CN111053561B - Height measurer calibrating device and method - Google Patents
Height measurer calibrating device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111053561B CN111053561B CN201911410569.4A CN201911410569A CN111053561B CN 111053561 B CN111053561 B CN 111053561B CN 201911410569 A CN201911410569 A CN 201911410569A CN 111053561 B CN111053561 B CN 111053561B
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- A61B5/103—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/107—Measuring physical dimensions, e.g. size of the entire body or parts thereof
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Abstract
The invention discloses a height measurer calibrating device and a height measurer calibrating method, wherein the height measurer calibrating device comprises a base, an optical displacement sensor, a display screen, an upper rod, a middle rod, a lower rod and a detection seat, the display screen is in signal connection with the optical displacement sensor, the detection seat is arranged at the tail end of the upper rod, the lower rod and the middle rod are respectively of a hollow pipe fitting structure, the middle rod is arranged in the lower rod in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the lower rod through a first positioning structure, and the upper rod is arranged in the middle rod in a penetrating mode in the liftable mode and can be fixed to the middle rod through a second positioning structure. The height measurer calibrating device aims to solve the problems that the height measurer in the prior art is insufficient in range coverage, low in precision, lack of convenience and practicability in a calibration mode matched with the height measurer and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of measurer calibration equipment, in particular to a height measurer calibration device and a height measurer calibration method.
Background
The calibration device of the height measuring device in the prior art usually selects a self-made measuring bar or a standard measuring block for fixing the middle value (for example 1400 mm) of the range of the nominal height measuring device, the calibration method is to measure the selected single measuring bar or measuring block by using the calibrated height measuring device, and the difference between the measured value and the measuring bar or the measuring block is the indicating value error of the height measuring device. The defects of the calibration mode in the prior art are as follows:
1) Based on the structural characteristics of the self-made measuring rod or the standard measuring block, the state of the height measurer when the height measurer is actually used cannot be well reflected when the height measurer is calibrated;
2) In general, based on the practicality and convenience of performing calibration, a standard of the middle measurement range (1400 mm) of a nominal height measuring device is usually selected, so that the calibration mode cannot cover the full measurement range of the height measuring device;
3) If the full range of the full height meter is to be covered, then a larger number (ten or so) of self-made measuring sticks or standard measuring blocks are required. Therefore, when the calibration is performed, the standard is inconvenient to carry and transport, so that the practicability and convenience of the calibration device are difficult to guarantee.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
Therefore, the invention provides a height measurer calibrating device, which aims to solve the problems that the height measurer in the prior art is insufficient in measuring range coverage and low in precision, and a matching calibrating mode of the height measurer is lack of convenience and practicability.
(II) technical scheme
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a height measurer calibrating device which comprises a base, an optical displacement sensor, a display screen, an upper rod, a middle rod, a lower rod and a detection seat, wherein the display screen is in signal connection with the optical displacement sensor, the detection seat is arranged at the tail end of the upper rod, the lower rod and the middle rod are respectively of a hollow pipe fitting structure, the middle rod is arranged in the lower rod in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the lower rod through a first positioning structure, and the upper rod is arranged in the middle rod in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the middle rod through a second positioning structure.
Preferably, the first positioning structure comprises a threaded fastener, the lower rod is provided with a threaded through hole, and the threaded fastener can penetrate through the threaded through hole of the lower rod to be in contact with the surface of the middle rod and be locked and fixed.
Preferably, the center pole is provided with a first through hole and a second through hole, the second through hole is far away from the lower pole compared with the first through hole, the upper pole is provided with a containing groove, the second positioning structure comprises an elastic part and a positioning ball, the elastic part and the positioning ball are arranged between the containing groove and the center pole, the radius of the positioning ball is larger than the respective radius of the first through hole and the second through hole, one end of the elastic part abuts against the bottom surface of the containing groove, the other end of the elastic part abuts against the positioning ball so that the positioning ball can be aligned with the first through hole or the second through hole to enable the first through hole or the second through hole to press and position the positioning ball on the hole wall of the first through hole or the hole wall of the second through hole.
Preferably, the optical displacement sensor is mounted on the base through a height fine adjustment mechanism, and the height fine adjustment mechanism is used for adjusting the height of the optical displacement sensor relative to the base.
Preferably, the height fine-adjustment mechanism comprises a screw rod in threaded connection with the base and a fixing plate connected to the screw rod, and the optical displacement sensor is mounted on the fixing plate.
Preferably, the base and the detection seat are respectively of a disc structure.
Preferably, the optical displacement sensor is a laser displacement sensor.
Preferably, the lifting motion of the upper rod and the middle rod enables the minimum distance between the base and the detection seat to be less than 800mm.
Preferably, the lifting movement of the upper rod and the middle rod enables the maximum distance between the base and the detection seat to be larger than 2000mm.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of calibrating a height measurer calibration device according to the above, the method comprising the steps of:
a1, integrally arranging the height measurer calibrating device on a working surface of a height measurer to be calibrated, and arranging a base at a position of the height measurer where a human body stands;
a2, retracting the upper rod into the middle rod, and enabling the upper rod to be fixed on the middle rod by utilizing the positioning ball to abut against the hole wall of the first through hole;
a3, placing the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod in the lower rod until the detection seat is contacted with the lower rod, and locking the threaded fastener to fix the middle rod on the lower rod;
a4, reading the numerical value of the display screen, wherein the reading of the display screen is y1, and the actual value of the distance from the upper surface of the detection seat to the lower surface of the base is y1;
a5, measuring the height of the height measuring device calibration device by using a height measuring device, wherein the reading of the height measuring device is x1, and the deviation value of the height measuring device at the measuring point is x1-y1;
a6, removing a measuring head of the height measurer, loosening the threaded fastener, moving the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod towards the direction of the measuring seat until the reading of the display screen is y2, wherein y2 is more than y1, then locking the threaded fastener to fix the middle rod on the lower rod, and carrying out height measurement on the height measurer calibrating device by using the height measurer, wherein the reading of the height measurer is x2, and the deviation value of the height measurer at the measuring point is x2-y2;
a7, repeating the operation process in the step a6, wherein every other first preset interval value is one measuring point, and y2-y1= the first preset interval value, until the measurement of 6 measuring points is completed, and the detecting seat is lifted to the first arrival height when the measurement of the 6 th measuring point is completed, wherein the reading of the height measurer of the ith measuring point is xi, and then the deviation value of the measuring point is { xi- [ y1+ the first preset interval value x (i-1) ] };
a8, after the calibration measurement of the 6 measurement points is completed, loosening the threaded fastener on the lower rod, and pressing the positioning ball along the radial direction to enable the upper rod to continuously move in the middle rod towards the direction of the detection seat until the positioning ball abuts against the hole wall of the second through hole, so that the upper rod is fixed on the middle rod again;
a9, lowering the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod towards the direction of the positioning seat until the reading of the display screen is y3, locking the threaded fastener, measuring the height of the calibrating device by using a height measurer, wherein the reading is x7, and the deviation value of the height measurer at the measuring point is x7-y3;
a10, repeating the operation process in the step a9, wherein every other first preset interval value is one measuring point, and y 3-the first arrival height = the first preset interval value, until the measurement of the remaining three points is completed, wherein the operation process comprises 6 measuring points in the steps a1 to a8, the measurement of 9 measuring points is completed, the detection seat is lifted to the second arrival height when the measurement of the 9 th measuring point is completed, wherein the reading of the height measurer of the ith measuring point is xi, then the deviation value of the measuring point is { xi- [ y1+ the first preset interval value x (i-1) ] }, wherein 8 is less than or equal to i less than or equal to 9, and then the calibration of 9 measuring points of the forward stroke within the range from the y1 height to the second arrival height is completed;
a11, completing the calibration of 9 measurement points of the reverse stroke in the range from the second arrival height to the y1 height based on the operation mode of the steps a1 to a 10.
(III) advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the height measurer calibrating device provided by the invention can realize large-range height crossing (convenient for covering a larger range) through the lifting motion of the middle rod and the upper rod, so that the optical displacement sensor detects different height values of the detecting seat in the large-range height crossing to detect and calibrate a plurality of detection points, the height measurer calibrating device is convenient to operate, the middle rod and the upper rod are descended and retracted and then are portable, the convenience and the practicability of a calibrating mode of a height measurer are improved, the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod is more firmly matched with the lower rod, unnecessary vibration is reduced, the height measurer is more accurately positioned, and a design target of enabling the detecting seat mounted on the upper rod to be higher in stability is further achieved.
Other advantageous effects of the present invention will be described in the following detailed description.
Drawings
The features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, which are illustrative and not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a height measuring device calibrating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a height measuring device calibration apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a partial schematic view of the base portion of the height measuring device calibration apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1. the base, 2, optical displacement sensor, 3, display screen, 4, upper beam, 5, well pole, 6, lower beam, 7, detect the seat, 8, threaded fastener, 9, first through-hole, 10, second through-hole, 11, elastic component, 12, location ball, 13, screw rod, 14, fixed plate.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more comprehensible, embodiments accompanying figures are described in detail below. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein, but rather should be construed as broadly as the present invention is capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the invention provides a height measurer calibrating device, wherein the height measurer calibrating device comprises a base 1, an optical displacement sensor 2, a display screen 3 in signal connection with the optical displacement sensor 2, an upper rod 4, a middle rod 5, a lower rod 6 and a detection seat 7 arranged at the tail end of the upper rod 4, the lower rod 6 and the middle rod 5 are respectively of a hollow pipe structure, the middle rod 5 is arranged in the lower rod 6 in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the lower rod 6 through a first positioning structure, and the upper rod 4 is arranged in the middle rod 5 in a penetrating mode in the liftable mode and can be fixed to the middle rod 5 through a second positioning structure. It will be appreciated that, in order to facilitate the lifting movement, there is a gap between the middle rod 5 and the lower rod 6, and a gap between the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5.
As mentioned above, the height measuring device calibration device provided by the invention can realize large-range height spanning (convenient for covering a larger range) through the lifting motion of the middle rod 5 and the upper rod 4, so that the optical displacement sensor 2 detects different height values of the detection seat 7 in the large-range height spanning to detect and calibrate a plurality of detection points, the height measuring device calibration device is convenient to operate, the middle rod 5 and the upper rod 4 are convenient to carry after descending and withdrawing, the convenience and the practicability of the calibration mode of the height measuring device are improved, the whole formed by the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 is more firmly matched with the lower rod 6, unnecessary vibration is reduced, the positioning is more accurate, and the design target of enabling the stability of the detection seat 7 installed on the upper rod 4 to be stronger is further achieved.
The present invention preferably makes the minimum distance between the base 1 and the detecting seat 7 less than 800mm and the maximum distance between the base 1 and the detecting seat 7 more than 2000mm by the lifting movement of the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5, so that the height measuring device calibration device can realize continuous change detection in the range of 800mm to 2000mm, of course, the present invention is not limited to this, that is, the minimum distance between the base 1 and the detecting seat 7 can be designed smaller, such as 700mm, 600mm or even 300mm, and the maximum distance between the base 1 and the detecting seat 7 can be designed larger, such as 2100mm, 2200mm or even 2500mm, and such size design schemes will fall into the protection scope of the present invention.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the first positioning structure comprises a threaded fastener 8 (e.g., a screw), and the lower rod 6 has a threaded through hole, through which the threaded fastener 8 can be in surface contact with the middle rod 5 and be force-fastened. The middle rod 5 is provided with a first through hole 9 and a second through hole 10, the second through hole 10 is far away from the lower rod 6 compared with the first through hole 9, the upper rod 4 is provided with a containing groove therein, the second positioning structure comprises an elastic part 11 (such as a spring) and a positioning ball 12 which are arranged between the containing groove and the middle rod 5, the radius of the positioning ball 12 is larger than the respective radius of the first through hole 9 and the second through hole 10, one end of the elastic part 11 abuts against the bottom surface of the containing groove, and the other end abuts against the positioning ball 12 so as to enable the first through hole 9 (or the second through hole 10) to press and position the positioning ball 12 on the hole wall of the first through hole 9 or the second through hole 10 when the positioning ball 12 is aligned with the first through hole 9 (or the second through hole 10). The invention is not limited to this, i.e. other structures are adopted to realize the positioning of the middle rod 5 and the lower rod 6, and the middle rod 5 and the upper rod 4, which are also protected by the invention.
In addition, the optical displacement sensor 2 may be mounted to the base 1 through a height fine-adjustment mechanism for adjusting the height of the optical displacement sensor 2 with respect to the base 1. Specifically, the height fine adjustment mechanism includes a screw 13 screw-coupled to the base 1 and a fixing plate 14 coupled to the screw, and the optical displacement sensor 2 is mounted on the fixing plate 14, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
In addition, base 1 and detection seat 7 are the disc structure respectively, make things convenient for placing of base 1 and make things convenient for the height caliber to the detection of detecting seat 7.
The above-mentioned optical displacement sensor 2 is preferably a laser displacement sensor. However, other types of optical displacement sensors 2 are also within the scope of the present invention if they are suitable for use in the present invention.
In addition, the invention also provides a calibration method of the height measurer calibration device, and the following describes the steps of the calibration method in detail with specific data:
a1, integrally placing a height measurer calibrating device on a working surface of a height measurer to be calibrated, and placing a base 1 at a position (preferably a central position) of the height measurer where a human body stands;
a2, retracting the upper rod 4 into the middle rod 5, and utilizing the positioning ball 12 to abut against the hole wall of the first through hole 9, so that the upper rod 4 is fixed on the middle rod 5, and at the moment, the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 form a combination with a smaller fixed value;
a3, placing the whole formed by the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 in the lower rod 6 until the detection seat 7 is contacted with the lower rod 6, and locking the threaded fastener 8 to fix the middle rod 5 on the lower rod 6;
a4, reading the numerical value of the display screen 3, wherein the numerical value of the display screen 3 is y1 (for example, 800 mm), and the actual value of the distance from the upper surface of the detection seat 7 to the lower surface of the base 1 is y1;
a5, measuring the height of the height measuring device calibration device by using a height measuring device, wherein the reading of the height measuring device is x1, and the deviation value of the height measuring device at the measuring point is x1-y1 (for example, x1-800 mm);
a6, moving away a measuring head of the height measuring device, loosening the threaded fastener 8, moving (lifting) the whole formed by the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 towards the direction of the measuring seat 7 until the reading of the display screen 3 is y2 (for example, 950.0 mm), wherein y2 is more than y1, then locking the threaded fastener 8 to fix the middle rod 5 on the lower rod 6, and using the height measuring device to measure the height of the height measuring device calibrating device, wherein the reading of the height measuring device is x2, and the deviation value of the height measuring device at the measuring point is x2-y2 (for example, x2-950 mm);
a7, repeating the operation in step a6, every first preset interval value (e.g. 150 mm) being a measurement point, and y2-y1= the first preset interval value, until the measurement of 6 measurement points is completed altogether, the detection seat 7 is raised to the first arrival height when the measurement of the 6 th measurement point is completed, for example, when the first preset interval value is 150, the detection seat 7 is raised to the first arrival height 1550mm when the measurement of the 6 th measurement point is completed, wherein the reading of the height measurer of the i-th measurement point is xi, then the deviation value of the measurement point is { xi- [ y1+ the first preset interval value × (i-1) ] }, wherein (3 ≦ i ≦ 6), for example, y1=800, and when the first preset interval value is 150mm, the deviation value is { xi- [800mm 150mm ] (i-1) ] };
a8, after the calibration and measurement of the 6 measurement points are completed, loosening the threaded fastener 8, and pressing the positioning ball 12 along the radial direction to enable the upper rod 4 to continuously move towards the detection seat 7 in the middle rod 5 until the positioning ball 12 abuts against the hole wall of the second through hole 10, so that the upper rod 4 is fixed on the middle rod 5, and at the moment, the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 form a combination with a larger fixed value;
a9, lowering the whole formed by the upper rod 4 and the middle rod 5 towards the positioning seat until the display screen 3 reads y3, wherein y3 is 1700mm, locking the threaded fastener 8, measuring the height of the calibrating device by using a height measuring device, wherein the reading is x7, and the deviation value of the height measuring device at the measuring point is x7-y3 (for example, x7-1700 mm);
a10, repeating the operation procedure in the step a9, wherein every first preset interval value (e.g. 150 mm) is a measurement point, and y3 (e.g. 1700 mm) = first preset interval value (e.g. 150 mm), until the measurement of the remaining three points is completed (including 6 measurement points in the steps a1 to a8, and the measurement of 9 measurement points is completed in total). Upon completion of the measurement at the 9 th measurement point, the test seat 7 is raised to the second arrival height, wherein the height measurer reading at the i-th measurement point is xi, and then the deviation value at this measurement point is { xi- [ y1+ first preset spacing value × (i-1) ] }, wherein (8 ≦ i ≦ 9), for example, when the first preset spacing value is 150, the test seat 7 is raised to the second arrival height 2000mm when the measurement at the 9 th measurement point is completed, for example, y1=800, and when the first preset spacing value is 150mm, the deviation value is { xi- [800mm 150mm × (i-1) ] }, at which time, the calibration of the 9 measurement points of the forward stroke within the interval from the y1 height to the second arrival height is completed;
a11, completing the calibration of 9 measurement points of the reverse stroke in the range from the second arrival height to the height of y1 based on the operation modes of the steps a1 to a 10.
It should be noted that, after the forward and backward stroke calibration is completed, the calibration of one cycle is completed. The height measuring device calibration is completed after the fixed period calibration is completed, and the above specific data may be changed according to the actual measurement requirement, which is not intended to limit the present invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and such modifications and variations fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.
Claims (1)
1. The method for calibrating the height measurer calibrating device is characterized by comprising the height measurer calibrating device, wherein the height measurer calibrating device comprises a base, an optical displacement sensor, a display screen, an upper rod, a middle rod, a lower rod and a detection seat, the display screen is in signal connection with the optical displacement sensor, the detection seat is arranged at the tail end of the upper rod, the lower rod and the middle rod are respectively of a hollow pipe fitting structure, the middle rod is arranged in the lower rod in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the lower rod through a first positioning structure, and the upper rod is arranged in the middle rod in a penetrating mode in a liftable mode and can be fixed to the middle rod through a second positioning structure; the first positioning structure comprises a threaded fastener, the lower rod is provided with a threaded through hole, and the threaded fastener can penetrate through the threaded through hole of the lower rod to be in contact with the surface of the middle rod and be locked and fixed; the middle rod is provided with a first through hole and a second through hole, the second through hole is far away from the lower rod compared with the first through hole, the upper rod is provided with a containing groove, the second positioning structure comprises an elastic piece and a positioning ball, the elastic piece and the positioning ball are arranged between the containing groove and the middle rod, the radius of the positioning ball is larger than the radius of each of the first through hole and the second through hole, one end of the elastic piece abuts against the bottom surface of the containing groove, the other end of the elastic piece abuts against the positioning ball so that the positioning ball can be pressed and positioned on the hole wall of the first through hole or the hole wall of the second through hole by the first through hole or the second through hole when the positioning ball is aligned with the first through hole or the second through hole; the optical displacement sensor is arranged on the base through a height fine adjustment mechanism, and the height fine adjustment mechanism is used for adjusting the height of the optical displacement sensor relative to the base; the height fine adjustment mechanism comprises a screw rod and a fixing plate, the screw rod is in threaded connection with the screw rod, the fixing plate is connected with the fixing plate, the optical displacement sensor is installed on the fixing plate, the base and the detection seat are respectively of a disc structure, the optical displacement sensor is a laser displacement sensor, the minimum distance between the base and the detection seat is smaller than 800mm due to the lifting motion of the upper rod and the middle rod, the maximum distance between the base and the detection seat is larger than 2000mm due to the lifting motion of the upper rod and the middle rod, and the calibration method comprises the following steps:
a1, integrally arranging the height measurer calibrating device on a working surface of a height measurer to be calibrated, and arranging a base on a position of the height measurer, where a human body stands;
a2, retracting the upper rod into the middle rod, and utilizing the positioning ball to abut against the hole wall of the first through hole to enable the upper rod to be fixed on the middle rod;
a3, placing the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod in the lower rod until the detection seat is contacted with the lower rod, and locking the threaded fastener to fix the middle rod on the lower rod;
a4, reading the numerical value of the display screen, wherein the reading of the display screen is y1, and the actual value of the distance from the upper surface of the detection seat to the lower surface of the base is y1;
a5, using a height measurer to measure the height of the height measurer calibration device, wherein the reading of the height measurer is x1, and the deviation value of the height measurer at the measuring point is x1-y1;
a6, removing a measuring head of the height measurer, loosening the threaded fastener, moving the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod towards the direction of the measuring seat until the reading of the display screen is y2, wherein y2 is more than y1, then locking the threaded fastener to fix the middle rod on the lower rod, and carrying out height measurement on the height measurer calibrating device by using the height measurer, wherein the reading of the height measurer is x2, and the deviation value of the height measurer at the measuring point is x2-y2;
a7, repeating the operation process in the step a6, wherein every other first preset interval value is a measuring point, and y2-y1= the first preset interval value, until the measurement of 6 measuring points is completed, and when the measurement of the 6 th measuring point is completed, the detecting seat is lifted to a first arrival height, wherein the reading of the height measurer of the ith measuring point is xi, and the deviation value of the measuring point is { xi- [ y1+ first preset interval value x (i-1) ] };
a8, after the calibration measurement of the 6 measurement points is completed, loosening the threaded fastener on the lower rod, and pressing the positioning ball along the radial direction to enable the upper rod to continuously move in the middle rod towards the direction of the detection seat until the positioning ball abuts against the hole wall of the second through hole, so that the upper rod is fixed with the middle rod again;
a9, lowering the whole formed by the upper rod and the middle rod towards the direction of the positioning seat until the reading of the display screen is y3, locking the threaded fastener, measuring the height of the calibrating device by using a height measurer, wherein the reading is x7, and the deviation value of the height measurer at the measuring point is x7-y3;
a10, repeating the operation process in the step a9, wherein every other first preset interval value is one measuring point, and y 3-the first arrival height = the first preset interval value, until the measurement of the remaining three points is completed, wherein the operation process comprises 6 measuring points in the steps a1 to a8, the measurement of 9 measuring points is completed, the detection seat is lifted to the second arrival height when the measurement of the 9 th measuring point is completed, wherein the reading of the height measurer of the ith measuring point is xi, then the deviation value of the measuring point is { xi- [ y1+ the first preset interval value x (i-1) ] }, wherein 8 is less than or equal to i less than or equal to 9, and then the calibration of the 9 measuring points of the forward stroke within the range from y1 to the second arrival height is completed;
a11, completing the calibration of 9 measurement points of the reverse stroke in the range from the second arrival height to the y1 range based on the operation modes of the steps a1 to a 10.
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