CN110978661A - 中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦 - Google Patents
中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，包括中空微珠矩阵层板1，气凝胶层2，抗辐射膜3，其特征为：单层或多层中空微珠矩阵层板1与气凝胶层2复合成一块整板，阳光可晒到的中空微珠矩阵层表面涂覆抗辐射膜3，中空微珠矩阵层板1的中空微珠矩阵层可以分布在中空微珠矩阵层板1的表层，也可以充斥整个中空微珠矩阵层板。把表面反射材料之冠——涂覆了抗辐射膜的中空微珠矩阵层和隔热材料之冠——气凝胶组合在一起创造出一种中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，用一片薄薄的新型中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦取代一定厚度的泡沫（岩棉）彩钢平板、飞机火车等外壳的曲面板，解决了泡沫、岩棉板厚重、易燃、污染、易分层、高成本的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新型板材。
背景技术
现在城乡的彩钢屋顶墙面的平面板，以及飞机外壳、火车外壳、汽车外 壳、船艇外壳、油罐等曲面板，要解决热天防晒冷天保温问题均是在内壁或外壁 加粘一层发泡材料或岩棉，发泡材料或岩棉的表面还要加粘一层防火耐剐蹭的材 料，不仅工艺繁琐、减少内部使用空间，而且发泡材料防火性能差，岩棉虽防火 但易吸水降低保温效果，且由于其开孔纤维的结构，需要更厚才能达到闭孔发泡 材料的保温效果而岩棉一旦作为建筑垃圾废弃而随风扩散的话，其灾难远大于一 场瘟疫：岩棉纤维一旦被人吸入肺泡中，就会永远地扎在那里，任何方法都无法 把它弄出来，然后你只有无奈地任它周围的肺泡发炎肿痛甚至癌变。据美国有机 与无机材料实验室的权威调查显示，当岩棉纤维的粒径及纤维长度大小类似于石 棉纤维的粒径及纤维大小时，致癌的能力是相当强的。经调查，年产2万吨的岩 棉流水线离心机成纤每分钟就达亿万根，如果其中0.1％纤维粒径及长度与石棉 纤维相当，那是对人类健康与环境不可估量的伤害。且岩棉生产中会产生大量毒 烟毒气(如一氧化碳，二氧化硫，树脂产品固化中挥发的甲醛等)和有毒固废 (含酚醛树脂的树脂棉，苯酚污染物，清洗管道的丙酮污染物，重金属铁镁污染 物等。
发明内容
本发明即是要解决各种平面板、曲面板的保温隔热问题而公开的技术方案，本发明的技术方案是：一种中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，包括中空微珠矩阵层板1，气凝胶层2，抗辐射膜3，其特征为：单层或多层中空微珠矩阵层板1与气凝胶层2复合成一块整板，阳光可晒到的中空微珠矩阵层表面涂覆抗辐射膜3，中空微珠矩阵层板1的中空微珠矩阵层可以分布在中空微珠矩阵层板1的表层，也可以充斥整个中空微珠矩阵层板。为增加强度板瓦中可增加纤维网和短纤维。
本发明的有益效果是：传统隔热材料被动抗御热的传导，而新型中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦对环境热源主动隔断。热流进入质点间传导之前，几乎所有的热转移形式都是热辐射和热对流（含漫射与反射），新型中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦的表层（涂覆了抗辐射膜3的中空微珠矩阵层2）阻隔“大气环境”热辐射侵入围护结构，减少阻隔进入质点传导的热流总量，而中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦中多层的中空微珠矩阵和气凝胶层则进一步阻隔已进入质点热流的传导。用一片薄薄的新型中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦取代3—10倍厚度的泡沫（岩棉）彩钢平板、飞机火车等外壳的曲面板，解决了泡沫、岩棉板厚重、易燃、污染、易分层、高成本的问题。
附图说明
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明进一步说明：
图1是本发明的结构示意图。
图2是本发明的结构示意图。
图3是本发明的结构示意图。
图4是本发明的结构示意图。
图5是本发明的结构示意图。
图6是本发明的结构示意图。
图中1. 中空微珠矩阵层板，2. 气凝胶层，3. 抗辐射膜，4. 肋板，a.面纱层，b.面纱层，c. 间隔纱, c’.间隔纱树脂连筋。
具体实施方式
在图1中，波浪形中空微珠矩阵层板1为树脂（或金属板）屋面 (或立墙板) 一侧涂覆有0.3毫米的中空微珠矩阵层，一侧粘贴一层1厘米厚的气凝胶层2（这里是气凝胶软毡），此中空微珠矩阵层是由45一150微米直径的陶瓷中空微珠与9倍的硅丙乳液混合的涂料涂刷在基板上，干透后结成的中空微珠矩阵层，中空微珠矩阵层外表面再涂覆一层抗辐射膜3。在夏季，中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦的涂覆了抗辐射膜的中空微珠矩阵层可以以83%以上的反射比反射太阳的热辐射，同时又以87%以上的半球发射率将吸收的大部分热量发射出去，而中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦中多层的中空微珠矩阵与气凝胶层则进一步阻隔已进入质点热流的传导，有效地降低建筑外表面的温度，从而降低室内的热。在冬季，板瓦内侧的气凝胶层以其超低的导热性能阻隔室内热量向室外的传递。中空微珠矩阵层（美国国家航空航天局, 在20世纪90年代为了解决航天飞行器传热控制问题而研发的一种新型太空绝热反射瓷层，该瓷层材料是由一些悬浮于惰性乳胶中的微小陶瓷中空颗粒构成，这种材料是本身具有高太阳反射比、高半球发射率、低导热系数、低蓄热系数等热工性能的环保材料，这种绝热反射材料在国外经历了由航天领域，到工业及建筑业的转变，同时也由厚层向薄层的技术 转变。目前在世界各地建筑和工业设施中得到了越来越多的应用）。气凝胶（导热系数低至0.015～0.018W/m.k，也就是说用传统隔热材料1/3至1/10的厚度就能够达到同样的隔热效果。作为世界最轻的固体，这种新材料密度仅为0.04～0.12g/cm3，仅为空气密度的2.75倍。这种物质看上去像凝固的烟，常规的硅系气凝胶成分与玻璃相似，所以不燃。由于它的密度极小，已广泛用于航空航天领域。其憎水率大于等于99％，避免了传统隔热材料吸潮而造成的隔热效果锐减以及包裹材料的锈蚀,由于单纯的气凝胶易碎，实际应用时要加入纤维变成纤维气凝胶板或加入树脂中抽丝制毡变成气凝胶毡）。抗辐射膜（透明涂料中添加纳米金属颗粒，纳米金属颗粒在中空微珠涂矩阵层表面形成纳米金属颗粒层，像镜面一样能反射大部分太阳的热辐射，却没有镜面的眩光效果，不会制造眩光污染）。
在图2中，展示了一款平板起肋型（也可称彩钢瓦型）中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，中空微珠矩阵层充斥整个中空微珠矩阵层板1，为直径45一150微米中空微珠+树脂制成的中空微珠树脂板，表面再涂覆一层抗辐射膜3，一侧粘贴一层1c厘米厚的气凝胶层2（这里是气凝胶软毡），这样板的保温性能又提高了一个层次。且树脂加入中空微珠后流变性更好，减少树脂的用量降低成本，且减少制品收缩率和变形，提高硬度、刚性、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、阻燃防火性、隔音性，防止老鼠和昆虫（如白蚁）的啃咬。
在图3中，展示了一款夹心中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，中空微珠矩阵层板1为直径45一150微米中空微珠+树脂制成的中空微珠树脂双层空心板，阳光可晒到的中空微珠矩阵层表面再涂覆一层抗辐射膜3，板芯填充一层1厘米厚的气凝胶层2（这里是纯气凝胶颗粒或板，成本要比气凝胶毡低很多），双层空心板间增加肋板4以提高板的刚性。针对气凝胶易碎的特性，这是一种最稳定的结构，上两图的波浪形和彩钢瓦型的中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦也可以采用这种夹心结构。
在图4中， 展示了一款三维织物增强骨架的中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，上小图为浸渍树脂填充气凝胶前的三维织物增强骨架，中小图为浸渍树脂填充气凝胶后的三维织物增强骨架中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，下小图为中小图虚线圆圈内的局部放大图。工艺为：1.采用三维织造技术织造三维织物（两层经纬纱相互交织形成面纱层a和b，再通过间隔纱c相互交织，将两层面纱层捆绑成为一个整体，得到三维机织间隔织物）,2.用稀玻璃钢树脂浸渍三维织物，固化后形成一块以无数间隔纱树脂连筋c’为支柱和连接的双层透气纤维树脂板，3. 醇溶胶的制备（将正硅酸乙酯、无水乙醇、去离子水和质量浓度为0.1mol/L的盐酸水溶液按照如下摩尔比：1∶10∶6∶0.012；调节混合前驱体溶液为pH至3.5，45℃下搅拌水解8h，使之充分水解得到溶胶），4. 气凝胶的原位合成（将三维间隔织物垂直放入100mL醇溶胶中，冷却至室温，滴加75mL 0.5mol/L的氨水溶液搅拌3min；45℃水浴，10min内形成醇凝胶。湿凝胶在45℃水浴中静置老化8h；老化后，将醇凝胶浸泡在正己烷进行交换两次，每次6h；用体积分数15％的三甲基氯硅烷和正己烷混合溶液进行表面改性以提高孔隙率，50℃水浴条件下改性24h；改性完后的湿凝胶放入正己烷中浸泡、冲洗，除去表面改性剂以及其他反应产物，用去离子水反复进行两次漂洗；最后采取常压梯度干燥法，分别在60℃、80℃和120℃下各干燥12h，制备出二氧化硅气凝胶填充的玻璃纤维三维机织间隔织物。）5.板瓦表面喷砂处理，除去树脂板表面的气凝胶，6，板瓦表面刷涂中空微珠玻璃钢树脂封闭纤维树脂板表面的透气孔，7. 板瓦表面再刷涂中空微珠玻璃钢耐候胶衣树脂，8. 阳光可晒到的中空微珠矩阵层胶衣树脂外再喷涂抗辐射膜3。
在图5中，瓜瓣式快搭屋的瓜瓣构件为三维织物增强骨架的中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，薄薄的几片瓜瓣叠加在一起可以放在家用轿车的顶部，到了景点可以迅速地组装成一个穹顶小屋，超强的隔热性能让它省略了暖气空调，半球穹顶形状让它抗飓风、抗雪压、抗强震。当然，把这种建筑结构无限放大的话，穹顶下可以装下一栋大楼、一个村庄、一座城市，我们又何惧超级地震、台风龙卷风、暴雪，又何必装暖气空调，耗费巨额的电费呢。
在图6中，车厢围板为三维织物增强骨架的中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，如果再匹配真空玻璃车窗，车厢内冬天和夏天都隔绝了车厢外寒气暑气的侵扰。
本案把表面反射材料之冠——涂覆了抗辐射膜的中空微珠矩阵层和隔热材料之冠——气凝胶组合在一起创造出一种中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，解决了泡沫、岩棉板厚重、易燃、污染、易分层、高成本的问题。
Claims (2)
1.一种中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，包括中空微珠矩阵层板（1），气凝胶层（2），抗辐射膜（3），其特征为：单层或多层中空微珠矩阵层板（1）与气凝胶层（2）复合成一块整板，阳光可晒到的中空微珠矩阵层表面涂覆抗辐射膜（3），中空微珠矩阵层板（1）的中空微珠矩阵层可以分布在中空微珠矩阵层板（1）的表层，也可以充斥整个中空微珠矩阵层板。
2.根据权利要求1所述的中空微珠与气凝胶复合绝热板瓦，板瓦中可增加纤维网和短纤维。
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