CN111074250B - High-corrosion-resistance stable chemical nickel plating solution for aluminum alloy surface, and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
High-corrosion-resistance stable chemical nickel plating solution for aluminum alloy surface, and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111074250B CN111074250B CN202010091283.0A CN202010091283A CN111074250B CN 111074250 B CN111074250 B CN 111074250B CN 202010091283 A CN202010091283 A CN 202010091283A CN 111074250 B CN111074250 B CN 111074250B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
- C23C18/34—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents
- C23C18/36—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents using hypophosphites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1803—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces
- C23C18/1824—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces by chemical pretreatment
- C23C18/1837—Multistep pretreatment
- C23C18/1844—Multistep pretreatment with use of organic or inorganic compounds other than metals, first
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high corrosion-resistant stable chemical nickel plating solution for the surface of aluminum alloy, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the chemical nickel plating solution consists of deionized water, main salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, a buffering agent, a stabilizing agent and a brightening agent; the main salt is nickel sulfate, the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite, the complexing agent is composed of glycine and lactic acid, the buffering agent is composed of sodium tetraborate and succinic acid, the stabilizing agent is composed of cobalt nitrate and potassium iodide, and the brightening agent is polyethylene glycol. The invention develops a high-corrosion-resistance and high-stability green environment-friendly chemical nickel plating system and a simple and efficient pretreatment process, thereby not only simplifying the process flow and reducing the production cost, but also greatly improving the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of material corrosion and protection, in particular to a high-corrosion-resistance stable chemical nickel plating solution for an aluminum alloy surface, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The aluminum and the aluminum alloy have the advantages of small density, high specific strength, good electric conductivity, heat conductivity and the like, and are widely applied to the fields of aerospace, transportation, electronic 3C and the like. However, the aluminum alloy has poor corrosion resistance, is easy to generate pitting corrosion and severely restricts the application and development of the aluminum alloy. The chemical nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy can effectively improve the corrosion resistance. The prior pretreatment processes for chemical nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy comprise a secondary zinc dipping method, a nickel pre-plating method, a secondary nickel dipping method, a special treatment solution and the like, the processes are complicated, the porosity of a plated layer is high, the corrosion resistance is poor, and the plated layer is usually treated by an organic hole sealing agent. The patent CN107541719A adopts a pretreatment process of nickel preplating, and needs to adopt acrylic resin to carry out hole sealing treatment after plating, so that the process is complex, the corrosion resistance of a plating layer is poor, and the electrical property of the plating layer is seriously influenced by an organic hole sealing agent. The high corrosion resistance chemical nickel plating solution invented by patent CN109112509A has a neutral salt spray resistance test of only 48h when the plating thickness of the plating layer of the common carbon steel exceeds 10 μm.
In conclusion, the aluminum alloy has high specific strength and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and is widely applied to the industries of electrified railways, electronic 3C, communication and the like. Aluminum and its alloys have high activity and are easily corroded in some service environments, so that surface treatment is needed to improve corrosion resistance and retain the conductivity of metal materials. The chemical nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy, and simultaneously, the good conductivity of the aluminum alloy is kept. At present, the chemical nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy has the defects of complex pretreatment process, poor stability of plating solution, poor corrosion resistance caused by high porosity of the plating layer, need of adopting an organic hole sealing agent for treatment after plating and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability for the surface of the aluminum alloy, and the preparation method and the application thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability on the surface of aluminum alloy consists of deionized water, main salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, a buffering agent, a stabilizing agent and a brightening agent; the main salt is nickel sulfate, the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite, the complexing agent is composed of glycine and lactic acid, the buffering agent is composed of sodium tetraborate and succinic acid, the stabilizing agent is composed of cobalt nitrate and potassium iodide, and the brightening agent is polyethylene glycol.
Furthermore, the content of the nickel sulfate is 25-30 g/L, and the content of the sodium hypophosphite is 27-32 g/L; 6-10 g/L of glycine, 5-10 ml/L of lactic acid, 1.0-2.0 g/L of sodium tetraborate, 12-18 g/L of succinic acid, 5-15 mg/L of potassium iodide and 5-10 mg/L of cobalt nitrate; the content of the polyethylene glycol is 0.1-0.2 g/L.
Further, the pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 4.8-5.2.
A preparation method of a chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability on the surface of aluminum alloy comprises the steps of adding water with the volume fraction of 80% of the chemical nickel plating solution to be prepared, then sequentially adding main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent, stirring until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, adjusting the pH value of the plating solution by adopting ammonia water with the volume fraction of 50%, and finally adding water to the target volume to obtain the chemical nickel plating solution.
The application of the chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability on the surface of the aluminum alloy in nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: polishing the aluminum alloy by using sand paper, and then carrying out ultrasonic vibration washing in acetone to remove surface oil stains;
step two: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the first step with deionized water, and then carrying out acid washing on the aluminum alloy in an HCl solution containing phytic acid in an amount of 0.5-1 ml/L and sodium dodecyl sulfate in an amount of 0.1-0.2 g/L and having a volume fraction of 30% -50% to remove oxides on the surface;
step three: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the step two with deionized water, and then placing the aluminum alloy into ammonia water for treatment;
step four: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the third step with deionized water, and then putting the aluminum alloy into H2SO4Activating in a solution;
step five: and (4) cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the fourth step with deionized water, and immediately putting the aluminum alloy into a chemical nickel plating solution for plating.
Furthermore, 600# sandpaper is adopted in the first step, and the ultrasonic vibration washing time is 5 min.
Further, the acid washing time in the second step is 20s-60 s.
Further, the ammonia water treatment time in the third step is 30-60 s.
Further, step four H2SO4The volume fraction of the solution is 10 percent, and the activation time is 40-80 s.
Furthermore, in the fifth step, the plating temperature is 80-85 ℃, and the plating time is 1-3 h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the invention adopts five-membered ring complex glycine and lactic acid to form a composite complexing agent which is mixed with Ni2+When complex formation is carried out, Ni is complexed2+The reduction potential negative shift reduces the rate of the replacement reaction and avoids generating a loose layer which influences the binding force between the substrate and the coating. Complex complexing agent and Ni2+The complex formed can prevent the plating solution from precipitating, increase the stability of the plating solution, prolong the service life of the plating solution and improve the quality of the plating layer. The pH range of the buffer system consisting of succinic acid and sodium tetraborate is 3.0 &5.8, H can be prevented from being generated in the plating process+The generation of (2) causes the bath to lose efficacy due to the decrease of the bath pH. In addition, the succinic acid and the sodium tetraborate have the functions of improving the deposition speed of the coating and the complexing agent. In addition to the function of the stabilizer, the cobalt nitrate in the invention also has Co2+But also has the functions of increasing nucleation quantity and refining crystal grains, and is beneficial to improving corrosion resistance.
The method for preparing the chemical nickel-plating layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy has the advantages of simple process, high production efficiency, high corrosion resistance of the plating layer and stable performance. When the thickness of the nickel-plating layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy is more than 12 mu m, the plating layer has no pin holes, and the neutral salt spray resistance test without hole sealing treatment is more than 168 hours. The complexing agent and the buffering agent in the invention have double effects, thus not only improving the performance of the plating solution, but also having good stability and long service cycle.
In addition, the invention adds a green additive phytic acid extracted from plants into the pickling solution, and because the phytic acid has good chelating potential, the pickling solution can prevent the local generation of deeper corrosion pits due to the surface unevenness of the aluminum alloy in the pickling process, and the deeper corrosion pits are easy to be the origins of pinholes in the plating layer, thereby reducing the corrosion resistance of the plating layer.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below:
the chemical nickel plating solution of the invention consists of deionized water, main salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, buffering agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent. The main salt is nickel sulfate (NiSO)4·6H2O) content of 25-30 g/L; the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite (NaH)2PO2·H2O) content of 27-32 g/L; the complexing agent consists of glycine and lactic acid, wherein 6-10 g/L of glycine and 5-10 ml/L of lactic acid; the buffer is sodium tetraborate (Na)2B4O7·10H2O) and succinic acid, wherein the sodium tetraborate is 1.0-2.0 g/L, and the succinic acid is 12-18 g/L; the stabilizer is cobalt nitrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O) and potassium iodide, wherein the potassium iodide is 5-15 mg/L, and the cobalt nitrate is 5-10 mg/L;the brightener is polyethylene glycol with the content of 0.1-0.2 g/L. The pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 4.8-5.2, and the plating temperature is 80-85 ℃.
The chemical nickel plating solution is prepared by the following steps: adding deionized water with the volume fraction of the plating solution to be prepared being 80%, sequentially adding main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent, stirring until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, adjusting the pH value of the plating solution by adopting ammonia water with the volume fraction being 50%, and finally adding the deionized water to the target volume.
When in use, the aluminum alloy is polished by 600# abrasive paper and is ultrasonically vibrated and washed in acetone for 5min to remove oil stains on the surface. Washing with deionized water, and then pickling in 30-50% HCl solution containing phytic acid 0.5-1 ml/L and sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.1-0.2 g/L for 20-60 s to remove surface oxides. Washing with deionized water, treating in ammonia water for 30-60s, washing with deionized water, and adding 10% H2SO4Activating for 40-80s in the solution. In order to avoid the regeneration of oxides on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the activated sample is washed by deionized water and then is immediately put into a plating solution for plating, the plating temperature is 80-85 ℃, and the plating time is 1-3 h. The pretreatment of direct chemical nickel plating on the surface of the aluminum alloy requires that a uniform aluminum-rich surface is obtained, and an oxide film on the surface of the aluminum alloy is rapidly removed in a hydrochloric acid solution.
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to examples:
example 1
The chemical nickel plating solution of the invention consists of deionized water, main salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, buffering agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent. The main salt is nickel sulfate (NiSO)4·6H2O) content 25 g/L; the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite (NaH)2PO2·H2O) content 27 g/L; the complexing agent consists of glycine and lactic acid, wherein the glycine is 10g/L, and the lactic acid is 5 ml/L; the buffer is sodium tetraborate (Na)2B4O7·10H2O) and succinic acid, wherein the sodium tetraborate is 1.0g/L, and the succinic acid is 18 g/L; the stabilizer is cobalt nitrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O) and potassium iodide, wherein the potassium iodide is 5mg/L, and the cobalt nitrate is 10mg/L; the brightener is polyethylene glycol with the content of 0.1 g/L. The pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 4.8, the plating temperature is 80 ℃, and the plating time is 3 hours.
The chemical nickel plating solution is prepared by the following steps: adding deionized water with the volume fraction of the plating solution to be prepared being 80%, sequentially adding main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent, stirring until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, adjusting the pH value of the plating solution by adopting ammonia water with the volume fraction being 50%, and finally adding the deionized water to the target volume.
When in use, the aluminum alloy is polished by 600# abrasive paper and is ultrasonically vibrated and washed in acetone for 5min to remove oil stains on the surface. After being washed by deionized water, the solution is washed by acid for 20s in HCl solution with phytic acid of 0.5ml/L and sodium dodecyl sulfate of 0.1g/L and the volume fraction of 30 percent to remove the oxide on the surface. Washing with deionized water, treating in ammonia water for 30s, washing with deionized water, and adding 10% H2SO4Activation in solution for 40 s. In order to avoid the regeneration of oxides on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the activated sample is cleaned by deionized water and then is immediately put into a plating solution for plating, wherein the plating temperature is 80 ℃, and the plating time is 3 hours. The corrosion resistance of the sample is tested by adopting a 5 wt% NaCl neutral salt spray test, and the corrosion resistance is more than 200 h.
Example 2
The chemical nickel plating solution of the invention consists of deionized water, main salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, buffering agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent. The main salt is nickel sulfate (NiSO)4·6H2O) content 30 g/L; the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite (NaH)2PO2·H2O) content 32 g/L; the complexing agent consists of glycine and lactic acid, wherein the glycine is 6g/L, and the lactic acid is 10 ml/L; the buffer is sodium tetraborate (Na)2B4O7·10H2O) and succinic acid, wherein the sodium tetraborate is 2.0g/L, and the succinic acid is 15 g/L; the stabilizer is cobalt nitrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O) and potassium iodide, wherein the potassium iodide is 15mg/L, and the cobalt nitrate is 5 mg/L; the brightener is polyethylene glycol with the content of 0.2 g/L. The pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 5.2, the plating temperature is 85 ℃, and the plating time is 1 h.
The chemical nickel plating solution is prepared by the following steps: adding deionized water with the volume fraction of the plating solution to be prepared being 80%, sequentially adding main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent, stirring until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, adjusting the pH value of the plating solution by adopting ammonia water with the volume fraction being 50%, and finally adding the deionized water to the target volume.
When in use, the aluminum alloy is polished by 600# abrasive paper and is ultrasonically vibrated and washed in acetone for 5min to remove oil stains on the surface. After being washed by deionized water, the solution is washed by acid for 60s in HCl solution containing 1ml/L phytic acid and 0.2g/L sodium dodecyl sulfate with volume fraction of 50 percent to remove the oxide on the surface. Washing with deionized water, treating in ammonia water for 60s, washing with deionized water, and adding 10% H2SO4Activation in solution for 80 s. In order to avoid the regeneration of oxides on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the activated sample is cleaned by deionized water and then is immediately put into a plating solution for plating, wherein the plating temperature is 85 ℃, and the plating time is 1 h. The corrosion resistance of the sample is tested by adopting a 5 wt% NaCl neutral salt spray test, and the corrosion resistance of the sample is more than 168 h.
Example 3
The chemical nickel plating solution of the invention consists of deionized water, main salt, reducing agent, complexing agent, buffering agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent. The main salt is nickel sulfate (NiSO)4·6H2O) content 28 g/L; the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite (NaH)2PO2·H2O) content 30 g/L; the complexing agent consists of glycine and lactic acid, wherein 8g/L of glycine and 7.5ml/L of lactic acid; the buffer is sodium tetraborate (Na)2B4O7·10H2O) and succinic acid, wherein the sodium tetraborate is 1.5g/L, and the succinic acid is 12 g/L; the stabilizer is cobalt nitrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O) and potassium iodide, wherein the potassium iodide is 10mg/L, and the cobalt nitrate is 7.5 mg/L; the brightener is polyethylene glycol with the content of 0.15 g/L. The pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 5, the plating temperature is 83 ℃, and the plating time is 2 h.
The chemical nickel plating solution is prepared by the following steps: adding deionized water with the volume fraction of the plating solution to be prepared being 80%, sequentially adding main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent, stirring until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, adjusting the pH value of the plating solution by adopting ammonia water with the volume fraction being 50%, and finally adding the deionized water to the target volume.
When in use, the aluminum alloy is polished by 600# abrasive paper and is ultrasonically vibrated and washed in acetone for 5min to remove oil stains on the surface. Washed by deionized water and then washed by acid for 40s in 40 volume percent HCl solution containing 0.8ml/L phytic acid and 0.15g/L sodium dodecyl sulfate to remove the oxide on the surface. Washing with deionized water, treating with ammonia water for 45s, washing with deionized water, and adding 10% H2SO4Activation in solution for 60 s. In order to avoid the regeneration of oxides on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the activated sample is cleaned by deionized water and then is immediately put into a plating solution for plating, wherein the plating temperature is 83 ℃, and the plating time is 2 hours. The corrosion resistance of the sample is tested by adopting a 5 wt% NaCl neutral salt spray test, and the corrosion resistance of the sample is more than 200 h.
Claims (8)
1. The chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability on the surface of the aluminum alloy is characterized by comprising deionized water, main salt, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, a buffering agent, a stabilizing agent and a brightening agent; the main salt is nickel sulfate, the reducing agent is sodium hypophosphite, the complexing agent is composed of glycine and lactic acid, the buffering agent is composed of sodium tetraborate and succinic acid, the stabilizing agent is composed of cobalt nitrate and potassium iodide, and the brightening agent is polyethylene glycol;
the content of the nickel sulfate is 25-30 g/L, and the content of the sodium hypophosphite is 27-32 g/L; 6-10 g/L of glycine, 5-10 ml/L of lactic acid, 1.0-2.0 g/L of sodium tetraborate, 12-18 g/L of succinic acid, 5-15 mg/L of potassium iodide and 5-10 mg/L of cobalt nitrate; the content of the polyethylene glycol is 0.1-0.2 g/L;
the pH value of the chemical nickel plating solution is 4.8-5.2.
2. The method for preparing the chemical nickel plating solution with high corrosion resistance and stability for the aluminum alloy surface according to claim 1 is characterized in that water with the volume fraction of 80% is added into the chemical nickel plating solution to be prepared, then main salt, complexing agent, buffering agent, reducing agent, stabilizing agent and brightening agent are sequentially added and stirred until the main salt, the complexing agent, the buffering agent, the reducing agent, the stabilizing agent and the brightening agent are completely dissolved, ammonia water with the volume fraction of 50% is adopted to adjust the pH value of the plating solution, and finally water is added to the target volume, so that the chemical nickel plating solution is obtained.
3. The application of the high-corrosion-resistance stable electroless nickel plating solution for the aluminum alloy surface according to claim 1 to nickel plating of the aluminum alloy surface is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: polishing the aluminum alloy by using sand paper, and then carrying out ultrasonic vibration washing in acetone to remove surface oil stains;
step two: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the first step with deionized water, and then carrying out acid washing on the aluminum alloy in an HCl solution containing phytic acid in an amount of 0.5-1 ml/L and sodium dodecyl sulfate in an amount of 0.1-0.2 g/L and having a volume fraction of 30% -50% to remove oxides on the surface;
step three: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the step two with deionized water, and then placing the aluminum alloy into ammonia water for treatment;
step four: cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the third step with deionized water, and then putting the aluminum alloy into H2SO4Activating in a solution;
step five: and (4) cleaning the aluminum alloy obtained by the fourth step with deionized water, and immediately putting the aluminum alloy into a chemical nickel plating solution for plating.
4. The use of claim 3, wherein 600# sandpaper is used in step one and the ultrasonic shaking time is 5 min.
5. Use according to claim 3, wherein the acid washing time in step two is 20s to 60 s.
6. Use according to claim 3, characterized in that the ammonia treatment time in step three is 30-60 s.
7. Use according to claim 3, characterised in that step four is H2SO4The volume fraction of the solution is 10 percent, and the activation time is 40-80 s.
8. The use according to claim 3, wherein the plating temperature in step five is 80 ℃ to 85 ℃ and the plating time is 1 to 3 hours.
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