CN111037344A - Magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device and method - Google Patents
Magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111037344A CN111037344A CN201911414666.0A CN201911414666A CN111037344A CN 111037344 A CN111037344 A CN 111037344A CN 201911414666 A CN201911414666 A CN 201911414666A CN 111037344 A CN111037344 A CN 111037344A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
- B23Q3/15—Devices for holding work using magnetic or electric force acting directly on the work
- B23Q3/154—Stationary devices
- B23Q3/1543—Stationary devices using electromagnets
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of ultra-precision machining and discloses a magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device and method. The device comprises a machine tool main body and an excitation module; the machine tool main body comprises an ultra-precision machine tool main shaft and a tool rest; the excitation module comprises a magnet, a fixing frame, an adjusting plate and a magnet clamp; the adjusting plate is fixed on the machine tool main body through the fixing frame; the two magnet clamps are movably arranged on the adjusting plate, the polarities of the two magnets are N-S and are oppositely arranged, and the two magnet clamps are respectively arranged on the two magnet clamps so as to form a magnetic field of 0-0.3T between the two magnet clamps; when the main shaft of the ultra-precision machine tool clamps a workpiece, the two magnet clamps are positioned on two sides of the workpiece, so that the processing process of the workpiece is carried out in the magnetic field. The invention solves the problems in the processing of difficult-to-process materials by using the magnetic field to assist ultra-precision cutting, improves the quality and precision of the processed surface and reduces the abrasion of a cutter.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ultra-precision machining, and particularly relates to a magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device and method.
Background
In recent years, new high-performance materials, such as advanced materials of nickel-based high-temperature alloy, titanium alloy, high-strength steel, composite material and the like, are increasingly widely applied in the fields of aerospace and the like due to the excellent performance of the materials. These materials have the processing problems of high processing hardness, high cutting force, high cutting temperature, serious tool abrasion, low processing efficiency, unsatisfactory processing quality and the like during processing, and belong to typical difficult-to-process materials. The ultra-precise diamond cutting is widely applied to the processing of optical-grade surface precision parts, but the direct ultra-precise processing of the difficult-to-process material is very difficult, the material has poor thermal conductivity, and when the ultra-precise single-point diamond turning is carried out, the material in the contact area of a tool tip and a workpiece forms local high temperature due to the accumulation of cutting heat, so that the material is converted into molten viscous fluid, the tool sticking is serious, the surface quality of the processed workpiece is poor, and the tool is seriously worn.
In order to solve the problems existing in the precision machining, an external physical field is introduced to become a trend, the existing processing method assisted by the external physical field becomes a leading edge and hot spot problem in the processing technology research, and the designed physical field comprises a magnetic field, ultrasonic vibration, an ion beam, plasma implantation, laser and the like, and a plurality of physical fields are combined to assist the machining. The processing method aims to assist or directly remove materials by inputting external energy (magnetism, vibration, heat and light) into a processing area, and solves the difficult problems of poor surface quality of workpieces after traditional processing, such as efficient removal of difficult-to-process materials, plastic removal of brittle materials, precise cutting of ferrous metal diamond cutters and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above drawbacks or needs for improvement in the prior art, the present invention provides a magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining apparatus and method, which aims to solve the above problems encountered in machining of difficult-to-machine materials, improve the quality and precision of the machined surface, and reduce tool wear by combining ultra-precision turning with an external magnetic field and using the magnetic field to assist ultra-precision cutting.
To achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a magnetic field-assisted ultra-precision machining apparatus for machining a difficult-to-machine material having paramagnetic properties, including a machine tool body and an excitation module;
the machine tool main body comprises an ultra-precision machine tool main shaft and a tool rest;
the excitation module comprises a magnet, a fixing frame, an adjusting plate and a magnet clamp;
the adjusting plate is fixed on the machine tool main body through the fixing frame; the two magnet clamps are movably arranged on the adjusting plate, the polarities of the two magnets are N-S and are oppositely arranged, and the two magnet clamps are respectively arranged on the two magnet clamps so as to form a magnetic field of 0-0.3T between the two magnet clamps;
when the main shaft of the ultra-precision machine tool clamps a workpiece, the two magnet clamps are positioned on two sides of the workpiece, so that the processing process of the workpiece is carried out in the magnetic field.
Furthermore, a sliding groove is formed in the adjusting plate, a bolt penetrates through the sliding groove to connect the adjusting plate and the magnet clamps, and therefore the distance between the two magnet clamps is adjusted through the matching of the bolt and the sliding groove, and the magnetic field intensity of a workpiece machining part is further changed.
Further, the magnet is a permanent magnet.
Further, the magnet is an electromagnet.
Further, the magnet clamp is adjusted to enable the included angle between the magnetic field and the axis of the workpiece to be 30-90 degrees, and the workpiece is located in the central area of the magnetic field.
Furthermore, two ball screw pairs are arranged on the adjusting plate, the two magnet clamps are respectively fixed on the rotors of the two ball screw pairs, and the two ball screw pairs are respectively driven by two servo motors.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention further provides an ultra-precision machining method using the ultra-precision machining apparatus according to any one of the above aspects, wherein a 0-0.3T directional magnetic field is provided around a workpiece during machining by an ultra-precision machine tool.
In general, compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention can obtain the following beneficial effects by magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining:
1. the quality and the precision of the processed surface are improved: because the heat conductivity coefficient of the hard-to-machine material with the paramagnetic characteristic is very low, in the continuous cutting process of the ultra-precise single-point diamond, the workpiece material at the blade tip part can form local high temperature due to the accumulation of cutting heat and is converted into molten state viscous fluid, and during cutting, an expansion/recovery effect can occur: the acting force of the cutter causes the material to generate plastic lateral flow, and volume expansion is generated in the process of solidification and recovery of the material, errors occur between the cutting groove and the radius shape of the cutter, and the metal cutting rebound phenomenon influences the processing precision and the surface quality. During cutting, the molten viscous fluid consists of suspended paramagnetic particles and a carrier fluid. Under the action of a magnetic field, the paramagnetic particles are regularly arranged along the direction of the magnetic field and can be used as a high-efficiency heat conduction path, so that the heat conductivity coefficient of the material is improved, the expansion/recovery effect is weakened, and excellent surface roughness and surface shape precision are obtained.
In the ultra-precision machining, the minimum cutting depth can greatly determine the limit precision in material removal, when the cutting depth of the cutter is too small, the workpiece material cannot generate a plastic deformation area, the cutter does not remove the workpiece material, the rear face of the cutter and the surface of the workpiece act as extrusion, sliding friction and rebound, cutting or continuous cutting chips cannot be formed, and the minimum cutting depth is not desirable in the ultra-precision machining. The magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining can effectively improve the problem: in cutting process, microscopic particles of material usually adhere to the contact critical surface of the cutter and the workpiece, when a magnetic field is applied, the particles are rapidly oxidized, and the oxidation product can increase the friction coefficient of the cutter and the elastic deformation area, so that the friction between the surfaces of the cutter and the workpiece is reduced, the minimum cutting depth of the workpiece material is reduced, and the limit precision of material processing is improved.
2. The cutting force is more stable: in the process of ultraprecise single-point diamond cutting, the tool tip can generate high-frequency low-amplitude vibration due to the resilience of materials, so that the machining precision, the surface integrity and the service life of the tool are influenced. By applying a magnetic field, eddy currents are generated in the paramagnetic material during cutting rotation, the magnetic field generated by the eddy currents is opposite to the external magnetic field, and the repulsion force generated by the eddy currents is called Lorentz force. While the repulsion force is proportional to the speed of movement of the conductor, which can be seen as introducing a viscous damper into the tool-material vibration system. The viscous damper converts a portion of the vibrational energy into heat energy that is dissipated to reduce the vibration of the system.
3. Reducing the abrasion of the cutter: in the traditional processing method, a local area where a tool tip contacts with a workpiece generates higher cutting temperature, and the diamond tool vibrates violently in the processing process, so that materials are seriously bonded on the tool, the physical strength of the diamond tool is weakened, and the tool is seriously abraded. When a magnetic field is applied, eddy currents can be generated inside the workpiece as it rotates, the eddy currents further generate their own magnetic field in a direction opposite to the direction of the external magnetic field, and the kinetic energy of the vibrations in the mechanical system will be dissipated in the form of heat. Meanwhile, in the presence of an external magnetic field, the paramagnetic particles inside the material tend to be aligned with the direction of the magnetic field, the paramagnetic particles can serve as a high-conductivity path for transferring heat, the heat conductivity of the workpiece is improved, and due to the enhanced heat conductivity of the material and the reduced turning vibration, the cutting heat remaining at the tool/workpiece interface is smaller and mostly dissipated to the outside, so that the volume of the metal material melted and adhered at the cutting edge is smaller, and the adhesive wear is greatly reduced. Meanwhile, the vibration of the workpiece can be reduced by virtue of the eddy effect, the motion of the workpiece is continuously and stably cut, so that the molten workpiece material can flow out from a tool/workpiece interface through the aerodynamic force generated by the rotating workpiece/clamp, the adhesion of the molten workpiece material on the cutter can be reduced, and the adhesive wear of the cutter is reduced.
4. Modification of material microstructure: when single-point diamond turning is carried out, workpiece materials are locally molten, after a cutter is fed, molten metal materials are solidified, nucleation and grain growth occur in sequence in the solidification process, and the nucleation can refine grains when solidification is promoted. When a magnetic field is applied, the rotating workpiece and the magnetic field generate relative motion, eddy current is generated on the machined surface of the metal workpiece, lorentz force is generated by interaction of the eddy current and the magnetic field, and the molten liquid metal generates reciprocating motion to form vibration under the action of the lorentz force. Such vibration facilitates nucleation within the molten metal. On the other hand, under the action of a magnetic field, the migration of the grain boundary is enhanced in the recrystallization process, so that a small-angle grain boundary is generated, the area of the grain boundary is increased, and the size of the grain is reduced.
Due to the modification of the microstructure of the material, the mechanical property of the material on the macroscopic scale is improved: generally, the hardness and the ductility of materials are opposite, the harder the material is, the poorer the ductility is, but the magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining can increase the hardness of the material and improve the ductility of the material, which is very significant for machining application of difficult-to-machine materials such as titanium alloy, nickel alloy and the like, and tests show that the surface roughness Ra of a titanium alloy workpiece reaches the optimum at the magnetic field of 0.02T.
5. The device provided by the invention has the advantages of simple structure, convenience in disassembly and assembly, small occupied space and volume, low cost and convenience in operation, overcomes the problem of insufficient installation space of a common ultra-precise single-point diamond cutting machine tool, and can be effectively combined with the existing machine tool for use.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining apparatus according to the present invention.
The same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like elements or structures, wherein:
1-machine tool spindle, 2-fixing frame, 3-adjusting plate, 4-workpiece, 5-tool rest (containing cutter in the embodiment), 6-magnet and 7-magnet clamp.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention. In addition, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
As shown in fig. 1, the magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining apparatus according to the present invention includes: the machine tool comprises a machine tool main body and an excitation module;
the machine tool main body includes: the ultra-precision machine tool comprises a main shaft 1 of the ultra-precision machine tool and a tool rest 5 provided with a diamond tool;
the excitation module comprises a magnet 6, a fixing frame 2, an adjusting plate 3 and a magnet clamp 7.
The upper end of the fixing frame 2 is connected with a main body structure of the ultra-precision machine tool, the lower end of the fixing frame is fixedly connected with the adjusting plate 3 through bolts, a sliding groove is machined in the adjusting plate, the adjusting plate is connected with the magnet clamp 7 through the sliding groove after the bolts penetrate through the sliding groove, and the sliding groove is used for adjusting the distance between the two magnet clamps, so that the magnetic field intensity of a workpiece machining part is changed. In another embodiment (not shown), a ball screw assembly may be provided on the adjusting plate 3, the magnet holder 7 may be mounted on a mover of the ball screw assembly, and the ball screw assembly may be driven by a servo motor, so that the distance between the magnet holders 7 may be automatically controlled, and the magnetic field intensity may be automatically adjusted without manual adjustment.
The magnet 6 may be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet, and the direction and strength of the magnetic field are not limited, so as to generate a magnetic field with certain strength in the workpiece area.
Preferably, the present embodiment uses permanent magnets, which are oppositely disposed and embedded in a magnet holder, and have polarities N-S oppositely disposed, so that a magnetic field with a certain intensity range is formed in the region between the two poles. In other embodiments, the magnet can also be an electromagnet, so that the automatic adjustment of the magnetic field intensity is realized by using an electric control mode, and the magnetic field control of the electromagnet can be used independently or can be used in combination with the distance adjustment mode of the sliding chute and the ball screw pair.
Preferably, the magnet holder is placed on the side of the workpiece so that the magnet surface is parallel to the workpiece axis, and the permanent magnets are located on both sides of the workpiece so that the workpiece is in the central region of the magnetic field, thereby maximizing the magnetic field assistance effect.
The magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining method comprises the following steps:
1. and (5) clamping the cutter. Placing a cutter on a groove of a cutter rest, clamping the cutter by using a set screw, and paying attention to the operation in a shutdown or emergency stop state;
2. and starting the machine, and measuring the arc center of the cutter. And sequentially turning on a power supply, a water chiller, a host power supply and a system. Erecting a tool setting gauge on a main shaft, starting light of the tool setting gauge, starting measurement software, respectively moving an X axis and a Z axis to enable a cutting edge of a tool to be clearly projected and displayed on a software interface, respectively moving the X axis and the Z axis, sequentially selecting three points on the edge of a circular arc of the tool, and measuring the center and the radius of the circular arc through the software;
3. and (5) clamping the workpiece. Inserting a workpiece into a clamp, locking the workpiece by using a set screw, placing the clamp in the middle of a vacuum adsorption disc of a main shaft, and opening a low-pressure adsorption switch to adsorb the clamp;
4. and (5) aligning the centroid of the workpiece. The method comprises the following steps of (1) erecting a myriameter gauge on a workbench, adjusting a ruby probe to be above an outer cylindrical surface of a workpiece, opening a myriameter gauge measuring interface on an operation interface, adjusting the probe to enable the reading of the myriameter gauge to be close to 0, rotating a main shaft, observing the numerical value of the measuring interface, knocking a clamp by using a small rubber hammer, adjusting the centroid of the workpiece, and ensuring that the reading range of the myriameter gauge does not exceed 4 micrometers after rotating for one circle;
5. and (4) clamping the magnetic field auxiliary device and aligning the mass center of the workpiece. Adjusting a magnetic field auxiliary device according to the set magnetic field intensity, opening a dynamic balance measurement interface, and adjusting the dynamic balance until the P-V (peak-valley) value of the dynamic balance is below 10 nm;
6. establishing a tool setting program, finishing tool setting, and then setting the technological parameters of the workpiece on a software interface, wherein the technological parameters comprise rotating speed, feeding amount and cutting depth;
7. and processing the workpiece, stopping the rotation of the main shaft after the processing is finished, closing the cutting fluid, taking down the magnetic field auxiliary device and the workpiece, measuring the workpiece, cleaning the machine tool, and shutting down the machine tool.
And then observing the processing surface of the workpiece by using a profile gauge, and observing the processing effect.
Tests show that for the processing of nickel-based workpieces, the method of the invention can obtain better surface quality when the magnetic field intensity is 0.01T, and the P-V value of the surface roughness is 0.599 mu m, which is smaller than 6 mu m of common cutting and 1 mu m of laser-assisted cutting. By comparing magnetic field assistance, laser assistance and common turning experiments, the magnetic field assistance turning method disclosed by the invention can improve the quality of the processed surface and inhibit the anisotropy of the processed surface from being optimal.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device is used for machining a difficult-to-machine material with paramagnetic property and is characterized by comprising a machine tool main body and an excitation module;
the machine tool main body comprises an ultra-precision machine tool main shaft (1) and a tool rest (5);
the excitation module comprises a magnet (6), a fixing frame (2), an adjusting plate (3) and a magnet clamp (7);
the adjusting plate (3) is fixed on the machine tool main body through the fixing frame (2); the two magnet clamps (7) are movably arranged on the adjusting plate (3), the two magnets (6) are oppositely arranged in an N-S polarity mode and are respectively arranged on the two magnet clamps (7), and a 0-0.3T magnetic field is formed between the two magnet clamps (7);
when the ultra-precision machine tool spindle (1) clamps a workpiece, the two magnet clamps (7) are positioned on two sides of the workpiece, so that the machining process of the workpiece is carried out in the magnetic field.
2. The magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device according to claim 1 is characterized in that a sliding groove is machined in the adjusting plate (3), a bolt penetrates through the sliding groove to connect the adjusting plate (3) and the magnet clamp (7), and therefore the distance between the two magnet clamps (7) is adjusted through the matching of the bolt and the sliding groove, and the magnetic field intensity of a workpiece machining part is changed.
3. A magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the magnet (6) is a permanent magnet.
4. A magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnet (6) is an electromagnet.
5. A magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device according to claim 1, characterized in that the magnet holder (7) is adjusted so that the angle between the magnetic field and the axis of the workpiece is 30 ° to 90 ° and the workpiece is located in the central region of the magnetic field.
6. A magnetic field assisted ultra-precision machining device according to claim 1, wherein the adjusting plate (3) is provided with two ball screw pairs, the two magnet holders (7) are respectively fixed on the movers of the two ball screw pairs, and the two ball screw pairs are respectively driven by two servo motors.
7. The ultra-precision machining method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a 0 to 0.3T directional magnetic field is provided around the workpiece during the machining by the ultra-precision machine tool.
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Cited By (2)
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| WO2023125398A1 (en) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-07-06 | 元心科技(深圳)有限公司 | Method for keeping long tubular implantable medical device straight |
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Application publication date: 20200421 |
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