CN111057880A - Method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste material - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste, which comprises the following steps: (1) mixing tungsten-containing waste with a magnesium-containing additive to obtain a mixture; (2) roasting the mixture to obtain a roasted material; (3) mixing the calcine with a sodium carbonate solution so as to obtain a solid-liquid mixture; (4) and carrying out solid-liquid separation on the solid-liquid mixture to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residues and a solution containing sodium tungstate. The method is adopted to convert tungsten resources in the tungsten-containing waste into high-value sodium tungstate, the recovery rate of tungsten is up to more than 95%, and the resource utilization of the tungsten-containing waste is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metallurgy, and particularly relates to a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste.
Background
The existing technology for treating tungsten waste comprises a zinc melting method, a saltpeter melting method and a roasting alkaline leaching method, wherein the zinc melting method is based on that zinc and binding phase metals (cobalt and nickel) in hard alloy can form low-melting-point alloy, so that the binding metals are separated from the hard alloy and form zinc-cobalt solid solution alloy liquid with the zinc, thereby destroying the structure of the hard alloy, enabling compact alloy to become loose hard phase framework, and enabling the zinc not to react with various refractory metal carbides, thereby achieving the purpose of recovering tungsten. However, the method is only suitable for processing hard alloy with cobalt content lower than 10%, and has high power consumption, high requirement on zinc steam recovery equipment and large zinc volatilization pollution. The method for smelting the saltpeter is to convert tungsten carbide in the tungsten waste into sodium tungstate at high temperature by using the saltpeter as an oxidant, and oxidize other impurity elements into metal oxides which are insoluble in water, thereby achieving the purpose of recovering tungsten. However, the method has long industrial process, the used raw and auxiliary materials are expensive, the production cost is high, and the discharged tail gas causes pollution to the environment; and the waste water produced in the subsequent APT production process is more, and the loss of raw and auxiliary materials is large. The roasting alkaline leaching method is characterized in that tungsten waste is converted into tungsten oxide through oxidation roasting, and the tungsten oxide is subjected to alkaline leaching reaction to generate sodium tungstate, so that the aim of tungsten recovery is fulfilled. However, in the treatment process of the method, the roasting equipment is seriously caked, the tungsten content in the slag is high, the recovery rate is low, and the treatment cost of the secondary slag is high; and APT is produced by the traditional metallurgical process subsequently, so that more waste water is produced in the production process, and the loss of raw and auxiliary materials is large.
Thus, the existing technology for treating tungsten waste is in need of improvement.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving, at least to some extent, one of the technical problems in the related art. Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste, which converts tungsten resources in the tungsten-containing waste into high-value sodium tungstate, and achieves a tungsten recovery rate of 95% or more, thereby realizing resource utilization of the tungsten-containing waste.
In one aspect of the invention, a method of recovering tungsten from a tungsten-containing waste is presented. According to an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises:
(1) mixing tungsten-containing waste with a magnesium-containing additive to obtain a mixture;
(2) roasting the mixture to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the calcine with a sodium carbonate solution so as to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and carrying out solid-liquid separation on the solid-liquid mixture to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residues and a solution containing sodium tungstate.
According to the method for recovering tungsten from the tungsten-containing waste, the tungsten-containing waste and the magnesium-containing additive are mixed and roasted, the tungsten and the tungsten carbide in the tungsten-containing waste and the magnesium in the magnesium-containing additive generate magnesium tungstate at high temperature, and the obtained roasted material is mixed with the sodium carbonate solution, so that the magnesium tungstate reacts with the sodium carbonate solution to obtain the sodium tungstate. Therefore, the method is adopted to convert the tungsten resources in the tungsten-containing waste into high-value sodium tungstate, the recovery rate of tungsten is up to more than 95%, and the resource utilization of the tungsten-containing waste is realized.
In addition, the method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste materials according to the above embodiment of the present invention may further have the following additional technical features:
in some embodiments of the invention, in the step (1), the tungsten content of the tungsten-containing waste is 40-95% by mass, and the cobalt content is 0-20% by mass.
In some embodiments of the invention, in step (1), the magnesium-containing additive is at least one selected from basic magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, in step (1), Mg and WO are present in the mix3The molar ratio is (1.1-4): 1. thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (2), the roasting temperature is 500-1000 ℃ and the roasting time is 1-24 h. Thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (2), the roasting temperature is 500-800 ℃ and the roasting time is 8-12 h. Thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In the inventionIn some embodiments, in step (3), Na is present in the solid-liquid mixture2CO3With WO3The molar ratio is (2.5-6): 1. thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, in the step (3), the temperature of the mixture of the calcine and the sodium carbonate is 150-220 ℃, the pressure is 0.5-2 MPa, and the time is 4-12 h. Thereby, the tungsten recovery rate can be improved.
In some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises: (5) evaporating and crystallizing the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain a sodium tungstate product; and/or extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain an APT product; and/or extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, then carrying out evaporative crystallization on the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain an APT product, and calcining the APT product to obtain at least one of yellow tungsten, blue tungsten and purple tungsten.
Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
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The above and/or additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention;
figure 4 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for recovering tungsten from tungsten-containing waste in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments of the present invention are described in detail, and it should be noted that the following embodiments are exemplary only, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. In addition, all reagents used in the following examples are commercially available or can be synthesized according to methods herein or known, and are readily available to those skilled in the art for reaction conditions not listed, if not explicitly stated.
In one aspect of the invention, a method of recovering tungsten from a tungsten-containing waste is presented. According to an embodiment of the invention, with reference to fig. 1, the method comprises:
s100: mixing tungsten-containing waste with magnesium-containing additive
In the step, the tungsten-containing waste material and the magnesium-containing additive are mixed to obtain a mixture. Preferably, the magnesium-containing additive is at least one selected from basic magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Further, the mixing ratio of the tungsten-containing waste material and the magnesium-containing additive is such that Mg and WO are mixed in the mixture3The molar ratio is (1.1-4): 1 is true, for example (1.1, 1.2 … … 3.9.9, 4): 1. The inventors have found that if Mg and WO are used3The molar ratio is too low, and tungsten in the tungsten waste cannot be completely converted into magnesium tungstate; if the molar ratio of the two is too high, the dosage of the medicament is large, and the cost is high. Therefore, the mixing proportion can be adopted to ensure that tungsten in the tungsten waste is completely converted into magnesium tungstate, and simultaneously, the cost of the medicament is reduced. Specifically, the term "tungsten-containing waste" in the present application refers to a floor material, a dust collecting material, a grinding material, and a waste material produced in the production process of cemented carbide, and a soft waste material such as a floor material, a dust collecting material, and a waste material produced in the production process of tungsten carbide powder and tungsten powder. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the tungsten-containing waste material mainly comprises: the mass content of tungsten is 40-95%, the mass content of cobalt is 0-20%, and the tungsten powder also contains a small amount of other impurity elements such as Fe, Cu, Ni, C, Ta, Ti, Nb, Cr, V, K, Na, Mo and SiO2And the like. It should be noted that the above-mentioned contents of elements are only necessary for the purpose of disclosure, and do not constitute a limitation on the scheme itself, and the method provided by the present invention is directed to tungsten-containing waste obtained by commercially available and conventional processing methodsAre applicable.
S200: roasting the mixture
In the step, the mixture obtained in the step is roasted, so that tungsten and tungsten carbide in the tungsten-containing waste material react with magnesium in the magnesium-containing additive to generate magnesium tungstate, and the roasted material containing magnesium tungstate is obtained. Further, the roasting temperature is 500-1000 ℃, such as 510 ℃, 520 ℃, … … 990 ℃, 1000 ℃, and the time is 1-24 h, such as 1h, 1.1h … … 23.9.9 h, and 24 h. The inventor finds that if the roasting temperature is too low, tungsten in the tungsten waste cannot be completely converted into magnesium tungstate, and if the roasting temperature is too high, overburning is easy to occur, thus causing furnace sintering, and the energy consumption and the cost are high; meanwhile, if the roasting time is too short, tungsten in the tungsten waste cannot be completely converted into magnesium tungstate, and if the roasting time is too long, the energy consumption is high and the cost is high. Therefore, the roasting condition can ensure that the tungsten in the tungsten waste is completely converted into the magnesium tungstate and simultaneously reduce the energy consumption. Preferably, the roasting temperature is 500-800 ℃, and the roasting time is 8-12 h.
S300: mixing the calcine with sodium carbonate solution
In the step, the obtained roasting material is mixed with a sodium carbonate solution, magnesium tungstate in the roasting material reacts with the sodium carbonate to obtain sodium tungstate, and magnesium carbonate with small concentration product is generated at the same time, so that a solid-liquid mixture containing the sodium tungstate is obtained. Further, the mixing ratio of the calcine and the sodium carbonate solution is adjusted so that Na is contained in the obtained solid-liquid mixture2CO3With WO3The molar ratio is (1.2-6): 1 is standard, for example (1.2, 1.3 … … 5.9.9, 6): 1. The inventors found that if Na is present2CO3With WO3The molar ratio is too low to be completely converted into sodium tungstate, the tungsten content of slag is high, and the decomposition rate is low; if the molar ratio of the two is too high, the dosage of the medicament is large, and the production cost is high. Therefore, the mixing proportion can improve the conversion efficiency of sodium tungstate and reduce the cost of the medicament. Preferably, the temperature for mixing the calcine and the sodium carbonate solution is 150-200 ℃, for example 150 ℃, 151 ℃, … … 219 ℃, 220 ℃, the pressure is 0.5-2 MPa, for example 0.5MPa, 0.6MPa … … 1.9.9 MPa, 2MPa, and the time is 4-12 h, for example 4h, 4.1h … … 11.9.9 h, 12 h. The inventors found that if mixedThe synthesis temperature is too low, the tungsten content in the slag is high, the decomposition rate is low, and if the mixing temperature is too high, the energy consumption is high, and the cost is high; meanwhile, if the mixing pressure is too low, the tungsten content of the slag is high, the decomposition rate is low, and if the mixing pressure is too high, the equipment requirement is high, and the cost is high; in addition, if the mixing time is too short, the tungsten content in the slag is high, the decomposition rate is low, and if the mixing time is too long, the energy consumption is high, and the cost is high. Therefore, the mixing condition can ensure that tungsten in the tungsten waste is completely converted into magnesium tungstate and simultaneously reduce energy consumption.
S400: carrying out solid-liquid separation on the solid-liquid mixture
In the step, the obtained solid-liquid mixture containing the sodium tungstate is subjected to solid-liquid separation to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residues and a solution containing the sodium tungstate. Specifically, the solid-liquid separation apparatus used in the solid-liquid separation treatment is not particularly limited as long as it can separate a solid phase from a liquid phase. In order to improve the recovery rate, the filter residue is preferably washed in the solid-liquid separation process, the obtained water phase is combined into the filtrate, and the obtained residue phase is dried by blowing. The obtained filter residue is rich in cobalt and nickel and can be used as a raw material for producing cobalt products and nickel products, and the filtrate (filtrate and water phase) is the sodium tungstate solution.
According to the method for recovering tungsten from the tungsten-containing waste, the tungsten-containing waste and the magnesium-containing additive are mixed and roasted, the tungsten and the tungsten carbide in the tungsten-containing waste and the magnesium in the magnesium-containing additive generate magnesium tungstate at high temperature, and the obtained roasted material is mixed with the sodium carbonate solution, so that the magnesium tungstate reacts with the sodium carbonate solution to obtain the sodium tungstate. Therefore, the method is adopted to convert the tungsten resources in the tungsten-containing waste into high-value sodium tungstate, the recovery rate of tungsten is up to more than 95%, and the resource utilization of the tungsten-containing waste is realized.
Further, referring to fig. 2, the method further includes:
s500: evaporating and crystallizing the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain a sodium tungstate product
In the step, the solution containing sodium tungstate obtained in the step S400 is evaporated and crystallized to obtain a sodium tungstate product, so that the added value of the product is improved. It should be noted that conditions such as the temperature for evaporative crystallization are conventional operations in the art, and those skilled in the art can select the conditions according to actual needs, which are not described herein again.
Further, referring to fig. 3, the method further includes:
S500A: extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain ammonium tungstate solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain APT product
In the step, the solution containing sodium tungstate obtained in the step S400 is extracted or ion-exchanged to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, and then the ammonium tungstate solution is evaporated and crystallized to obtain an APT product, so that the added value of the product is improved. Wherein the extraction agent can be at least one selected from N235, TOA, Alamine-336, quaternary ammonium salt, etc., and the ion exchange resin used for ion exchange can be strong basic anion exchange resin such as D201 × 7, Amberlite IRA-400, AB-17 II, Amberlite IRA-4200, etc., or weak basic anion exchange resin such as AH-80 II, etc. It should be noted that the specific operation process of extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain the ammonium tungstate solution is conventional in the art, and the evaporation crystallization conditions are not described herein again.
Further, referring to fig. 4, the method further includes:
s500 a: extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain ammonium tungstate solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain APT product
In the step, the solution containing sodium tungstate obtained in the step S400 is extracted or ion-exchanged to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, and then the ammonium tungstate solution is evaporated and crystallized to obtain an APT product, so that the added value of the product is improved. Wherein the extraction agent can be at least one selected from N235, TOA, Alamine-336, quaternary ammonium salt, etc., and the ion exchange resin used for ion exchange can be strong basic anion exchange resin such as D201 × 7, Amberlite IRA-400, AB-17 II, Amberlite IRA-4200, etc., or weak basic anion exchange resin such as AH-80 II, etc. It should be noted that the specific operation process of extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain the ammonium tungstate solution is conventional in the art, and the evaporation crystallization conditions are not described herein again.
S600 a: calcining the APT product to obtain at least one of yellow tungsten, blue tungsten and purple tungsten
In this step, the methods of calcining the APT product to obtain yellow tungsten, blue tungsten, purple tungsten, etc. are the same as those in the prior art, and those skilled in the art can know that the description is omitted here.
The present invention will be described in detail below by way of examples. The examples do not specify particular techniques or conditions, and are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
Example 1
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 40wt percent and the cobalt content is 20 percent), adding basic magnesium carbonate, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 1.1;
(2) roasting the mixture at 500 ℃ for 1h to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solution according to Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of the components is 1.2, and the mixture reacts for 12 hours at the temperature of 150 ℃ and the pressure of 0.5MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by using heated non-saline water to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 95.5%.
Example 2
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 55wt percent, the cobalt content is 15 percent), adding magnesium oxide, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 1.5;
(2) roasting the mixture at the temperature of 600 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solution according to Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of the components is 1.5, and the mixture reacts for 10 hours at the temperature of 170 ℃ and the pressure of 0.9MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by using heated non-saline water to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 95.8%.
Example 3
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 65wt percent and the cobalt content is 10 percent), adding magnesium hydroxide, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 2;
(2) roasting the mixture at 800 ℃ for 8h to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solution according to Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of the components is 2.5, and the mixture reacts for 8 hours at the temperature of 190 ℃ and the pressure of 1.25MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by using heated non-saline water to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 96.1%.
Example 4
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 80wt percent, the cobalt content is 5 percent), adding magnesium chloride, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 3;
(2) roasting the mixture at 1000 ℃ for 12h to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solution according to Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of (1) to (4) is mixed, and the mixture reacts for 8 hours at the temperature of 200 ℃ and the pressure of 1.5MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by using heated non-saline water to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 96.3%.
Example 5
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 95 wt% and the cobalt content is 0%), adding magnesium sulfate, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 4;
(2) roasting the mixture for 18 hours at the temperature of 900 ℃ to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solutionIn the form of illumination Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of (1) to (2) is 6, and the mixture reacts for 4 hours at 220 ℃ and under the pressure of 2.0MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by heated non-saline water to obtain the filter residue containing cobalt and nickel and the solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 95.1%.
Example 6
(1) Taking 500g of tungsten-containing waste (the tungsten content is 85wt percent, the cobalt content is 2 percent), adding basic magnesium carbonate, and uniformly mixing to obtain Mg and WO in the mixture3Is 3;
(2) roasting the mixture at 850 ℃ for 24 hours to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the roasted material with sodium carbonate solution according to Na2CO3With WO3The molar ratio of 5, reacting for 6 hours at 180 ℃ and under the pressure of 1.15MPa to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and filtering the solid-liquid mixture, washing the filter residue for three times by using heated non-saline water to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate, wherein the recovery rate of tungsten is 96.4%.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is that the Mg mixture is mixed with WO3Is 0.4, the final tungsten recovery is only 62.5%.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 2 is that the calcination temperature is 200 ℃, and the final tungsten recovery rate is only 47.75%.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method of recovering tungsten from a tungsten-containing waste material, comprising:
(1) mixing tungsten-containing waste with a magnesium-containing additive to obtain a mixture;
(2) roasting the mixture to obtain a roasted material;
(3) mixing the calcine with a sodium carbonate solution so as to obtain a solid-liquid mixture;
(4) and carrying out solid-liquid separation on the solid-liquid mixture so as to obtain cobalt-nickel containing filter residue and a solution containing sodium tungstate.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the tungsten content of the tungsten-containing waste is 40-95% by mass, and the cobalt content is 0-20% by mass.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in step (1), the magnesium-containing additive is at least one selected from basic magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein in step (1), Mg and WO are present in the mix3The molar ratio is (1.1-4): 1.
5. the method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the roasting temperature is 500-1000 ℃ and the roasting time is 1-24 h.
6. The method of claim 1 or 5, wherein in the step (2), the roasting temperature is 500-800 ℃ and the roasting time is 8-12 h.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), Na is contained in the solid-liquid mixture2CO3With WO3The molar ratio is (1.2-6): 1.
8. the method according to claim 7, wherein in the step (3), the temperature of the mixture of the calcine and the sodium carbonate is 150-220 ℃, the pressure is 0.5-2 MPa, and the time is 4-12 h.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
(5) evaporating and crystallizing the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain a sodium tungstate product; and/or extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain an APT product; and/or extracting or ion exchanging the solution containing sodium tungstate to obtain an ammonium tungstate solution, then carrying out evaporative crystallization on the ammonium tungstate solution to obtain an APT product, and calcining the APT product to obtain at least one of yellow tungsten, blue tungsten and purple tungsten.
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| CN114525408A (en) * | 2022-02-18 | 2022-05-24 | 中国科学院赣江创新研究院 | Combined treatment method for waste lithium cobaltate positive electrode material and tungsten-containing solid waste |
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