accurate measurement of the failure strength by combining the universal testing machine. The device has characteristics such as simple structure, simple operation and measurement accuracy height, can effectively ensure the delivery efficiency and the delivery quality of product.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present invention, and in order to make the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly understood and to implement them in accordance with the contents of the description, the following detailed description is given with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention and the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a sheet-like ceramic failure strength measuring apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a sheet-like ceramic failure strength measuring apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in operation.
Detailed Description
To further illustrate the technical means and effects of the present invention adopted to achieve the predetermined objects, the following detailed description will be given to the device for measuring the fracture strength of a sheet-like ceramic and the method for using the same, the specific implementation manner, structure, characteristics and effects thereof according to the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. In the following description, different "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" refers to not necessarily the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
As shown in fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a device for measuring a fracture strength of a sheet-like ceramic, including: a suspended spherical indenter 1 and an annular base 4, wherein,
the suspended spherical pressure head 1 comprises a spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12 and a spherical pressure head connecting rod 11 which are detachably connected, a ceramic pressure ball 2 is arranged between the spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12 and the spherical pressure head connecting rod 11 and used for providing external force of damaged flaky ceramic 3, and the spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12 is connected with a universal testing machine;
The detachable connection in the invention can be clamping connection, threaded connection or other connection modes. Preferably, the shape of the fixed spherical pressure head jacket is matched with that of the spherical pressure head connecting rod, and the spherical pressure head connecting rod just extends into the spherical pressure head jacket and is matched and connected with the spherical pressure head jacket. The shape of annular base overcoat and annular base connecting rod cooperate, and annular base connecting rod stretches into annular base overcoat just, cooperatees with annular base overcoat and is connected.
The present invention does not limit the shape of the sheet-like ceramics, including circular, square, irregular shapes. When the flaky ceramics with different specifications are measured, if the sample difference is small, if the flaky ceramics with the maximum outer diameter of phi 10 is replaced by the flaky ceramics with the maximum outer diameter of phi 20, only the outer sleeve of the annular base needs to be replaced, and the sample can be conveniently replaced; if the sample difference is large, if the sheet ceramic with the maximum outer diameter of phi 10 is replaced by the sheet ceramic with the maximum outer diameter of phi 100, the annular base outer sleeve and the annular base connecting rod need to be replaced simultaneously. The suspension type spherical pressure head does not need to be replaced, and the measurement can be conveniently carried out.
The invention does not limit the material of the suspension type spherical pressure head and the annular base, and preferably selects the metal material such as stainless steel, alloy and the like.
As shown in figure 2, when in use, the ceramic press ball 2 is connected with the sheet ceramic 3 in a virtual mode, the positioning center of the sheet ceramic can be adjusted by rotating the annular base outer sleeve of the annular base 4, so that the ceramic press ball 2 is just positioned at the center of the sheet ceramic, and the compression loading rate is set until the sheet ceramic 3 is broken.
As a preferred embodiment, the spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12 is a cylindrical cavity with an open upper end, a through hole is formed in the bottom surface of the spherical pressure head outer sleeve, the diameter of the through hole is smaller than that of the ceramic pressure ball 2, so that the ceramic pressure ball 2 extends out of the through hole but does not fall off, a step structure 121 is arranged in the bottom surface of the spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12, and the inner diameter of the step structure 121 is consistent with the diameter of the ceramic pressure ball 2 and is used for positioning the ceramic pressure ball 2.
In a preferred embodiment, the height of the step structure 121 is 0.6 to 0.9 of the total height of the ceramic press ball 2.
In a preferred embodiment, the thickness of the bottom surface of the spherical indenter outer sleeve 12 is 1-2 mm.
The maximum inner diameter of the step structure is consistent with the diameter of the ceramic pressing ball, so that the ceramic pressing ball can be accurately positioned; the total height of the step structure is 0.6-0.9 of the total height of the ceramic press ball so as to ensure tight clamping; the diameter of an inner hole at the bottom of the stepped structure is slightly smaller than that of the ceramic pressing ball so as to ensure that only a small part of the ceramic pressing ball can pass through the stepped structure and the whole ceramic pressing ball cannot pass through the stepped structure; the bottom thickness of the step structure is within the range of 1 mm-2 mm, so that the requirements of no deformation of the upper spherical pressure head outer sleeve and effective contact of the ceramic pressure ball and the flaky ceramic during measurement are met.
As a preferred embodiment, the contact part of the spherical pressure head connecting rod 11 and the ceramic pressure ball 2 is concave, and the concave radian is tightly attached to the outer circular surface of the ceramic pressure ball 2.
Specifically, the inner concave surface of the spherical pressure head connecting rod is smooth and has no burrs so as to prevent incomplete contact.
As a preferred embodiment, the lower part of the spherical indenter connecting rod 11 is connected with the spherical indenter housing 12 through an external thread, and the upper part of the spherical indenter connecting rod 11 is provided with a bolt hole 111, and is connected with an upper cross beam of a universal tester through a bolt.
As a preferred embodiment, the annular base casing 41 is a cylindrical structure with a cavity inside and an upper opening and a lower opening, and the lower part of the annular base casing 41 is connected with the upper part of the connecting rod of the annular base 42 through an internal thread; the upper part of the annular base outer sleeve is a containing cavity 411, and the inner diameter of the containing cavity 411 is consistent with the maximum outer diameter of the sheet-shaped ceramic 3.
In a preferred embodiment, the height of the cavity 411 is 1.0 to 3.0 times of the thickness of the sheet ceramic 3.
Specifically, the inner diameter of the outer sleeve of the annular base is consistent with the maximum outer diameter of the flaky ceramic, so that accurate positioning is facilitated; the cavity height of the annular base outer sleeve is 1.0-3.0 times of the thickness of the flaky ceramic, so that the positioning center of the flaky ceramic can be adjusted by rotating the annular base outer sleeve, and a workpiece can be quickly assembled and taken.
In a preferred embodiment, the lower portion of the annular base connecting rod 42 is provided with a bolt hole 421, and is connected with the middle cross beam of the universal testing machine through a bolt.
The measuring device provided by the invention adopts the suspended spherical pressure head and the rotatable annular base, so that the problems of low workpiece clamping precision, inflexible clamping and the like are solved, and the convenience and the measuring precision of measurement are greatly improved.
The measuring device disclosed by the invention adopts the annular base and the bolt type connecting structure, so that the problem of complex workpiece clamping is solved, the clamping engineering is greatly simplified, and the measuring efficiency is improved; in addition, the damage strength measurement of the flaky ceramics with various specifications can be realized only by replacing the annular base outer sleeve, and the method has strong universality.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for using a sheet-like ceramic failure strength measuring apparatus, which includes:
(1) turning on a control power supply of the universal testing machine, and switching on manual control;
(2) placing the ceramic pressing ball 3 into a suspension type spherical pressing head outer sleeve 12;
(3) screwing the spherical pressure head outer sleeve 12 and the spherical pressure head connecting rod 11;
(4) the spherical pressure head connecting rod 11 is inserted into an upper cross beam of the universal testing machine, and is fixedly locked by connecting the spherical pressure head 111 and the upper cross beam through a bolt;
(5) the annular base connecting rod 42 is inserted into a middle cross beam of the universal testing machine, and is fixedly locked by connecting the annular base connecting rod 421 with the middle cross beam through a bolt;
(6) screwing the annular base outer sleeve 41 and the annular base connecting rod 42;
(7) putting the flaky ceramic 3 into the annular base outer sleeve 41, and adjusting the center positioning of the workpiece by rotating the annular base outer sleeve 41;
(8) the height of the middle cross beam is adjusted through a manual button and a pulley, so that the ceramic press balls 2 are connected with the flaky ceramic 3 in a virtual mode;
(9) opening the testing software of the universal testing machine, and setting the compression loading rate; the loading rate may be
0.1mm/min～5mm/min；
(10) Automatically controlling, clicking a test software start button, starting loading until the sheet ceramic 3 is broken, and completing the sheet ceramic breaking strength test; the load force at the time of fracture is the breaking strength of the sheet ceramic;
(11) manually controlling, loosening the annular base outer sleeve 41, and taking off the broken flaky ceramic; failure strength measurements were completed.
By using the device and the method for measuring the fracture strength of the sheet ceramic, the sheet ceramic with the circular and irregular patterns in the same batch is measured, and the measured data is listed in table 1.
TABLE 1 measurement data
| Numbering | Breaking Strength/N | Remarks for |
| 1 | 75 | |
| 2 | 72 | |
| 3 | 69 | |
| 4 | 73 | Circular shape |
| 5 | 71 | Irregular shape |
| 6 | 70 | Irregular shape |
| 7 | 72 | Irregular shape |
| 8 | 74 | Irregular shape |
As can be seen from Table 1, the device for measuring the breaking strength of a sheet-like ceramic and the method for using the same according to the present invention have reproducibility and practical operation.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "horizontal", "vertical", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on methods or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
In addition, in the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "connected" and "connected" should be interpreted broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
In the foregoing embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and for parts that are not described in detail in a certain embodiment, reference may be made to related descriptions of other embodiments.
It will be appreciated that the relevant features of the devices described above may be referred to one another. In addition, "first", "second", and the like in the above embodiments are for distinguishing the embodiments, and do not represent merits of the embodiments.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention are still within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring apparatus, comprising:
a suspended spherical indenter and an annular base, wherein,
the suspended spherical pressure head comprises a spherical pressure head outer sleeve and a spherical pressure head connecting rod which are detachably connected, a ceramic pressure ball is arranged between the spherical pressure head outer sleeve and the spherical pressure head connecting rod and used for providing external force of damaged flaky ceramic, and the spherical pressure head connecting rod is connected with a universal testing machine;
the annular base comprises an annular base outer sleeve and an annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is detachably connected with the annular base connecting rod, the annular base outer sleeve is used for placing the flaky ceramics, and the annular base connecting rod is connected with the universal testing machine.
2. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring device according to claim 1,
the ceramic pressing head comprises a spherical pressing head outer sleeve, a through hole is formed in the bottom surface of the spherical pressing head outer sleeve, the diameter of the through hole is smaller than that of a ceramic pressing ball, the ceramic pressing ball extends out of the through hole but cannot be separated from the through hole, a step structure is arranged in the bottom surface of the spherical pressing head outer sleeve, and the inner diameter of the step structure is consistent with that of the ceramic pressing ball and used for positioning the ceramic pressing ball.
3. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring apparatus according to claim 2,
the height of the step structure is 0.6-0.9 of the total height of the ceramic press balls.
4. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring apparatus according to claim 2,
the bottom surface thickness of spherical pressure head overcoat is 1 ~ 2 mm.
5. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring device according to claim 1,
the spherical pressure head connecting rod with the ball contact position that pottery pressed is interior concavity, and interior concave radian with the outer disc of pottery pressure ball closely laminates.
6. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring device according to claim 1,
the lower part of the spherical pressure head connecting rod is connected with the spherical pressure head sleeve through an external thread, and the upper part of the spherical pressure head connecting rod is provided with a bolt hole and is connected with an upper cross beam of the universal testing machine through a bolt.
7. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring device according to claim 1,
the annular base outer sleeve is of a cylindrical structure, a cavity is formed in the annular base outer sleeve, the upper portion and the lower portion of the annular base outer sleeve are open, and the lower portion of the annular base outer sleeve is connected with the upper portion of the annular base connecting rod through internal threads; the upper part of the annular base outer sleeve is a containing cavity, and the inner diameter of the containing cavity is consistent with the maximum outer diameter of the flaky ceramic.
8. The sheet-like ceramic destruction strength measurement apparatus according to claim 7,
the height of the containing cavity is 1.0-3.0 times of the thickness of the flaky ceramic.
9. The sheet-like ceramic breaking strength measuring device according to claim 1,
the lower part of the annular base connecting rod is provided with a bolt hole which is connected with a middle cross beam of the universal testing machine through a bolt.
10. A method for using the device for measuring a fracture strength of a ceramic sheet according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising:
turning on a control power supply of the universal testing machine, and switching on manual control;
placing the ceramic pressing ball into a suspension type spherical pressing head jacket;
screwing the spherical pressing head outer sleeve and the spherical pressing head connecting rod;
inserting a spherical pressure head connecting rod into an upper cross beam of the universal testing machine, connecting through a bolt, and fixedly locking;
inserting the annular base connecting rod into a middle cross beam of the universal testing machine, connecting through a bolt, and fixedly locking;
screwing the annular base outer sleeve and the annular base connecting rod tightly;
putting the flaky ceramic into an annular base outer sleeve, and adjusting the center positioning of a workpiece by rotating the annular base outer sleeve;
the height of the middle cross beam is adjusted through a manual button and a pulley, so that the ceramic pressing ball is connected with the flaky ceramic in a virtual mode;
opening the testing software of the universal testing machine, and setting the compression loading rate;
automatically controlling, clicking a test software start button, starting loading until the flaky ceramic is broken, and completing the test of the destruction strength of the flaky ceramic; the load force during fracture is the failure strength of the flaky ceramic;
manually controlling, loosening the annular base outer sleeve, and taking off the broken flaky ceramic; failure strength measurements were completed.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201911422674.XA CN111077020A (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2019-12-31 | Device for measuring failure strength of flaky ceramic and using method thereof |
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| CN201911422674.XA CN111077020A (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2019-12-31 | Device for measuring failure strength of flaky ceramic and using method thereof |
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Cited By (3)
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| CN113504043A (en) * | 2021-09-10 | 2021-10-15 | 深圳大学 | Testing device for testing mechanical property of solid oxide fuel cell |
| CN113899619A (en) * | 2021-11-15 | 2022-01-07 | 中国建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | Sheet ceramic impact strength testing device |
| KR102621674B1 (en) * | 2023-06-14 | 2024-01-05 | 주식회사 엔비지 | All-in-one Ceramic Ball Crushing Test Device |
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Application publication date: 20200428 |
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| RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |