CN111072101A - Heterogeneous catalytic reactor - Google Patents
Heterogeneous catalytic reactor Download PDFInfo
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- CN111072101A CN111072101A CN202010029407.2A CN202010029407A CN111072101A CN 111072101 A CN111072101 A CN 111072101A CN 202010029407 A CN202010029407 A CN 202010029407A CN 111072101 A CN111072101 A CN 111072101A
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- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 231100000957 no side effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);titanium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4] SOQBVABWOPYFQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011949 solid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a heterogeneous catalytic reactor, which comprises a raw water chamber, wherein at least one purification reaction chamber is communicated below the raw water chamber, a water purification chamber is arranged below the purification reaction chamber, and a water passage is arranged between the bottom of the purification reaction chamber and the bottom of the water purification chamber; the purification reaction chamber is a vertical cylindrical body, a catalyst layer is arranged in the purification reaction chamber, the catalyst is a photocatalytic catalyst or an electrocatalytic catalyst, and a light generating device or an electric generating device or an ultrasonic generating device or a heating device is arranged inside or outside the purification reaction chamber. The ultraviolet light generating device irradiates a catalyst coating through the water curtain to perform catalytic reaction, thereby realizing the disinfection effect on water.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of water treatment, in particular to a multiphase catalytic reactor for simultaneously purifying and disinfecting raw water.
Background
The water purification refers to a process of removing pollutants from raw water, and aims to achieve the effect of water purification by a specific procedure, the water purification in the prior art adopts a filtering or disinfection or combination mode of the filtering or the disinfection and the disinfection, the existing disinfection mode is to add an oxidant into the water or place disinfection equipment into a water container to disinfect the water, the contact area is limited by the shape and the size of the container and the equipment, the purification efficiency is low, and the purification is not thorough.
The photocatalytic reaction is a catalytic reaction for effective purification and disinfection, but the photocatalytic reaction needs a liquid to be treated, a solid catalyst and light, so that the solid, the liquid and the light are more fully combined into a whole, the combined area of the solid, the liquid and the light is increased, and the problem of the photocatalytic reaction is solved.
Disclosure of the invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention discloses a heterogeneous catalytic reactor, which improves the contact area of liquid, gas, catalyst and light by forming a closed gas chamber, improves the irradiation efficiency of ultraviolet rays and achieves the aim of coupling and efficiency improvement.
The invention is realized by the following measures:
a heterogeneous catalytic reactor comprises a raw water chamber for containing a filtered stock solution, at least one purification reaction chamber is communicated below the raw water chamber, a purified water chamber is arranged below the purification reaction chamber, and the bottom of the purification reaction chamber is provided with an opening; a water passage is arranged between the bottom of the purification reaction chamber and the bottom of the water purification chamber; the purification reaction chamber is a vertical cylindrical body, the upper part of the purification reaction chamber is provided with at least one water through plate with through holes, a catalyst layer is arranged in the purification reaction chamber, the catalyst is a photocatalytic catalyst or an electrocatalytic catalyst, and a light generating device or an electric generating device or an ultrasonic generating device or a heating device is arranged inside or outside the purification reaction chamber.
Preferably, the water passing plate is provided with a filter layer, the filter layer is provided with at least one of activated carbon and ion exchange resin, and the light generating device is an ultraviolet light generator.
Preferably, the plurality of purification reaction chambers are connected in series.
Preferably, the catalyst layer is disposed on an inner wall of the purification reaction chamber.
Preferably, an electrode forming a counter electrode with the catalyst layer on the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber is provided on the outer wall of the purification reaction chamber.
Preferably, the water passing plate is conical, and the light generating device is fixed on the conical top of the water passing plate and is positioned in the middle of the purification reaction chamber.
Preferably, the light generating device is fixed at the bottom of the clean water chamber and is positioned in the middle of the clean water chamber, and the outer wall of the light generating device is provided with a catalyst layer.
Preferably, the bottom of the purifying chamber is made of a light-transmitting material, a base is further arranged below the purifying chamber, and a light generating device is arranged on the base.
Preferably, the side wall of the purification reaction chamber is spiral or wave-shaped.
Preferably, the distance between the bottom end of the purification reaction chamber and the bottom end of the water purification chamber is 0.1-10 mm.
Preferably, the middle or lower part of the side surface of the water purifying chamber is provided with a water outlet.
Preferably, the bottom of the purification reaction chamber is provided with suspended particles with photocatalyst attached to the surface.
The working principle of the invention is that the liquid in the original water chamber enters the purifying reaction chamber through the through hole of the water passing plate and enters the water purifying chamber through the water passing channel, the water passing channel is sealed along with the rising of the liquid level, so that a sealed air chamber is formed in the purifying reactor, and the liquid flows downwards along the inner wall of the purifying reaction chamber due to the pressure difference between the upper part and the lower part, namely: the liquid forms a thin layer on the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber, and the catalyst layer is coated on the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber, so that the liquid is fully contacted with the catalyst layer, and the catalyst purifies and disinfects water under the action of photocatalysis or electrocatalysis.
The catalyst coating used in the invention is a titanium dioxide coating, and the titanium dioxide-coated tubular body is obtained by mixing nano titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide and roasting at the high temperature of 500 ℃.
The ultraviolet generating device used in the invention is a 9W low-pressure mercury lamp or a 3W cold cathode ultraviolet lamp. The ultraviolet lamp is adopted to irradiate the titanium dioxide coating and purify and disinfect the water quality.
In order to further improve the effect, the outer wall of the purification reaction chamber is provided with an electrode which forms a counter electrode with the catalyst layer on the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber, the electrodes on the inner wall and the outer wall apply a voltage to generate electrocatalytic oxidation reaction, certain oxygen is generated in the purification reaction chamber, and ozone is generated under the action of ultraviolet rays to further improve the purification and disinfection effect.
The invention arranges the filtering layer with holes between the raw water chamber and the water purifying chamber, and fully utilizes the coupling synergistic effect brought by the closed air chamber formed by adding water between the filtering layer with holes and the water purifying chamber. An ultraviolet light source is introduced into the air chamber, the coupling synergy of photocatalytic oxidation and photoelectrochemical reaction is utilized to enhance the sterilization and disinfection effect in the air chamber with the photocatalyst coating, the aquatic organisms and water-soluble organic matters of spring water, well water and urban tap water can be thoroughly decomposed into water and carbon dioxide, oxygen is provided for the closed air chamber, and the closed air chamber is continuously kept to have ozone under the irradiation of light. The ozone and the ultraviolet rays can digest microorganisms and organic matters adsorbed and grown by the active carbon of the filtering part, so that the water is purified in the early stage after the carbon enters the closed air chamber. Because of the formation and existence of the air chamber, water can only flow along the thin catalytic film coated on the inner wall of the air chamber, the contact efficiency of the water and the catalyst is improved, the irradiation efficiency of ultraviolet rays is improved by surface irradiation, the contact reaction with ozone in the closed air chamber is also increased, and each reaction system is coupled and synergized in the closed air chamber structure.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the invention, the water passing plate with holes is arranged in the filter layer to filter raw water, the closed air chamber is formed between the water passing plate with holes and the liquid level of the purification reaction chamber at the lower part, water flows down along the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber to form a water curtain, and the ultraviolet light generating device in the purification reaction chamber irradiates the catalyst coating through the water curtain to perform catalytic reaction, so that the water disinfection effect is realized, and the multi-phase disinfection mode can obtain higher disinfection effect.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a third embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure, 1, a water passage, 2, a water passing plate, 3, a raw water chamber, 4, a filter layer, 5, a purification reaction chamber, 6, a light generating device, 7, a catalyst coating, 8, a water outlet, 9, a water purifying chamber, 10 and a base.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present application without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "inner", "outer", "left" and "right" indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience in describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
as shown in figure 1, the heterogeneous catalytic reactor comprises a raw water chamber 3, the lower part of the raw water chamber is communicated with a plurality of layers of purification reaction chambers 5, the upper part of each layer of purification reaction chamber is provided with a water passing plate 2, the water passing plate is provided with a plurality of through holes, the water passing plate is provided with a filter layer 4, and the filter layer is active carbon or ion exchange resin or both. The bottom of the purification reaction chamber 5 is communicated with the water purification chamber 9 through the water passage 1, the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber is provided with a catalyst layer 7 which is a photocatalytic catalyst or an electrocatalytic catalyst, and the catalyst coating is a titanium dioxide film. The purification reaction chamber is internally provided with a light generating device 6 which can emit ultraviolet light. The light generating device penetrates through the whole purification reaction chamber, and the emitted ultraviolet light oxidizes the photocatalytic catalyst on the micropores of the filter layer and the photocatalytic catalyst on the side wall of the purification reaction chamber, so that water flow passing through the light generating device and the photocatalytic catalyst is disinfected.
The side wall of the purification reaction chamber is spiral or wave-shaped, so that the coverage area of the catalyst and the contact area of water flow and the catalyst can be increased.
The device comprises a raw water chamber, a purification reaction chamber, a light generation device, a water inlet switch, a water outlet switch, a water inlet cover, a power supply, a rechargeable battery or a solar charging panel, a photocatalyst, suspended particles and ultraviolet light, wherein the water inlet switch and the power supply are arranged at the top of the raw water chamber, the water inlet switch is a turnover water inlet cover, the power supply is a rechargeable battery or a solar charging panel, the suspended particles with the surface attached with the photocatalyst are arranged at the bottom of the purification reaction chamber. The top end or the side surface of the water purifying chamber is provided with a water outlet. An electrode forming a counter electrode with the catalyst layer 7 on the inner wall of the purification reaction chamber is provided on the outer wall of the purification reaction chamber.
Because the ultraviolet lamp passes through the raw water chamber and the purification chamber from top to bottom, the source water is firstly irradiated by the ultraviolet lamp in the raw water chamber, and the stage belongs to the ultraviolet lamp immersion type disinfection. Because of the low oxygen content in water, ozone is less generated during the process, and the disinfection effect is to destroy the DNA structure of bacteria. After each time of pouring out partial purified water, due to the structure of the communicating device, the water pressure on two sides of the closed air chamber is unbalanced, the sequencing batch continuous flow starts to start, and the ultraviolet lamp starts to work. The water entering the filtering part can generate the adsorption effect of the active carbon, the formation and the digestion effect of the biological active carbon, and the strong specific surface area of the active carbon special for purifying water is utilized. The bacteria in the water and the bacteria remained in the activated carbon finally form a biological activated carbon which has the function of biologically digesting the pollutants in the water. The water entering the filtering part is exchanged with the ion exchange resin for anion and cation exchange, so that the water quality can be changed.
After a certain using time, the water passing through the filtering part, namely the carbon-treated water contains a certain amount of bacteria, but the chlorine contained in the water, as well as some heavy metals and calcium and magnesium ions, are improved, the taste and the color are also improved, and the content of ammonia nitrogen is reduced. The ultraviolet lamp penetrating the filtering part can irradiate the active carbon and the ion exchange resin, and ozone can be synchronously generated under the irradiation of the ultraviolet lamp in the closed air chamber below the filtering part due to the existence of air. Ozone and ultraviolet rays can generate hydroxyl radicals through photochemical reaction, and the activated carbon is a broad-spectrum oxidant and can reactivate and adsorb saturated activated carbon. Meanwhile, the active carbon can catalyze the ozone to generate hydroxyl radicals.
The filtered water is between the filter layer and the purification chamber, and the filter part extends downwards to the inner surface of the pipe based on the water surface tension and a water film formed by the lower surface of the filter part. And a closed air chamber is formed by enclosing the lower surface formed by the water surface. The water slowly flowing through the filter part by taking the pressure difference as power is attached to the inner surface of the pipe and flows down in a thin layer, after the continuously rising water surface is contacted with the lower end of the extension pipe, a closed air chamber is formed, the air chamber is empty, only air passes through the ultraviolet lamp from the filter part and is positioned at the central shaft of the air chamber. The phenomenon of water flowing along the arc-shaped inner wall thin layer just meets the requirements of ultraviolet surface disinfection, the requirement of increasing contact efficiency required by photocatalysis and the requirement of enhancing the surface electrochemical reaction of photocatalyst such as titanium dioxide and the like. The presence of air in the chamber also provides the initial source for the ultraviolet light to generate ozone. The titanium dioxide surface irradiated by light can generate photon-generated carriers, can generate oxygen and free radicals (hydroxyl free radicals and oxygen free radicals) with strong oxidizing property in the presence of water, can change the surface property of the semiconductor film to perform hydrophilic and hydrophobic conversion, and can generate hydrogen after forming a proper counter electrode structure.
The strongly oxidizing substance finally oxidizes the organic pollutants into water and carbon dioxide, and the reducing substance reduces the residual chlorine gas after the adsorption by the activated carbon into HCL. The device utilizes ultraviolet radiation which can provide the photocatalyst with the most appropriate photon energy to promote the occurrence of high-efficiency photocatalytic reaction, and ensures that the inner surface of an air chamber plated with the photocatalyst has strong self-cleaning capability, the action intensity of the device is far higher than that of natural light radiation, and the device is not limited to processing inorganic and organic impurities and decomposing Escherichia coli endotoxin O157, but also can kill and decompose microorganisms and protozoa, thereby preventing the occurrence of light revival phenomenon. As a general rule, in electromagnetic radiation, the more energy associated with each photon, the more dangerous it is to living organisms. Ultraviolet rays inactivate microorganisms by changing their DNA, which does not absorb light having a wavelength of 300 nm or more, and light having a wavelength of less than 200 nm does not penetrate water. The ultraviolet ray has excellent disinfection effect on protozoa in water and no secondary pollution.
The thin layer flow phenomenon observed in the reactor of the present invention offers the possibility of achieving high disinfection effect with ultraviolet rays of low irradiation intensity, due to the poor penetration of ultraviolet rays in water, which is mostly used for surface disinfection. Ozone is the strongest chemical disinfectant, the oxidation potential of ozone is higher than that of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, and the ozone belongs to a lytic agent and can kill viruses thoroughly. Ozone can be generated by irradiating air with ultraviolet rays, and ozone and ultraviolet rays react photochemically to generate strong oxidizing products such as OH, free radicals and the like, and the oxidizing property of the ozone is also strong. The reaction in which ozone directly participates is called the D reaction, and once ozone is dissolved in water, the reaction in which the (HO) free radical participates is the R reaction, and the hydroxyl free radical starts to be attenuated and generated. Ozone is also important as the primary means of action of the disinfectant, again by direct oxidation of ozone. The air contains about 21 percent of oxygen, and the oxygen generated on the surface of the titanium dioxide catalyzed by the device can continuously provide oxygen for generating ozone for the closed air chamber. The ultraviolet light source introduced by the device has a strong disinfection wavelength of 253.7 nanometers and can also generate ozone. Ozone and ultraviolet light have advantages in the water treatment disinfection process, the half-life period in water is short, and the ozone has a good disinfection effect on endospores, bacteria and viruses in water. The ultraviolet ray and the ozone can be complemented, the product has no side effect, and no secondary pollution is the safest disinfection and sterilization process at present.
It is also possible to replace the light generating device with an electrical or ultrasonic or thermal or chemical energy generating device.
Example two:
as shown in fig. 2, in this embodiment, the light generating device or the electricity generating device is connected to the bottom of the clean water chamber by a screw, a power supply for driving the light generating device or the electricity generating device is installed at the bottom of the clean water chamber, only one layer is provided in the clean water chamber, and the filter layer is provided on the upper portion of the clean water chamber, so that the raw water chamber can be directly taken out after being taken out from the upper portion of the clean water chamber. The light generating device is unscrewed from the bottom when cleaning or replacement is required. For convenient use, a handle is arranged on the outer side wall of the water purifying chamber.
Example three:
as shown in fig. 3, in this embodiment, a base 10 is disposed outside the water purification chamber, a power supply and an ultraviolet lamp are installed inside the base, or a microwave generator or a heater is installed inside the base, the bottom of the water purification chamber is made of an ultraviolet light transmitting material, when the water purification chamber is used, the water purification chamber is installed on the base 10, the ultraviolet lamp is turned on, and water to be purified is injected into the raw water chamber.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (12)
1. The heterogeneous catalytic reactor is characterized by comprising a raw water chamber (3) for containing a filtering raw liquid, wherein at least one purification reaction chamber (5) is communicated below the raw water chamber, a water purification chamber (9) is arranged below the purification reaction chamber, and the bottom of the purification reaction chamber is provided with an opening; a water passage (1) is arranged between the bottom of the purification reaction chamber (5) and the bottom of the water purification chamber (9); the purification reaction chamber (5) is a vertical cylindrical body, the upper part of the purification reaction chamber is provided with at least one water passing plate (2) with through holes, a catalyst layer (7) is arranged in the purification reaction chamber, the catalyst is a photocatalytic catalyst or an electrocatalytic catalyst, and a light generating device (6), an electric generating device, an ultrasonic generating device or a heating device is arranged inside or outside the purification reaction chamber.
2. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 1, wherein said water-passing plates are provided with a filter layer (4) on which at least one of activated carbon and ion exchange resin is provided, and said light generating means is a uv light generator.
3. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 2, wherein said purification reactors (5) are connected in series.
4. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 2, wherein the catalyst layer (7) is arranged on the inner wall of the clean-up reaction chamber.
5. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 4 wherein the outer wall of the clean-up reactor is provided with electrodes forming a counter electrode with the catalyst layer (7) on the inner wall of the clean-up reactor.
6. A multiphase catalytic reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein said water-passing plates (2) are tapered and said light generating means (6) are fixed on the top of the taper of the water-passing plates and are located in the middle of the purification reactor.
7. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 1, wherein said light generating means is fixed to the bottom of the clean water chamber (9) and is located in the middle of the clean water chamber, and said light generating means has a catalyst layer (7) on the outer wall.
8. A multiphase catalytic reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bottom of the clean room (9) is made of a transparent material, and a base is provided under the clean room (9) and provided with a light generating device.
9. A multiphase catalytic reactor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the side walls of the purification reactor chamber are helical or corrugated.
10. The heterogeneous catalytic reactor of claim 1 wherein the distance between the bottom end of the clean-up reaction chamber and the bottom end of the clean-up chamber is 0.1-10 mm.
11. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the clean water chamber is provided with water outlets (8) in the middle or lower part of its side.
12. A heterogeneous catalytic reactor according to claim 1 wherein the bottom of the clean-up chamber is provided with suspended particles having photocatalyst attached to the surface.
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