CN111033084B - 用于机动车的自动变速器和用于切换自动变速器的方法 - Google Patents

用于机动车的自动变速器和用于切换自动变速器的方法 Download PDF

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CN111033084B
CN111033084B CN201880053961.5A CN201880053961A CN111033084B CN 111033084 B CN111033084 B CN 111033084B CN 201880053961 A CN201880053961 A CN 201880053961A CN 111033084 B CN111033084 B CN 111033084B
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CN111033084A (zh
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B·克卢格
S·利伯特
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/44—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/72—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously
    • F16H3/727—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously with at least two dynamo electric machines for creating an electric power path inside the gearing, e.g. using generator and motor for a variable power torque path
    • F16H3/728—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously with at least two dynamo electric machines for creating an electric power path inside the gearing, e.g. using generator and motor for a variable power torque path with means to change ratio in the mechanical gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445—Differential gearing distribution type
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    • F16H63/00—Control outputs from the control unit to change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion or to other devices than the final output mechanism
    • F16H63/02—Final output mechanisms therefor; Actuating means for the final output mechanisms
    • F16H63/30—Constructional features of the final output mechanisms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K2006/381—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches characterized by driveline brakes
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    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/0866—Power split variators with distributing differentials, with the output of the CVT connected or connectable to the output shaft
    • F16H2037/0873—Power split variators with distributing differentials, with the output of the CVT connected or connectable to the output shaft with switching, e.g. to change ranges
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    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/04—Smoothing ratio shift
    • F16H61/0403—Synchronisation before shifting
    • F16H2061/0422—Synchronisation before shifting by an electric machine, e.g. by accelerating or braking the input shaft
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    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H63/00—Control outputs from the control unit to change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion or to other devices than the final output mechanism
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    • F16H63/30—Constructional features of the final output mechanisms
    • F16H2063/3093—Final output elements, i.e. the final elements to establish gear ratio, e.g. dog clutches or other means establishing coupling to shaft
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    • F16H2200/00—Transmissions for multiple ratios
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    • F16H2200/2002—Transmissions using gears with orbital motion characterised by the number of sets of orbital gears
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种自动变速器(10)，该自动变速器用于具有内燃机的机动车，该自动变速器包括至少两个固定传动级、一个作为驱动轴的第一变速器轴(22)和一个作为从动轴的第二变速器轴(24)、一个周转轮系(14)、两个切换元件(18、20)和一个变换器(16)。所述周转轮系不仅与第一变速器轴而且与第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，所述周转轮系包括一个轴(26)，通过该轴，周转轮系能借助于第一切换元件与第一变速器轴传递转矩地耦联以及与第二切换元件传递转矩地耦联。该变换器的第一侧(32)能与第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，该变换器的第二侧(34)能通过所述轴与周转轮系以调整传动比的方式耦联。另外涉及一种用于切换这种自动变速器的方法。

Description

用于机动车的自动变速器和用于切换自动变速器的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于具有内燃机的机动车的自动变速器以及一种用于切换这种自动变速器的方法。
背景技术
已知用于机动车的自动变速器。另外，已知用于混合电动车辆的自动变速器，所述混合电动车辆除了内燃机之外附加地具有至少一个用于驱动的电机。当前的用于混合电动车辆的自动变速器(混合动力变速器)通常基于现有的自动变速器。用于电气化的电机通常定位在内燃机与变速器之间(所谓的P2混合动力)。但是这种混合动力形式对于变速器本身不带来优点。
适用于混合动力化的变速器例如是可带负载切换的自动变速器，该自动变速器通过摩擦锁合的切换元件提供不同的固定传动级。在这种变速器中，在换挡期间，至少一个切换元件在打滑的情况下运行。在打滑运行期间的摩擦功在此转化成热量，所述热量必须从摩擦锁合的切换元件经由足够的冷却油流移走。另外，摩擦锁合的切换元件在打开的状态中产生相应的拖曳损失。切换元件通常液压地进行控制。为了所述切换元件能在闭合状态中传递力，这些切换元件的摩擦片需要持久地以相应高的液压力相互压紧。为此必需的液压泵不仅用于冷却而且用于操纵切换元件。但是对于这些切换元件的运行，该液压泵需要消耗一定的功率，因此总效率下降。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，提供一种改进的用于混合动力机动车的自动变速器。另外，本发明的目的是，提供一种用于运行这种自动变速器的方法。
为了实现该目的，设置一种自动变速器，该自动变速器用于具有内燃机的机动车，该自动变速器包括：至少第一和第二固定传动级；一个第一变速器轴，所述第一变速器轴是驱动轴，借助于该驱动轴，自动变速器与内燃机传递转矩地耦联；一个第二变速器轴，所述第二变速器轴是从动轴，借助于该从动轴，自动变速器与机动车的车轮传递转矩地耦联；一个用于接合第一固定传动级的第一切换元件和一个用于接合第二固定传动级的第二切换元件；一个周转轮系，所述周转轮系不仅与第一变速器轴而且与第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，所述周转轮系包括一个轴，通过周转轮系的所述轴，周转轮系能借助于第一切换元件与第一变速器轴传递转矩地耦联以及与第二切换元件传递转矩地耦联；和一个变换器。在此，该变换器的第一侧能与第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，并且该变换器的第二侧能通过周转轮系的所述轴与周转轮系以调整传动比的方式耦联。这意味着，变换器的第二侧与内燃机和自动变速器的输出装置一起处于三轴运行中，因此，变换器的第二侧通过周转轮系具有对内燃机的调整传动比的作用。变换器在此允许连续的传动比调整。从而，与各固定传动级无关地，可以调节到其他的传动比、尤其是在所述固定传动级之间的任意的中间状态。传动级尤其是自动变速器的挡位。
按一种实施方式，变换器通过两个电机构成。在此，所述电机之中的一个电机发电式运行并且另一个电机马达地运行。通过将动能暂时转化成电能，两个电机的转速可以解耦并且从而通过两个电机提供变换器功能。
所述周转轮系可以是行星齿轮传动装置。
在一种实施方式中，切换元件是形锁合的切换元件。这具有如下优点：切换元件可以以小的压力保持在闭合位置中。从而，用于维持固定传动级的能量消耗可以下降并且从而可以提高总效率。此外，在打开状态中(几乎)不产生拖曳损失。
按本发明，第一切换元件设置用于接合第一固定传动级，并且第二切换元件设置用于接合第二固定传动级。这意味着，每个固定传动级配设有一个切换元件、优选单独的切换元件，借助于该切换元件，传动级接合并且尤其保持闭合。替选地，也可以设置，多个切换元件用于接合一个固定传动级，和/或各单个的切换元件用于接合多个固定传动级。
另外，本发明的主题是一种用于在至少两个不同的固定传动级之间切换自动变速器、尤其是按本发明的自动变速器的方法，该方法具有如下步骤序列：
a)将当前接合的固定传动级的切换元件通过变换器借助于变速器内部的转矩叠加而调整成无负载的；
b)将当前接合的固定传动级的切换元件打开；
c)通过变换器的传动比调整来调节到目标传动级，因此，待闭合的切换元件的转速差同时下降；并且
d)将目标传动级的切换元件闭合，因此，该切换元件能从变换器承接负载。
按这样的方式，能在两个固定传动级之间进行切换并且同时维持牵引力。在此，仅在固定传动级之间的切换期间功率经由变换器流动，该变换器相对于单纯机械的力传递通常具有更差的效率。尤其是在接合的固定传动级中没有功率经由变换器流动。通过相应的切换元件提供固定传动级的力传递，因此，自动变速器可以具有高效率。
在该切换方法中，变换器的第一侧可以至少暂时与所述第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，以便将转矩输入变速器中或者从变速器获取转矩。
另外，变换器的第二侧可以至少暂时通过所述轴与周转轮系以调整传动比的方式耦联。即变换器的第二侧通过周转轮系具有对内燃机的调整传动比的作用，尤其是方式为，变换器的第二侧与内燃机和自动变速器的输出装置一起处于三轴运行中。
按一种实施方式，在步骤c)中，通过变换器的连续的传动比调整来调节到目标传动级。
也可以设定，仅以内燃机的一部分功率加载变换器，即所述一部分功率小于内燃机的功率的100％。
附图说明
由后续说明结合附图得到其他的优点和特征。其中：
图1以示意图的形式显示按本发明的具有第一和第二传动级的自动变速器；
图2以示意图的形式显示在第一传动级接合时的图1的自动变速器；
图3以示意图的形式显示图1的自动变速器在切换状态中；并且
图4以示意图的形式显示在第二传动级接合时的图1的自动变速器。
具体实施方式
在图1中显示一种具有两个固定传动级的自动变速器10，其用于具有内燃机12的机动车。两个传动级的数量在此仅用于较好的描述性；实际上也可以采用较高数量的传动级。
自动变速器10包括以分流功率的行星齿轮传动装置形式的周转轮系14、变换器16以及第一切换元件18和第二切换元件20，该第一切换元件设置用于在自动变速器10中接合第一固定传动级，该第二切换元件20设置用于在自动变速器10中接合第二固定传动级。另外，自动变速器10包括两个变速器轴、即形式为驱动轴的输入轴22和形式为从动轴的输出轴12，借助于该驱动轴，自动变速器10与内燃机12传递转矩地耦联，借助于该从动轴，自动变速器10与机动车的车轮传递转矩地耦联。
如果自动变速器10具有三个或更多个固定传动级，那么自动变速器也具有相应数量的切换元件18、20，这些切换元件设置用于接合配属的传动级。替选地，各单个的切换元件18、20可以设置用于多个传动级，和/或多个切换元件18、20的组合可以设置用于一个传动级。
周转轮系14不仅与输入轴22而且与输出轴24传递转矩地耦联。此外，周转轮系14包括轴26，通过该轴，周转轮系14能借助于在此构成离合器的第一切换元件18与输入轴22传递转矩地耦联以及与在此构成制动器的第二切换元件20传递转矩地耦联。所述轴26在此具有对内燃机12的调节转速的作用。在一种替选的实施方式中，各切换元件18、20可以设置用于任意的转矩传递功能。
切换元件18、20分别构成为爪式离合器。即这些切换元件是形锁合的切换元件并且仅要求小的压力，以保持在闭合位置中。在一种替选的实施方式中，切换元件18、20也可以是任意的其他的适合的切换元件、例如力锁合的切换元件。
变换器16包括第一电机28和第二电机30。变换器功能性按如下方式提供，即所述电机28、30之中的一个电机发电式运行并且另一个电机28、30马达式运行。因此，动能和电能可以相互转化并且从而所述两个电机28、30的转速可以彼此解耦。
另外，变换器16能在第一侧32上与输出轴24传递转矩地耦联并且在第二侧34上与所述轴26并且从而与周转轮系14传递转矩地耦联。
在一种替选的实施方式中，变换器16的第一侧32能与输入轴22、另一个旋转的变速器轴或者自身的驱动轴传递转矩地耦联。
通过输入轴22、输出轴24和轴26以三轴运行的方式运行，借助于变换器16的第二侧34可以调整或者说调节传动比。
机动车可以是混合电动车辆，尤其是，至少一个所述电机28、30可以设置用于驱动混合电动车辆。
自动变速器10从一个固定传动级切换到另一个固定传动级按下面的方法实现，该方法借助于图2～4以从第一传动级到切换第二传动级为例进行说明。该方法与从第二传动级切换到第一传动级类似地起作用或者在具有多于两个固定传动级的自动变速器中与从一个任意的传动级切换到另一个任意的传动级类似地起作用。
在图2中，第一固定传动级接合，即第一切换元件18闭合并且第二切换元件20打开。另外，变换器16解耦。这意味着，变换器16即不与输入轴22也不与输出轴24传递转矩地耦联。
现在，为了切换到第二固定传动级，变换器16与输出轴24传递转矩地耦联以及通过轴26与周转轮系14传递转矩地耦联(见图3)。
现在，借助于变换器16，通过输出轴24，第一切换元件18通过转矩叠加而调节成无负载的。即，根据是否转矩为此必须提高或者减小的不同情况，借助于变换器16的第一侧32，相应的转矩输入到变速器中或者从该变速器获取。从而第一切换元件18可以在没有对从动装置产生影响的情况下被打开。
在此，第一侧32的要求的转速可以直接由驱动装置或从动装置计算。替选地，第一侧32的要求的转速可以由驱动装置和从动装置的组合求得。
在第一切换元件18打开之后，通过变换器16的连续的传动比调整来调节到第二传动级的传动比。这意味着，输入轴22、输出轴24和轴26以三轴运行的方式运行，因此，通过变换器16的第二侧34，传动比趋同于第二传动级的传动比。按这样的方式，在第二切换元件上的转速差降低。
一旦转速差下降到零或者低于确定的界限值，那么将第二切换元件20闭合。因此，第二切换元件20从变换器16承接负载，并且变换器16能被解耦(见图4)。
从而，自动变速器10从第一固定传动级切换到第二固定传动级，在该第二固定传动级中，第二切换元件20闭合并且第一切换元件18打开。
按这样的方式，仅在从一个固定传动级切换到另一个固定传动级时，功率流动通过变换器16。另外，变换器16通过周转轮系14的行星齿轮组的功率分流而仅仅被施加内燃机12的一部分功率。
有利地，在这种实施方式中，在自动变速器10内的能量并且从而输出力矩保持不变。另外，与各固定传动级无关地，也可以调节到任意的中间状态。
在变换器16通过两个电机28、30构成的这种情况下，在不同的运行状态中，至多所述电机28、30之中的一个电机停止，因此所述电机之中的另一个电机能够用于混合动力功能。
通过这种切换方法，可以采用形锁合的切换元件18、20，这些切换元件仅参与传动比构成并且不参与实际上的传动比切换。从而，自动变速器10通过这种切换方法提供如下优点：
·在切换元件18、20的打开状态中不产生拖曳损失。
·在切换期间不发生放热。
·用于使切换元件18、20保持闭合的液压要求降低，因为不必持久地施加或者至少仅需施加非常小的压力，用于使相应的切换元件18、20保持闭合。
从而，自动变速器10的能量需求下降，因此该自动变速器可以具有改进的效率。

Claims (9)

1.一种自动变速器(10)，该自动变速器用于具有内燃机(12)的机动车，该自动变速器包括：
至少第一和第二固定传动级；
一个第一变速器轴(22)，所述第一变速器轴是驱动轴，借助于该驱动轴，自动变速器与内燃机传递转矩地耦联；
一个第二变速器轴(24)，所述第二变速器轴是从动轴，借助于该从动轴，自动变速器与机动车的车轮传递转矩地耦联；
一个用于接合第一固定传动级的第一切换元件(18)和一个用于接合第二固定传动级的第二切换元件(20)；
一个周转轮系(14)，所述周转轮系不仅与第一变速器轴而且与第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，所述周转轮系包括一个轴(26)，通过周转轮系的所述轴，周转轮系能借助于第一切换元件与第一变速器轴传递转矩地耦联以及与第二切换元件传递转矩地耦联；和
一个变换器(16)，该变换器(16)的第一侧(32)能与所述第二变速器轴传递转矩地耦联，并且该变换器(16)的第二侧(34)能通过周转轮系的所述轴(26)与周转轮系(14)以调整传动比的方式耦联。
2.根据权利要求1所述的自动变速器，其特征在于，所述变换器(16)通过两个电机(28、30)构成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的自动变速器，其特征在于，所述周转轮系(14)是行星齿轮传动装置。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的自动变速器，其特征在于，所述第一和第二切换元件(18、20)是形锁合的切换元件。
5.一种用于在至少两个不同的固定传动级之间切换根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的自动变速器(10)的方法，该方法具有如下步骤序列：
a)将当前接合的传动级的切换元件通过变换器(16)借助于变速器内部的转矩叠加而调节成无负载的；
b)将当前接合的传动级的切换元件打开；
c)通过变换器(16)的传动比调整而调节到目标传动级；并且
d)将目标传动级的切换元件闭合。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述变换器(16)的第一侧(32)至少暂时与所述第二变速器轴(24)传递转矩地耦联。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述变换器(16)的第二侧(34)至少暂时通过周转轮系的所述轴(26)与周转轮系(14)以调整传动比的方式耦联。
8.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤c)中，通过所述变换器(16)的连续的传动比调整来调节到目标传动级。
9.根据权利要求5或6所述的方法，其特征在于，仅以内燃机(12)的一部分功率加载所述变换器(16)。
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