CN111071028A - 包括内燃发动机和电动马达的传动单元,和用于操作这种传动单元的方法 - Google Patents

包括内燃发动机和电动马达的传动单元,和用于操作这种传动单元的方法 Download PDF

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CN111071028A
CN111071028A CN201910964680.1A CN201910964680A CN111071028A CN 111071028 A CN111071028 A CN 111071028A CN 201910964680 A CN201910964680 A CN 201910964680A CN 111071028 A CN111071028 A CN 111071028A
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drive
belt
internal combustion
combustion engine
pump
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克里斯蒂安·多隆
乔治·卢文
赖纳·基恩
莫里茨·克劳斯·施普林格
贾恩·梅林
哈拉尔德·施托夫费尔斯
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K11/00Arrangement in connection with cooling of propulsion units
    • B60K11/02Arrangement in connection with cooling of propulsion units with liquid cooling
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01PCOOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P5/00Pumping cooling-air or liquid coolants
    • F01P5/10Pumping liquid coolant; Arrangements of coolant pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B61/00Adaptations of engines for driving vehicles or for driving propellers; Combinations of engines with gearing
    • F02B61/04Adaptations of engines for driving vehicles or for driving propellers; Combinations of engines with gearing for driving propellers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60KARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种传动单元,包括内燃发动机、电动马达、齿轮机构和至少两个离合器,其中:离合器布置在内燃发动机和齿轮机构之间,其中第一离合器布置在内燃发动机一侧,第二离合器布置在齿轮机构一侧,以及提供带传动器,其包括作为牵引装置的带以及第一带滑轮和第二带滑轮,第一带滑轮布置在第一离合器和第二离合器之间,第二带滑轮布置在电动马达的轴上,其中带围绕第一带滑轮和第二带滑轮被引导。本发明提供的传动单元在冷却方面得到改进。其中:提供第一液体冷却系统,包括用于输送冷却剂的第一泵,其能够经由带滑轮连接到带传动器并且提供第二液体冷却系统,包括用于输送冷却剂的第二泵,其能够经由带滑轮连接到带传动器。

Description

包括内燃发动机和电动马达的传动单元,和用于操作这种传 动单元的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种传动单元,其包括内燃发动机、属于电传动器的电动马达、齿轮机构和至少两个离合器,其中
-两个离合器布置在传动系中内燃发动机和齿轮机构之间,其中第一离合器布置在内燃发动机一侧,并且第二离合器布置在齿轮机构一侧,以及
-提供带传动器,其除了包括作为牵引装置的带之外,还包括第一带滑轮以及第二带滑轮,该第一带滑轮布置在传动系中第一离合器和第二离合器之间,并且第二带滑轮布置在电动马达的轴上,其中,带被引导围绕第一带滑轮和第二带滑轮。
本发明还涉及一种用于操作上述类型的传动单元的方法。
背景技术
首先引用的类型的传动单元例如被用作机动车辆传动。在本发明的上下文中,术语“内燃发动机”包括柴油发动机和汽油发动机,但也包括使用混合燃烧过程的混合内燃发动机。
包括内燃发动机和电动马达的传动单元通常也称为混合传动。在目前情况下,在第一操作模式中,仅电动马达用作传动车辆的传动单元,而在第二操作模式中,内燃发动机与电动马达组合使用。如果电动马达与内燃发动机同时使用并作为传动操作,则内燃发动机和电动马达都将功率传送到传动系。
在目前情况下,内燃发动机和电动马达平行地布置,其中电动马达为了传动意向使用带传动器与(或者能够与)内燃发动机和齿轮机构之间的传动系连接。为此,带传动器包括布置在传动系中两个离合器之间的第一带滑轮,以及布置在电动马达的传动轴上的第二带滑轮。用作牵引装置的带围绕第一和第二带滑轮运行,并将两个带滑轮运动地或为了传动意向而联接在一起。
在用于车辆的传动单元的开发中的不变目标是使燃料消耗最小化。另一个目标是减少污染物排放,以便能够观察排放的未来极限值。
因此,根据现有技术,越来越多地将电动马达用于车辆中,通常与内燃发动机组合作为混合传动。
在减少燃料消耗和污染物排放方面,这仅在电传动器在至少一个操作区域或映射区域中具有比内燃发动机更高的效率并且因此提供优于内燃发动机的优点时,或者在电传动器所需的传动能量取自车辆上的能量回收系统或者由再生的(即可再生的)能量源产生时才是有利的。与此无关,电传动器作为城市交通中的无排放传动是有用的或具有优势。
使用电传动器的进一步相应原因是例如减少车辆的传动噪声。机动车辆的噪声排放(特别是传动噪声)不仅不利地影响生活质量或幸福感,而且特别是还影响暴露于噪声的人的健康,为此原因已经通过了许多规定,这些规定建立了需遵守的极限噪声值。这里最重要的规定是德国联邦排放保护法案(BImSchG)和欧洲委员会指令。
原则上,可以设计用于空气冷却或液体冷却的内燃发动机的冷却系统。由于液体的较高热容,液体冷却基本上比空气冷却耗散更大量的热量。发动机的热负荷不断增加,因此根据现有技术,内燃发动机越来越多地配备有液体冷却系统。这部分地也是因为内燃发动机日益频繁地增压,并且为了尽可能致密地封装的目标,越来越多的部件集成在汽缸盖或汽缸体中,这增加了发动机(即内燃发动机)上的热负荷。越来越经常地,排气歧管集成在汽缸盖中,以便参与汽缸盖中提供的冷却,并且避免需要由能够承载高热负荷但成本密集的材料生产歧管。
液体冷却系统的设计要求至少一个汽缸盖配备有至少一个冷却剂套,即通过汽缸盖的冷却剂通道传导冷却剂的布置。向该至少一个冷却剂套供应流过汽缸盖的冷却剂。与空气冷却相反,在空气冷却中,热量必须首先被传导到汽缸盖表面以便被耗散,这里的热量被传递到汽缸盖内侧的冷却剂。冷却剂借助于布置在冷却剂回路中的泵输送,从而使其循环。传递到冷却剂的热量因此从汽缸盖的内部消散,并且(例如借助于热交换器和/或其它方式)从汽缸盖外侧的冷却剂再次吸取。
与汽缸盖类似,汽缸体也可以配备有一个或多个冷却剂套。然而,汽缸盖是具有较高热负荷的部件,因为与汽缸体相比,汽缸盖提供有传导排气的管,并且集成在汽缸盖中的燃烧室壁与热排气接触的时间比设置在汽缸体中的汽缸管或孔长。此外,汽缸盖具有比汽缸体低的部件质量。
通常,具有添加剂的水-乙二醇混合物用作冷却剂。水与其它冷却剂相比具有以下优点:无毒、容易获得且便宜;水还具有非常高的热容,因此适于提取和耗散大量的热量,这通常被认为是有利的。
从内燃发动机中提取尽可能多的热量并不总是有用的。特别地,在预热阶段或冷起动之后,可能适合从内燃发动机中提取尽可能少的热量,以便强制或支持内燃发动机的预热。这尤其在摩擦功率和污染物排放方面是有利的。
作为本发明的主题并且作为根据本发明的传动单元的一部分的内燃发动机也是由液体进行冷却的内燃发动机,即液体冷却的内燃发动机。
电传动器包括了根据本发明的传动单元的电动马达,电传动器也配备有液体冷却系统,即作为本发明的主题的电传动器是液体冷却传动。特别地,用于存储或提供电能的蓄电池(例如电池)可能过热或需要冷却。
在使用电动马达作为传动器或具有电池功率的传动器的机动车辆中,在不利的环境条件下(特别是在低于冰点的温度下)冷起动构成了技术挑战,因为可用的电池功率随着温度下降而迅速减小。在临界温度极限以下,通常车辆不再能够电动地操作。于是,为了加热电池,需要从外部供给能量,以便能够确保电池的功能容量,并且能够起动或操作电动马达。在个别情况下,电池可用来自液体冷却系统的经加热的冷却剂加热。
内燃发动机和电传动器对相关的液体冷却系统(即冷却剂温度和冷却剂流速)具有不同的要求,因此两个液体冷却系统的冷却剂回路通常是分开的并且彼此独立地操作。这两个冷却剂回路特别需要不同的泵。此外,如果仅电动马达用作传动器,则在第一操作模式中永久地(即没有中断)冷却不操作的内燃发动机几乎没有时间点。因此,目标是能够彼此独立地操作和启动或停用液体冷却系统或相关的泵。
因此,根据现有技术,除了用于内燃发动机的液体冷却的机械传动泵之外,通常还提供较小的电功率泵用于电传动器的液体冷却。然而,电传动泵的效率低于机械传动泵的效率。
发明内容
在此,本发明的目的是提供一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的传动单元,其在冷却方面得到改进。
本发明的另一部分目的是提供一种用于操作这种传动单元的方法。
第一部分目的通过传动单元来实现,该传动单元包括内燃发动机、属于电传动器的电动马达、齿轮机构和至少两个离合器,其中
-两个离合器布置在传动系中内燃发动机和齿轮机构之间,其中第一离合器布置在内燃发动机一侧,而第二离合器布置在齿轮机构一侧,并且
-提供了一种带传动器,其除了包括作为牵引装置的带之外,还包括第一带滑轮以及第二带滑轮,第一带滑轮布置在传动系中第一离合器和第二离合器之间,并且第二带滑轮布置在电动马达轴上,其中带被引导绕过第一带滑轮和第二带滑轮,
并且其中,
-为了冷却内燃发动机,提供第一液体冷却系统,该第一液体冷却系统包括用于输送冷却剂的第一泵,其中第一泵为了传动意向能够经由带滑轮连接到带传动器,并且
-为了冷却电传动器,提供第二液体冷却系统,其包括用于输送冷却剂的第二泵,其中第二泵为了传动意向可以经由带滑轮连接到带传动器。
根据本发明的传动单元具有两个机械传动泵,即,用于在内燃发动机的冷却剂回路中输送冷却剂的第一泵和用于在电传动器的冷却剂回路中输送冷却剂的较小的第二泵。机械传动泵的效率原则上高于电传动泵的效率,因为电能的产生、存储和提供比泵的机械传动效率低(即与较高的损耗相关)。
在此方面,根据本发明的泵传动比在现有技术中更有效率,在现有技术中使用机械传动泵和电传动泵。
两个泵可以借助于带传动器机械地传动,其中每个泵可以被关闭(即停用),因为消除了到带传动器的传动连接。换句话说,两个泵可以经由带滑轮连接到用于传动意向的带传动器。
根据本发明的泵在带传动器中的布置具有进一步的有利效果。可以实现传动单元的更致密的有效封装。
然而,特别地,根据本发明的泵传动允许第一泵在第一操作模式下操作,以便在仅使用电动马达作为传动单元来传动车辆时输送冷却剂。因此,可以实现后冷却,其中冷却剂被泵送(即被输送)通过未操作的内燃发动机的冷却剂回路。
这种后冷却例如对于设置用于对内燃发动机进行增压的排气涡轮增压器或者对于其液体冷却的轴承壳体是必需的。增压内燃发动机的热排气导致轴承壳体上以及因此涡轮轴的轴承上的更高的热负荷。这与相应高的热量传递相关,该热量传递进入供应到轴承以用于润滑的油中。由于涡轮轴的高转速,轴承通常不配置为滚柱轴承,而是滑动轴承。由于轴和轴承壳体之间的相对运动,在轴和轴承孔之间形成负荷轴承动力润滑剂膜。
油不应超过最大允许温度,因为粘度随着温度升高而减小,并且当超过特定温度时摩擦性能劣化。油温度太高也加速了油的老化,其中油的润滑性能劣化。这两种效果都缩短了换油的服务间隔,并且会危害轴承的功能容量,其中甚至轴承的不可逆破坏以及因此涡轮增压器的不可逆破坏都是可能的。
由于上述原因,根据现有技术,涡轮增压器的轴承壳体通常配备有液体冷却系统。
因此,利用根据本发明的传动单元,实现了本发明所基于的第一部分目的,即产生了根据权利要求1的前序部分的具有改进冷却的传动单元。
下面解释根据从属权利要求的传动单元的其它有利实施例。
传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中第一泵可以利用离合器连接到带传动器以用于传动意向。
传动单元的以下实施例也是有利的:其中第二泵可以使用离合器连接到带传动器以用于传动意向。
离合器(例如可被电致动或电磁致动的离合器)的使用允许泵以简单的方式被接通和关闭(即被启动和停用)。闭合离合器产生了与带传动器的传动连接,并且通过打开离合器再次消除该传动连接。
由于上述原因,传动单元的以下实施例也是有利的:其中第一泵和第二泵可以使用共用离合器连接到带传动器以用于传动意向。
共用离合器有助于带传动器的致密封装,并因此有助于整个传动单元的致密封装。
出于相同的原因,传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中第一泵和第二泵可经由共用带滑轮连接到带传动器以用于传动意向。
在此,传动单元的以下实施例也是有利的:其中第一泵和第二泵具有共用的传动轴,该传动轴能够为了传动意向而连接到带传动器。
传动单元的以下实施例是有利的,其中第一泵和第二泵布置在带传动器的相对侧上。
泵的这种布置简化或允许使用用于两个泵的共用传动轴、共用带滑轮或共用离合器。
传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中提供至少一个另外的驱动带滑轮,其布置在辅助设备的轴上,其中围绕另外的驱动带滑轮引导带。
在此情况下,带传动器用于传动内燃发动机和/或机动车辆的操作所需的辅助设备,例如喷射泵、油泵、交流发电机、A/C压缩机和/或类似物,或者用于控制气门所需的气门结构的凸轴。
在此,传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中至少一个另外的驱动带滑轮是第二带滑轮。
在当前情况下,辅助设备与电动马达共享带滑轮(即第二带滑轮)。
因此,在此,传动单元的以下实施例也是有利的:其中辅助设备和电动马达布置在带传动器的相对侧上。
传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中内燃发动机是借助于排气涡轮增压来增压的内燃发动机。
增压是用于在容量不变的情况下增大内燃发动机的功率或在相同功率的情况下减小容量的合适装置。在任何情况下,增压都会导致功率与体积比的增加和更有利的功率与质量比。如果容量减小,则负荷集合向特定燃料消耗较低的较高负荷移动。与合适的齿轮比结合的增压还可以允许所谓的降速,在该降速中还可以实现较低的特定燃料消耗。
因此,在内燃发动机的发展中,增压支持最小化燃料消耗的恒定目标,即提高内燃发动机的效率。
通常,排气涡轮增压器用于增压,其中压缩机和涡轮布置在相同轴上。热排气流被供应到涡轮并膨胀,从而将能量排放到涡轮,由此使轴设置旋转。从排气流排放到涡轮并最终排放到轴的能量用于传动压缩机,该压缩机也布置在轴上。压缩机输送并压缩供给它的增压空气,从而给汽缸增压。有利地,在压缩机下游的进气系统中提供增压冷却器,其在压缩的增压空气进入至少一个汽缸之前冷却压缩的增压空气。冷却器降低温度,并因此增加增压空气的密度,因此冷却器也有助于更好地填充汽缸,即更大的空气质量。压缩通过冷却实现。
带传动器应该将高扭矩从曲轴传送到辅助设备,例如交流发电机和水泵,同时能量损耗最小,并且重新张紧的维护复杂性最小。通常,几个辅助设备的传动被组合在一个带传动器中。
为了使带保持张紧并因此确保尽可能可靠和无磨损的传动,通常提供张紧设备,该张紧设备使带保持张紧。由于张紧设备,在维护措施(例如维修)期间不再需要张紧,因此可以延长维修间隔。
因此,传动单元的以下实施例是有利的:其中带传动器配备有张紧设备。
第二部分目的,即一种用于操作上述类型的传动单元的方法,通过一种方法来实现,在该方法中,在内燃发动机操作时,第一离合器和第二离合器闭合,以便将内燃发动机连接到齿轮机构上并且将功率传送到传动系上。
上面关于根据本发明的传动单元所作的陈述也适用于根据本发明的方法,因此,在这点上,通常参考上面关于传动单元的陈述。
该方法的以下实施例是有利的:其中,在内燃发动机操作时,为了传动意图经由带传动器连接到传动系的电动马达用作可切换的辅助传动器,以便满足对更大功率的需求。
在此情况下,通过至少可与传动系连接的、可作为可切换的辅助传动器起作用的电动马达来满足内燃发动机不能满足或不能有利地满足的对更大功率的需求。然后,由于当功率输出不足时电动马达满足需求,因此内燃发动机的效率可以进行优化,即,在具有高效率的映射点中操作。
该方法的以下实施例也是有利的:其中,在内燃发动机操作时,为了传动意图经由带传动器连接到传动系的电动马达用作可切换发电机,以吸收由内燃发动机提供的过剩功率。
该方法变型允许内燃发动机在提供比所需更多的功率的映射点中操作。例如,所选择的映射点具有高效率是有利的。过剩功率可被作为发电机操作的电动马达吸收和使用。
该方法的以下实施例是有利的:其中当内燃发动机不操作时,第一离合器打开而第二离合器闭合,以便使用电动马达将功率传送到传动系。
有利地,第一离合器在第一操作模式中打开,以避免或防止非点火的内燃发动机的拖曳操作,并且以减小摩擦功率。
优选地,考虑所使用的电动马达的映射。特别地,这可以允许这样的事实,即电动马达在不同的映射区域中具有不同的效率(即在一个映射区域中操作可能比在另一个映射区域中操作更有利;特别地,在所有的映射区域中,电动马达不具有或者不必具有比内燃发动机更高的效率)。
该方法的以下实施例是有利的:其中当内燃发动机不操作时,第一离合器打开,第二离合器闭合,以便在能量回收期间使用电动马达作为发电机吸收功率。
在当前情况下,与传动系连接的电动马达用于在内燃发动机不操作时在超驰模式下作为发电机从传动系中吸收功率并且由此恢复能量。在此,作为发电机操作的电动马达生成制动力矩。
该方法的以下实施例是有利的:其中,当内燃发动机操作时,第一泵借助于带传动器传动,当内燃发动机关闭时,第一泵被进一步传动预定的操作持续时间,以便借助于第一液体冷却系统提供后冷却。
关于后冷却,可参考如上陈述内容。
该方法的实施例是有利的,其中电动马达被用作带传动的起动设备以起动不操作的内燃发动机,其中第一离合器闭合而第二离合器打开。
附图说明
下面参考图1更详细地描述本发明。附图显示:
图1示意性地示出了用于执行该方法的传动单元的实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出了传动单元1的实施例。传动单元1包括内燃发动机2、属于电传动器的电动马达3、齿轮机构4和两个离合器5、6。
这是所谓的轴向平行P2构造,其中电动马达3在带传动器8中平行于内燃发动机2布置。
两个离合器5、6布置在传动系7中内燃发动机2和齿轮装置4之间。第一离合器5布置在内燃发动机一侧,第二离合器6配置在齿轮机构一侧。
带传动器8包括多个带滑轮8a、8b、8d、8d'、8e和围绕带滑轮8a、8b、8d、8e引导的带8c。
第一带滑轮8a布置在传动系7中离合器5、6之间。第二带滑轮8b位于电动马达3的传动轴3a上。
内燃发动机2和电传动器都配备有冷却系统或液体冷却系统。提供两个泵9a、9b用于输送冷却剂,其中第一泵9a用于输送冷却剂通过内燃发动机2的冷却剂回路,并且第二泵9b用于输送冷却剂通过电传动器的冷却剂回路。
第一泵9a和第二泵9b布置在带传动器8的相对侧上,并且可以使用离合器(未示出)经由带滑轮8d(在本情况下为共用带滑轮8d')连接到带传动器8以用于传动意图。
辅助设备10,即A/C压缩机10',布置在带传动器8的与电动马达3相对的一侧上,其中带传动器8的另外的驱动带滑轮8e布置在A/C压缩机10'的传动轴10a上,用于传动A/C压缩机10'。在当前情况下,另一带滑轮8e是第二带滑轮8b。换句话说,分配给电动马达的第二带滑轮8b同时用作传动A/C压缩机10'的带滑轮8e。
电动马达3可以作为发电机吸收功率或将功率馈送到传动系7中。齿轮机构4包括几个齿轮,利用这些齿轮可以实现不同的转换比。
附图标记列表
1 传动单元
2 内燃发动机
3 电动马达
3a 电动马达的传动轴
4 齿轮机构
5 第一离合器
6 第二离合器
7 传动系
8 带传动器
8a 第一带滑轮
8b 第二带滑轮
8c 带
8d 带滑轮
8d' 共用带滑轮
8e 另外的驱动带滑轮
9a 第一泵
9b 第二泵
10 辅助设备
10' A/C压缩机
10a 辅助设备的传动轴

Claims (17)

1.一种传动单元(1),包括内燃发动机(2)、属于电传动器的电动马达(3)、齿轮机构(4)和至少两个离合器(5,6),其中,
-两个离合器(5,6)布置在传动系(7)中所述内燃发动机(2)和所述齿轮机构(4)之间,其中第一离合器(5)布置在所述内燃发动机一侧,和第二离合器(6)布置在所述齿轮机构一侧,以及
-提供带传动器(8),其除了包括作为牵引装置的带(8c)之外,还包括第一带滑轮(8a)以及第二带滑轮(8b),所述第一带滑轮(8a)布置在所述传动系(7)中所述第一离合器(5)和所述第二离合器(6)之间,并且所述第二带滑轮(8b)布置在所述电动马达(3)的轴(3a)上,
其中所述带(8c)围绕所述第一带滑轮(8a)和所述第二带滑轮(8b)被引导,
其特征在于,
-为了冷却所述内燃发动机(2),提供第一液体冷却系统,其包括用于输送冷却剂的第一泵(9a),其中所述第一泵(9a)为了传动意向能够经由带滑轮(8d)连接到所述带传动器(8),并且
-为了冷却所述电传动器,提供第二液体冷却系统,其包括用于输送冷却剂的第二泵(9b),其中所述第二泵(9b)为了传动意向能够经由带滑轮(8d)连接到所述带传动器(8)。
2.如权利要求1所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第一泵(9a)为了传动意向能够通过离合器与所述带传动器(8)连接。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第二泵(9b)为了传动意向能够通过离合器与所述带传动器(8)连接。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第一泵(9a)和所述第二泵(9b)为了传动意向能够借助于共用的离合器与所述带传动器(8)连接。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第一泵(9a)和所述第二泵(9b)为了传动意向能够经由共用的带滑轮(8d')与所述带传动器(8)连接。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第一泵(9a)和所述第二泵(9b)具有共用的传动轴,所述共用的传动轴为了传动意向能够与所述带传动器(8)连接。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述第一泵(9a)和所述第二泵(9b)布置在所述带传动器(8)的相对侧上。
8.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,提供至少一个另外的驱动带滑轮(8e),所述另外的驱动带滑轮(8e)布置在辅助设备(10)的轴(10a)上,其中,所述带(8c)围绕所述另外的驱动带滑轮(8e)引导。
9.如权利要求8所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述至少一个另外的驱动带滑轮(8e)是所述第二带滑轮(8b)。
10.如权利要求8或9所述的传动单元(1),其特征在于,所述辅助设备(10)和所述电动马达(3)布置在所述带传动器(8)的相对侧。
11.一种用于操作根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的传动单元(1)的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)操作时,所述第一离合器(5)和所述第二离合器(6)闭合,以便将所述内燃发动机(2)与所述齿轮机构(4)连接并且将功率传送到所述传动系(7)上。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)操作时,为了传动意向经由带传动器(8)与所述传动系(7)连接的电动马达(3)用作可切换的辅助传动器,以便满足更大功率的需求。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)操作时,为了传动意向经由带传动器(8)与所述传动系(7)连接的电动马达(3)用作可切换的发电机,以便吸收由所述内燃发动机(2)提供的功率过剩。
14.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)不操作时,所述第一离合器(5)打开,且所述第二离合器(6)闭合,以便利用所述电动马达(3)将功率传送到所述传动系(7)。
15.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)不操作时,所述第一离合器(5)打开,且所述第二离合器(6)闭合,以便在能量回收期间将所述电动马达(3)用作发电机吸收功率。
16.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述内燃发动机(2)操作并且第一泵(9a)通过带传动器(8)传动时,所述第一泵(9a)在所述内燃发动机(2)关闭时被继续传动一可预先规定的操作持续时间,以便借助于第一液体冷却系统提供后冷却。
17.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述电动马达(3)用作带传动的起动设备,以起动不操作的内燃发动机(2),为此,所述第一离合器(5)闭合,所述第二离合器(6)打开。
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