CN110927788A

CN110927788A - Method, device and storage medium for detecting formation discontinuity

Info

Publication number: CN110927788A
Application number: CN201811099966.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 彭达; 肖富森; 冉崎; 谢冰; 邹定永
Original assignee: Petrochina Co Ltd
Current assignee: Petrochina Co Ltd
Priority date: 2018-09-20
Filing date: 2018-09-20
Publication date: 2020-03-27

Abstract

The invention discloses a method and a device for detecting stratum discontinuity and a storage medium, and belongs to the field of geological exploration. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a plurality of pieces of seismic data of a plurality of spatial positions in a target stratum, determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of each spatial position according to the seismic data of each spatial position, determining a gradient energy entropy of each spatial position according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of each spatial position, and finally determining discontinuity of the target stratum according to the plurality of gradient energy entropies of the plurality of spatial positions. Because the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector are respectively used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along each direction, the discontinuity of the target stratum on a smaller scale can be detected when the discontinuous analysis is carried out on the target stratum by the method provided by the invention, and the accuracy of the determined stratum discontinuity is improved.

Description

Method, device and storage medium for detecting formation discontinuity

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of petroleum exploration, in particular to a method and a device for detecting stratum discontinuity and a storage medium.

Background

Petroleum has been widely used as an important energy source in daily life, and in petroleum extraction, the structure of a stratum, particularly, the discontinuity of the stratum is a main factor influencing the petroleum extraction, so that the discontinuity of a target stratum needs to be detected before petroleum extraction is performed on the target stratum.

Disclosure of Invention

The embodiment of the invention provides a method, a device and a storage medium for detecting the discontinuity of a stratum, which can detect the discontinuity of a target stratum on a smaller scale and improve the accuracy of the determined discontinuity of the stratum. The technical scheme is as follows:

in a first aspect, a method of detecting a formation discontinuity is provided, the method comprising:

acquiring a plurality of pieces of seismic data which correspond to a plurality of spatial positions in a target stratum one by one, wherein each piece of seismic data is used for describing the amplitude of reflected waves of seismic waves transmitted to the corresponding spatial position;

determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of each spatial position according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position, wherein the first gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a first coordinate direction, the second gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a second coordinate direction, the third gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a third coordinate direction, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are two directions parallel to the ground surface, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are perpendicular to each other, and the third coordinate direction is a direction perpendicular to the ground surface;

determining a gradient energy entropy of each spatial position according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of each spatial position in the plurality of spatial positions, wherein the gradient energy entropy is used for describing the similarity degree between the geological texture at each spatial position and the geological texture at the adjacent spatial position;

and determining the discontinuity of the target stratum according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial positions.

Optionally, the determining the gradient energy entropy of each spatial position according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of each spatial position in the plurality of spatial positions includes:

determining the sum of the square of the first gradient vector, the square of the second gradient vector and the square of the third gradient vector at each spatial position, and taking the determined sum as the gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial position;

acquiring N pieces of gradient energy data related to each spatial position from a plurality of pieces of gradient energy data in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial positions, wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1;

and determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the N gradient energy data related to each spatial position.

Optionally, the obtaining N pieces of gradient energy data associated with each spatial position from a plurality of pieces of gradient energy data in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial positions includes:

for any spatial position A in the plurality of spatial positions, determining an inclination angle and an azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A according to a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position A, wherein the inclination angle is used for describing the inclination of the geological texture at the spatial position A relative to a first coordinate direction, and the azimuth angle is used for describing the inclination of the geological texture at the spatial position A relative to a second coordinate direction;

mapping the plurality of spatial positions into a three-dimensional coordinate system, and constructing a hexahedron by taking the spatial position A as a center according to the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A;

determining each spatial position included in the constructed hexahedron, and using the gradient energy data of each determined spatial position as the N pieces of gradient energy data.

Optionally, the determining the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a includes:

performing vector combination operation on the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position A to obtain a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position A;

determining three eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix and three eigenvalues corresponding to the three eigenvectors one by one;

selecting a corresponding feature vector with the largest feature value from the three feature vectors;

and determining the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A according to the selected feature vector.

Optionally, the determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the N gradient energy data associated with each spatial position includes:

dividing the N gradient energy data into 4 groups to obtain 4 groups of gradient vector sequences;

according to the 4 groups of gradient vector sequences, a local gradient energy correlation matrix is constructed by the following formula:

wherein M is a local gradient energy correlation matrix, g₁、g₂、g₃And g₄Is the 4 groups of gradient vector sequences;

determining a probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix;

and determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the probability density function.

Optionally, the determining a probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix includes:

performing autocorrelation operation on the local gradient energy correlation matrix to obtain a first probability density function;

performing cross-correlation operation on the local gradient energy correlation matrix to obtain a second probability density function;

correspondingly, the determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the probability density function comprises:

determining, from the first probability density function and the second probability density function, a gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial location by:

wherein H (x, y, t) is gradient energy entropy corresponding to spatial position (x, y, t), and the H (x, y, t) is gradient energy entropy corresponding to spatial position (x, y, t)

Is the first probability density function, the

Is the second probability density function.

Optionally, the determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector, and a third gradient vector of each spatial location according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial location includes:

for any spatial position B in the plurality of spatial positions, filtering the seismic data of the spatial position B through a three-dimensional Gaussian smoothing filter;

and determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position B according to the seismic data after the filtering processing.

In a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus for detecting a formation discontinuity, the apparatus comprising:

the acquisition module is used for acquiring a plurality of pieces of seismic data which correspond to a plurality of spatial positions in a target stratum one by one, and each piece of seismic data is used for describing the amplitude of reflected waves transmitted to the corresponding spatial position of seismic waves;

the first determining module is used for determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of each spatial position according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position, wherein the first gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a first coordinate direction, the second gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a second coordinate direction, the third gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a third coordinate direction, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are two directions parallel to the ground surface, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are perpendicular to each other, and the third coordinate direction is a direction perpendicular to the ground surface;

a second determining module, configured to determine a gradient energy entropy of each spatial location according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector of each spatial location in the plurality of spatial locations, where the gradient energy entropy is used to describe a degree of similarity between a geological texture at each spatial location and a geological texture at an adjacent spatial location;

and the third determination module is used for determining the discontinuity of the target stratum according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial positions.

Optionally, the second determining module includes:

a first determination unit configured to determine a sum of a square of the first gradient vector, a square of the second gradient vector, and a square of the third gradient vector for each spatial position, and to use the determined sum as gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial position;

an obtaining unit, configured to obtain N pieces of gradient energy data associated with each spatial position from a plurality of pieces of gradient energy data in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial positions, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1;

and the second determining unit is used for determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the N pieces of gradient energy data relevant to each spatial position.

Optionally, the obtaining unit includes:

a first determining subunit, configured to determine, for any spatial position a of the plurality of spatial positions, an inclination angle and an azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a according to a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position a, where the inclination angle is used to describe a tilt of the geological texture at the spatial position a relative to a first coordinate direction, and the azimuth angle is used to describe a tilt of the geological texture at the spatial position a relative to a second coordinate direction;

the first construction subunit is used for mapping the plurality of spatial positions into a three-dimensional coordinate system, and constructing a hexahedron by taking the spatial position A as a center according to the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A;

and the second determining subunit is configured to determine each spatial position included in the constructed hexahedron, and use the gradient energy data of each determined spatial position as the N pieces of gradient energy data.

Optionally, the first determining subunit is specifically configured to:

Optionally, the second determining unit includes:

the dividing subunit is used for dividing the N gradient energy data into 4 groups to obtain 4 groups of gradient vector sequences;

a second constructing subunit, configured to construct a local gradient energy correlation matrix according to the 4 sets of gradient vector sequences by using the following formula:

the third determining subunit is used for determining a probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix;

and the fourth determining subunit is used for determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the probability density function.

Optionally, the third determining subunit is specifically configured to:

Is the first probability density function, the

Is the second probability density function.

Optionally, the first determining module is specifically configured to:

In a third aspect, an apparatus for detecting a formation discontinuity, the apparatus comprising:

a processor;

a memory for storing processor-executable instructions;

wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of any of the methods of the first aspect described above.

In a fourth aspect, a computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon instructions which, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of any of the methods of the first aspect described above.

In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions which, when run on a computer, cause the computer to perform the steps of any of the methods of the first aspect described above.

The technical scheme provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that:

in the method, a plurality of pieces of seismic data which correspond to a plurality of spatial positions in a target stratum in a one-to-one mode are obtained, then a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of each spatial position are determined according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position, then gradient energy entropy of each spatial position is determined according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of each spatial position, and finally discontinuity of the target stratum is determined according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies which correspond to the plurality of spatial positions in a one-to-one mode. That is, in the present invention, when analyzing discontinuity of a target stratum, a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector, and a third gradient vector of each spatial position are considered, and because the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector are respectively used for describing a change rate of a geological texture at a corresponding spatial position along each direction, in this way, when performing discontinuity analysis on the target stratum by the method provided by the present invention, discontinuity of the target stratum on a smaller scale can be detected, and accuracy of determining the discontinuity of the stratum is improved.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of detecting a discontinuity in a subterranean formation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an analysis time window according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an emulation simulation provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for detecting a discontinuity in a subterranean formation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second determining module of an apparatus for detecting a discontinuity in a subterranean formation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of an acquisition unit in an apparatus for detecting a discontinuity in a formation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a second determining unit in the apparatus for detecting a discontinuity in a formation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of a terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of detecting a discontinuity in a subterranean formation according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, the method comprising the steps of:

step 101: and acquiring a plurality of pieces of seismic data which correspond to a plurality of spatial positions in the target stratum one by one, wherein each piece of seismic data is used for describing the amplitude of the reflected wave of the seismic wave transmitted to the corresponding spatial position.

For any stratum, after geological exploration is carried out on the stratum, an exploration result corresponding to the stratum is obtained, and the exploration result comprises a plurality of pieces of seismic data which are in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of spatial positions in the stratum. Therefore, in the embodiment of the present invention, when performing discontinuity analysis on a target stratum, if geological exploration has been performed on the target stratum in advance, a plurality of pieces of seismic data corresponding to a plurality of spatial positions in the target stratum one by one may be directly acquired from an exploration result corresponding to the target stratum. Optionally, if the target stratum is not geological explored in advance when the target stratum is subjected to discontinuity analysis, the target stratum may be geological explored first, and then a plurality of pieces of seismic data corresponding to a plurality of spatial positions in the target stratum in a one-to-one manner may be acquired from an exploration result corresponding to the target stratum.

When seismic exploration is carried out on a target stratum, a plurality of criss-cross survey lines are arranged on the ground surface corresponding to the target stratum, a plurality of detectors are arranged on each survey line at equal intervals, and any detector is used for receiving signals of reflected waves of seismic waves. For any geophone, seismic waves artificially excited by a vibroseis are received at the geophone, and the geophone receives signals of reflected waves of the seismic waves reflected in the stratum because the seismic waves are reflected when encountering different rock stratum interfaces when propagating towards the underground, and determines a plurality of pieces of seismic data corresponding to the position of the geophone according to the received signals. That is, a plurality of pieces of seismic data can be determined at each detector, and the plurality of pieces of seismic data corresponding to each detector form a seismic data volume corresponding to the target stratum. And, the waveform of the plurality of pieces of seismic data detected by each geophone displayed in the geophone is called one seismic trace.

The implementation manner of determining the plurality of pieces of seismic data corresponding to the position of the detector according to the received signal may be: assuming that the coordinates of the position of the detector are (x, y), the detector determines the amplitude of the received signal every preset time, after each amplitude is determined, the transmission time t of the seismic wave in the target formation is determined according to the time for exciting the seismic wave and the current time, and the transmission distance t v of the seismic wave can be determined according to the transmission time and the propagation velocity of the seismic wave, where v represents the propagation velocity of the seismic wave, and at this time, the reflected wave corresponding to the currently determined amplitude can be regarded as the reflected wave of the seismic wave at the position of transmitting to the spatial position (x, y, t v/2), so in the embodiment of the present invention, the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position can be recorded as u (x, y, t).

Step 102: according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position, determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of each spatial position, wherein the first gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a first coordinate direction, the second gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a second coordinate direction, the third gradient vector is used for describing the change rate of the geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a third coordinate direction, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are two directions parallel to the ground surface, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are perpendicular to each other, and the third coordinate direction is a direction perpendicular to the ground surface.

In a possible implementation manner, step 102 may specifically be: and for any spatial position B in the plurality of spatial positions, filtering the seismic data of the spatial position B by a three-dimensional Gaussian smoothing filter. And determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position B according to the seismic data after the filtering processing.

In the process of acquiring seismic data, because seismic waves are generated by artificial excitation, the artificial excitation seismic waves mainly adopt modes of explosive explosion and the like, and therefore signals detected by the geophone on the earth surface not only include signals of reflected waves of the seismic waves, but also signals of reflected waves of noise generated by explosive explosion and the like. That is, the acquired seismic data also includes noise data, and therefore, in the embodiment of the present invention, the acquired seismic data needs to be filtered by using a three-dimensional gaussian smoothing filter, and the filtering is performed to remove interference of the noise data in the seismic data.

For example, assuming that the seismic data at spatial location B is u (x, y, t), a three-dimensional Gaussian smoothing filter G (x, y, t, σ) is used_g) And carrying out smooth filtering pretreatment on the three-dimensional seismic data to obtain u' (x, y, t). The specific treatment process comprises the following steps:

u′(x,y,t)＝u(x,y,t)*G(x,y,t,σ_g)

wherein the content of the first and second substances,

in the above formula, u' (x, y, t) is the seismic data at spatial position B after being processed by the three-dimensional gaussian smoothing filter, and G (x, y, t, σ)_g) Representing a three-dimensional Gaussian smoothing filter, where_gThe noise scale parameter may represent the size of the waveform of the seismic data in the three-dimensional gaussian filter, and may generally be 2 or 3.

In addition, when determining the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position B according to the seismic data after the filtering processing, there may be two implementation manners:

(1) and determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position B according to a central difference method. As shown in the following formula:

in the above formula, g_x(x, y, t) is a gradient vector in the x-direction, i.e. a first gradient vector, representing the rate of change of the geological texture in the x-direction at the corresponding spatial location B, g_y(x, y, t) is a gradient vector in the y-direction, i.e. a second gradient vector, representing the rate of change of the geological texture in the y-direction at the corresponding spatial location B, g_t(x, y, t) is the gradient vector in the z-direction, i.e., the third gradient vector, which represents the rate of change of the geological texture at spatial location B along the z-direction. Where Δ x, Δ y, and Δ t are sampling intervals in the x-direction, y-direction, and z-direction, respectively. The sampling interval refers to a spatial distance between any two spatial positions of the plurality of spatial positions.

(2) And determining a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector and a third gradient vector of the spatial position B according to a difference method. As shown in the following formula:

Δ x, Δ y, and Δ t in the above formula are the same as Δ x, Δ y, and Δ t in the implementation (1), respectively, and are not explained here.

Since the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector at spatial location B are used to characterize the rate of change of the geological texture of spatial location B in the target formation in the x-direction, the y-direction, and the z-direction, respectively, the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector at spatial location B may be collectively referred to as dimensional information of the discontinuity at location B.

Step 103: and determining a gradient energy entropy of each spatial position according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of each spatial position in the plurality of spatial positions, wherein the gradient energy entropy is used for describing the similarity degree between the geological texture at each spatial position and the geological texture at the adjacent spatial position.

In one possible implementation, step 103 may be implemented by the following steps.

(1) Determining a sum of a square of the first gradient vector, a square of the second gradient vector, and a square of the third gradient vector for each spatial location, and taking the determined sum as gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial location.

Taking the seismic data u (x, y, t) at spatial location B as an example at step 102, the gradient energy data at spatial location B may be determined by the following equation:

where g (x, y, t) is the gradient energy data at spatial location B.

Optionally, in this embodiment of the present invention, other processing may be performed on the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector at each spatial position to obtain gradient energy data at each spatial position, for example, determining a sum between the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector at each spatial position, and using the determined sum as the gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial position. For another example, a product between the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector for each spatial location is determined, and the determined product is used as the gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial location. The invention is not limited thereto.

In the embodiment of the invention, a data set can be constructed by a plurality of gradient energy databases which are in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of spatial positions in the target stratum, and the data set can be called a gradient energy body.

In addition, the implementation of determining the gradient energy data at other positions may refer to the implementation of determining the gradient energy at position B, and will not be described herein again.

(2) N pieces of gradient energy data related to each spatial position are obtained from a plurality of pieces of gradient energy data corresponding to a plurality of spatial positions one by one, wherein N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1.

In one possible implementation manner, in step (2), for any spatial position a of the plurality of spatial positions, the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a are determined according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a. Wherein the dip angle is used to describe a tilt of the geological texture at spatial location a relative to a first coordinate direction and the azimuth angle is used to describe a tilt of the geological texture at spatial location a relative to a second coordinate direction. And mapping the plurality of spatial positions to a three-dimensional coordinate system, and constructing a hexahedron by taking the spatial position A as a center according to the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A. And determining each spatial position included in the constructed hexahedron, and taking the gradient energy data of each determined spatial position as N pieces of gradient energy data.

The implementation manner of determining the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a may be: and performing vector combination operation on the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position A to obtain a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position A. Three eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix and three eigenvalues in one-to-one correspondence with the three eigenvectors are determined. And selecting the eigenvector with the largest corresponding eigenvalue from the three eigenvectors. And determining the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the space position A according to the selected feature vector.

In a possible implementation manner, performing vector-merging operation on the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a to obtain a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a may specifically be: assuming the seismic data for spatial location A is f (x, y, t), a first gradient vector f for spatial location A may be obtained according to step 102_x(x, y, t), second gradient vector f_y(x, y, t) and a third gradient vector f_t(x, y, t). Performing dyadic operation on the three gradient vectors at the spatial position a to obtain a matrix, and at this time, taking the matrix as a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a, which is shown as the following formula:

in the above formula, the first and second carbon atoms are,

a matrix of gradient structure tensors, f, representing the spatial position A_xA first gradient vector f representing a spatial position A_x(x,y,t)，f_yA second gradient vector f representing the spatial position A_y(x,y,t)，f_tA third gradient vector f representing the spatial position A_t(x,y,t)。

In another possible implementation manner, performing vector-merging operation on the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a to obtain a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a may specifically be: assuming the seismic data for spatial location A is f (x, y, t), a first gradient vector f for spatial location A may be obtained according to step 102_x(x, y, t), second gradient vector f_y(x, y, t) and a third gradient vector f_t(x, y, t). And performing vector combination operation on the three gradient vectors of the spatial position A to obtain a matrix, performing filtering processing on the matrix by using a three-dimensional Gaussian filter, and taking the matrix processed by the three-dimensional Gaussian filter as a gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position A. I.e. as shown in the following formula:

in the above formula σ_ρTo construct the scale parameters, construct the rulerThe degree parameter can characterize the formation boundary displayed by the seismic data in a three-dimensional Gaussian filter, and a scale parameter sigma is usually constructed_ρThe value is between 0.1 and 3, and the general noise scale parameter sigma_gAnd the constructive scale parameter sigma_ρThe corresponding relation is 3 sigma_g≤σ_ρ≤10σ_g。

A matrix of gradient structure tensors representing the spatial position a. After the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the space position A is subjected to smooth filtering through the three-dimensional Gaussian smoothing filter, the structure-oriented filtering effect is achieved.

The gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a is formed by the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a, and the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector and the third gradient vector of the spatial position a are collectively referred to as discontinuous dimension information of the stratum at the spatial position a, so the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a can also be referred to as a discontinuous structure of the stratum at the spatial position a.

In addition, in a possible implementation manner, when determining three eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a and three eigenvalues corresponding to the three eigenvectors in a one-to-one manner, the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a may be subjected to spectral decomposition, and the three eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a and the three eigenvalues corresponding to the three eigenvectors in a one-to-one manner are determined, as shown in the following equation:

in the above formula, v_iAnd λ₁(i ═ 1,2, and 3) are the three eigenvectors and eigenvalues corresponding to the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to spatial position a, respectively. Let us assume that ordering the three eigenvalues satisfies λ₁>λ₂>λ₃When the maximum eigenvalue lambda is obtained₁And the eigenvector v corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue₁(x,y,t)。

In another possible implementation manner, when determining three eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a and three eigenvalues corresponding to the three eigenvectors in a one-to-one manner, a method shown in the following formula may be adopted:

wherein λ represents the eigenvalue of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position A, and I is a third order identity matrix, that is

By such calculation, three eigenvalues λ of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a can be obtained_iThen, the relation of one-to-one correspondence between the eigenvalue and the eigenvector is utilized to obtain three eigenvalues lambda_iThree feature vectors v in one-to-one correspondence_i。

Of course, there may be other ways to determine the eigenvector and eigenvalue corresponding to the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a, and the present invention is not limited herein.

In addition, since the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to the spatial position a represents a discontinuous structure of the stratum at the spatial position a, and a certain eigenvalue of any one matrix is used to characterize a projection of the matrix in the direction represented by the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue, in the embodiment of the present invention, the spatial position a may determine the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a by using the largest eigenvector of the gradient structure tensor matrix, and optionally, the spatial position a may also determine the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position a by using other eigenvectors of the gradient structure tensor matrix besides the largest eigenvector, which is not limited herein.

Specifically, let λ be the maximum eigenvalue corresponding to the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to spatial position a₁，λ₁Corresponding feature vector is v₁(x, y, t), vs. v₁(x, y, t) are in the x-direction,Decomposing in the y direction and the z direction to obtain three elements v_1x(x,y,t)、v_1y(x, y, t) and v_1t(x, y, t). Using these three elements, the inclination and azimuth of the spatial position a can be obtained. Specifically, the following formula can be used:

in the above equation, p (x, y, t) is the inclination angle of the geological texture at spatial position a, and q (x, y, t) is the azimuth angle of the geological texture at spatial position a.

Alternatively, there may be other ways to determine the dip and azimuth of the geological texture at spatial location A, for example, assuming that the maximum eigenvalue of the gradient structure tensor matrix corresponding to spatial location A is λ₁，λ₁Corresponding feature vector is v₁(x, y, t), vs. v₁(x, y, t) are decomposed in the x-direction, y-direction and z-direction, respectively, to obtain three elements v_1x(x,y,t)、v_1y(x, y, t) and v_1t(x, y, t). Using these three elements, the inclination and azimuth of the spatial position a can be obtained. Specifically, the following formula can be used:

of course, there are other ways to determine the dip and azimuth of the geological texture at spatial location a, and the invention is not limited thereto.

In addition, after the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A are determined, the plurality of spatial positions are mapped into a three-dimensional coordinate system, and a hexahedron is constructed according to the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial position A by taking the spatial position A as a center.

In the embodiment of the present invention, the constructed hexahedron may be referred to as an analysis time window. That is, the shape of the analysis window is determined by the dip and azimuth of the geological texture at spatial location A.

In one possible implementation, when constructing the hexahedron with the inclination and azimuth of the geological texture at the spatial position a as the analysis time window, taking the spatial position a as the center of the hexahedron, the analysis time window may be constructed according to the following formula:

g(t,p,q)＝g(t-px-qy)

in the above formula, x and y are the coordinates of the spatial position a, respectively, and p and q are the inclination and azimuth of the geological texture at the spatial position a, respectively. In addition, g (t, p, q) represents a function for constructing a hexahedron, and the hexahedron can be directly constructed through the function.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an analysis time window provided by an embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 2, a plurality of spatial positions in the target formation are mapped into the three-dimensional coordinate system in fig. 2, so that a plurality of points uniformly distributed in the cube shown in fig. 2 can be obtained. In the three-dimensional coordinate system shown in fig. 2, a hexahedron is constructed centering on the spatial position a, the hexahedron is a parallelepiped, and eight vertices of the hexahedron are points C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K in fig. 2, respectively. The points C, D, E, F are located in a plane formed by the x axis and the y axis, the size of the remaining angle of the included angle between the side length JD and the plane CDEF is the size of the inclination angle of the spatial position a, and the size of the included angle between the side length CD and the side length DE is the size of the azimuth angle of the spatial position a.

As shown in fig. 2, when the inclination angle of the spatial position a is 0 degree and the azimuth angle of the spatial position a is 90 degrees, the hexahedron constructed is a rectangular parallelepiped. Alternatively, when the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the spatial position a are other angles, hexahedrons with other shapes can be constructed, and the description is not repeated.

In addition, each side length of the constructed hexahedron may be preset, for example, when the constructed hexahedron is a parallelepiped in fig. 2, the side lengths CD, DE, and DJ may be set to 3, and 6, respectively, and embodiments of the present invention are not limited herein.

After the analysis time window is constructed, the analysis time window includes other spatial positions in addition to the spatial position a. Since each position of the spatial position corresponds to one gradient energy data, the analysis time window equivalently comprises a plurality of gradient energy data corresponding to a plurality of spatial positions. And taking the gradient energy data of N spatial positions included in the three-dimensional coordinate system by the analysis time window as N gradient energy data related to the spatial position A.

(3) And determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the N gradient energy data related to each spatial position.

According to the step (1) and the step (2), gradient energy data related to each position in the spatial position can be obtained, and in a possible implementation manner, the step (3) may specifically be: dividing N gradient energy data into 4 groups to obtain 4 groups of gradient vector sequences, constructing a local gradient energy correlation matrix according to the 4 groups of gradient vector sequences by the following formula, and determining a probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix. And determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position according to the probability density function.

Where M is a local gradient energy correlation matrix, g₁、g₂、g₃And g₄There are 4 sets of gradient vector sequences. The gradient vector sequence comprises a plurality of gradient energy data corresponding to a plurality of spatial positions one by one.

Alternatively, the local gradient energy correlation matrix may also be determined in other ways from the N gradient energy data associated with each spatial position. For example, N gradient energy data are divided into 2 groups to obtain 2 groups of gradient vector sequences, and a local gradient energy correlation matrix is constructed according to the 2 groups of gradient vector sequences by the following formula.

For another example, the N gradient energy data are divided into 8 groups to obtain 8 groups of gradient vector sequences, and a local gradient energy correlation matrix is constructed according to the 8 groups of gradient vector sequences by the following formula.

The manner in which the local gradient energy correlation matrix is determined based on the N gradient energy data associated with each spatial location is not a limitation of the present invention.

The implementation manner of determining the probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix may be: performing autocorrelation operation on each group of gradient vector sequences in the local gradient energy correlation matrix to obtain a first probability density function; and performing cross-correlation operation on each group of gradient vector sequences in the gradient energy correlation matrix to obtain a second probability density function. The self-correlation operation refers to that each group of gradient vector sequences operates with the self, and the cross-correlation operation refers to that each group of gradient vector sequences operates with the gradient vector sequences except the self. For example, g₁The set of gradient vector sequences is subjected to an autocorrelation operation, which can be expressed as

g₁The set of gradient vector sequences and g₄The set of gradient vector sequences are cross-correlated and can be expressed as

In addition, according to the probability density function, the implementation manner of determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial position may be: determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each space position according to the first probability density function and the second probability density function by the following formula:

wherein H (x, y, t) is the gradient energy entropy corresponding to the spatial position (x, y, t),

for the purpose of the first function of the probability density,

is a second probability density function.

Step 104: and determining the discontinuity of the target stratum according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of spatial positions.

For any one of a plurality of spatial positions, the gradient energy entropy of the spatial position represents the similarity degree between the geological texture at the spatial position and the geological texture at the adjacent spatial position, and when the gradient energy entropy of the spatial position is larger, the geological texture at the spatial position is more similar to the geological texture at the adjacent spatial position, and the continuity of the stratum at the spatial position is good; when the gradient energy entropy of the space position is smaller, the geologic texture at the space position is more dissimilar to the geologic texture at the adjacent space position, and the continuity of the stratum at the space position is poor.

Therefore, in a possible implementation manner, determining the discontinuity of the target formation according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies in one-to-one correspondence with a plurality of spatial positions may specifically be: mapping each space position in a plurality of space positions in a target stratum into a three-dimensional coordinate system, wherein the three-dimensional coordinate system comprises a point mapped by each space position in the plurality of space positions, drawing a color block at each point, and determining the shade of the color block according to the gradient energy entropy of the space position corresponding to the point, wherein the larger the gradient energy entropy, the lighter the color is, the smaller the gradient energy entropy is, and the darker the color is. And combining the drawn multiple color blocks to obtain a three-dimensional model. The continuity of the target stratum can be known through the shade of the color in the three-dimensional model. In the three-dimensional model, the places with dark colors indicate that the continuity of the corresponding strata is poor, and the places with light colors indicate that the continuity of the corresponding strata is good. And, sectioning the three-dimensional model on a certain plane can obtain a two-dimensional plane, for example, sectioning the three-dimensional model along a plane formed by an x coordinate axis and a z coordinate axis can obtain a two-dimensional plane, on which discontinuity of the target formation in the directions of the x coordinate axis and the z coordinate axis can be seen.

In order to verify the method for detecting a formation discontinuity provided by the embodiments of the present invention, a specific verification is performed by the following example.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a simulation result provided by an embodiment of the present invention, where diagram (a) in fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a three-dimensional seismic forward modeling model provided by an embodiment of the present invention in a direction perpendicular to the ground, and for convenience of description, the cross section is referred to as cross section 1. The three-dimensional S-shaped seismic forward modeling method is used for simulating a geological texture structure in a stratum, wherein the stratum comprises two faults, namely a first fault and a second fault. The seismic data of each spatial position of the stratum on each spatial position on the section 1 can be obtained through the three-dimensional S-shaped seismic forward modeling model, and a plurality of pieces of seismic data are obtained. And then analyzing the discontinuity of the stratum respectively through a first generation coherent body technology, a local structure entropy technology and the method provided by the invention according to the obtained multiple numbers.

Graph (b) in fig. 3 is a simulation result of analyzing the discontinuity of the formation by the first generation coherent body technique, graph (c) in fig. 3 is a simulation result of analyzing the discontinuity of the formation by the local structural entropy technique, and graph (d) in fig. 3 is a simulation result of analyzing the discontinuity of the formation by the method provided by the present invention. By comparison, the method provided by the embodiment of the invention can clearly display the fault in the stratum. The ordinate on the right side of all the graphs in fig. 3 indicates the magnitude of the discontinuity value of the formation, and the formation becomes more discontinuous as the discontinuity value becomes larger.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an apparatus for detecting a discontinuity in a subterranean formation according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 4, the apparatus comprising:

an obtaining module 401, configured to obtain multiple pieces of seismic data corresponding to multiple spatial positions in a target stratum one to one, where each piece of seismic data is used to describe an amplitude of a reflected wave of a seismic wave transmitted to the corresponding spatial position;

a first determining module 402, configured to determine, according to the seismic data corresponding to each spatial position, a first gradient vector, a second gradient vector, and a third gradient vector for each spatial position, where the first gradient vector is used to describe a change rate of a geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a first coordinate direction, the second gradient vector is used to describe a change rate of a geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a second coordinate direction, the third gradient vector is used to describe a change rate of a geological texture at the corresponding spatial position along a third coordinate direction, the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are two directions parallel to a ground surface, and the first coordinate direction and the second coordinate direction are perpendicular to each other, and the third coordinate direction is a direction perpendicular to the ground surface;

a second determining module 403, configured to determine a gradient energy entropy of each spatial location according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector of each spatial location in the plurality of spatial locations, where the gradient energy entropy is used to describe a degree of similarity between the geological texture at each spatial location and the geological texture at an adjacent spatial location;

a third determining module 404, configured to determine a discontinuity of the target formation according to a plurality of gradient energy entropies corresponding to the plurality of spatial locations one to one.

Optionally, as shown in fig. 5, the second determining module 403 includes:

a first determination unit 4031 configured to determine a sum of a square of the first gradient vector, a square of the second gradient vector, and a square of the third gradient vector for each spatial position, and use the determined sum as gradient energy data corresponding to each spatial position;

an obtaining unit 4032, configured to obtain N pieces of gradient energy data associated with each spatial position from multiple pieces of gradient energy data that are in one-to-one correspondence with multiple spatial positions, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1;

a second determining unit 4033, configured to determine gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial location according to the N gradient energy data associated with each spatial location.

Alternatively, as shown in fig. 6, the obtaining unit 4032 includes:

a first determining subunit 40321, configured to determine, for any spatial location a in the plurality of spatial locations, an inclination angle and an azimuth angle of the geological texture at the spatial location a according to the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector of the spatial location a;

wherein the dip angle is used for describing the inclination of the geological texture at the spatial position A relative to a first coordinate direction, and the azimuth angle is used for describing the inclination of the geological texture at the spatial position A relative to a second coordinate direction;

a first construction subunit 40322, configured to map the plurality of spatial positions into a three-dimensional coordinate system, and construct a hexahedron according to an inclination and an azimuth of a geological texture at the spatial position a with the spatial position a as a center;

and the gradient energy data processing unit is used for determining each space position included in the constructed hexahedron and taking the gradient energy data of each determined space position as N pieces of gradient energy data.

Optionally, the first determining subunit 40321 is specifically configured to:

selecting a corresponding feature vector with the maximum feature value from the three feature vectors;

and determining the inclination angle and the azimuth angle of the geological texture at the space position A according to the selected feature vector.

Alternatively, as shown in fig. 7, the second determination unit 4033 includes:

a dividing subunit 40331, configured to divide the N gradient energy data into 4 groups, to obtain 4 groups of gradient vector sequences;

a second constructing subunit 40332, configured to construct a local gradient energy correlation matrix according to the 4 sets of gradient vector sequences by using the following formula:

where M is a local gradient energy correlation matrix, g₁、g₂、g₃And g₄4 groups of gradient vector sequences;

a third determining subunit 40333, configured to determine a probability density function according to the local gradient energy correlation matrix;

a fourth determining subunit 40334, configured to determine, according to the probability density function, the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial location.

Optionally, the third determining subunit 40333 is specifically configured to:

correspondingly, according to the probability density function, determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each space position, including:

determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each space position according to the first probability density function and the second probability density function by the following formula:

for the purpose of the first function of the probability density,

is a second probability density function.

Optionally, the first determining module 402 is specifically configured to:

It should be noted that: in the device for detecting formation discontinuity provided in the above embodiment, when detecting formation discontinuity, only the division of the above functional modules is taken as an example, and in practical applications, the above function distribution may be completed by different functional modules according to needs, that is, the internal structure of the apparatus is divided into different functional modules, so as to complete all or part of the above described functions. In addition, the device for detecting formation discontinuity and the method for detecting formation discontinuity provided by the above embodiments belong to the same concept, and the specific implementation process thereof is detailed in the method embodiments and will not be described herein again.

Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a terminal 800 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The terminal 800 may be: a smart phone, a tablet computer, an MP3 player (Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer III, motion video Experts compression standard Audio Layer 3), an MP4 player (Moving Picture Experts Group Audio Layer iv, motion video Experts compression standard Audio Layer 4), a notebook computer, or a desktop computer. The terminal 800 may also be referred to by other names such as user equipment, portable terminal, laptop terminal, desktop terminal, etc.

In general, the terminal 800 includes: a processor 801 and a memory 802.

The processor 801 may include one or more processing cores, such as a 4-core processor, an 8-core processor, and so forth. The processor 801 may be implemented in at least one hardware form of a DSP (Digital Signal Processing), an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), and a PLA (Programmable Logic Array). The processor 801 may also include a main processor and a coprocessor, where the main processor is a processor for processing data in an awake state, and is also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU); a coprocessor is a low power processor for processing data in a standby state. In some embodiments, the processor 801 may be integrated with a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), which is responsible for rendering and drawing the content required to be displayed on the display screen. In some embodiments, the processor 801 may further include an AI (Artificial Intelligence) processor for processing computing operations related to machine learning.

Memory 802 may include one or more computer-readable storage media, which may be non-transitory. Memory 802 may also include high speed random access memory, as well as non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory storage devices. In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium in memory 802 is used to store at least one instruction for execution by processor 801 to implement the method of detecting a formation discontinuity provided by method embodiments herein.

In some embodiments, the terminal 800 may further include: a peripheral interface 803 and at least one peripheral. The processor 801, memory 802 and peripheral interface 803 may be connected by bus or signal lines. Various peripheral devices may be connected to peripheral interface 803 by a bus, signal line, or circuit board. Specifically, the peripheral device includes: at least one of a radio frequency circuit 804, a touch screen display 805, a camera 806, an audio circuit 807, a positioning component 808, and a power supply 809.

The peripheral interface 803 may be used to connect at least one peripheral related to I/O (Input/Output) to the processor 801 and the memory 802. In some embodiments, the processor 801, memory 802, and peripheral interface 803 are integrated on the same chip or circuit board; in some other embodiments, any one or two of the processor 801, the memory 802, and the peripheral interface 803 may be implemented on separate chips or circuit boards, which are not limited by this embodiment.

The Radio Frequency circuit 804 is used for receiving and transmitting RF (Radio Frequency) signals, also called electromagnetic signals. The radio frequency circuitry 804 communicates with communication networks and other communication devices via electromagnetic signals. The rf circuit 804 converts an electrical signal into an electromagnetic signal to be transmitted, or converts a received electromagnetic signal into an electrical signal. Optionally, the radio frequency circuit 804 includes: an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, an oscillator, a digital signal processor, a codec chipset, a subscriber identity module card, and so forth. The radio frequency circuit 804 may communicate with other terminals via at least one wireless communication protocol. The wireless communication protocols include, but are not limited to: metropolitan area networks, various generation mobile communication networks (2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G), Wireless local area networks, and/or WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) networks. In some embodiments, the radio frequency circuit 804 may further include NFC (Near Field Communication) related circuits, which are not limited in this application.

The display screen 805 is used to display a UI (user interface). The UI may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof. When the display 805 is a touch display, the display 805 also has the ability to capture touch signals on or above the surface of the display 805. The touch signal may be input to the processor 801 as a control signal for processing. At this point, the display 805 may also be used to provide virtual buttons and/or a virtual keyboard, also referred to as soft buttons and/or a soft keyboard. In some embodiments, the display 805 may be one, providing the front panel of the terminal 800; in other embodiments, the display 805 may be at least two, respectively disposed on different surfaces of the terminal 800 or in a folded design; in still other embodiments, the display 805 may be a flexible display disposed on a curved surface or a folded surface of the terminal 800. Even further, the display 805 may be arranged in a non-rectangular irregular pattern, i.e., a shaped screen. The Display 805 can be made of LCD (liquid crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode), and the like.

The camera assembly 806 is used to capture images or video. Optionally, camera assembly 806 includes a front camera and a rear camera. Generally, a front camera is disposed at a front panel of the terminal, and a rear camera is disposed at a rear surface of the terminal. In some embodiments, the number of the rear cameras is at least two, and each of the rear cameras is any one of a main camera, a depth-of-field camera, a wide-angle camera and a telephoto camera, so that the main camera and the depth-of-field camera are fused to realize a background blurring function, and the main camera and the wide-angle camera are fused to realize panoramic shooting and VR (virtual reality) shooting functions or other fusion shooting functions. In some embodiments, camera assembly 806 may also include a flash. The flash lamp can be a monochrome temperature flash lamp or a bicolor temperature flash lamp. The double-color-temperature flash lamp is a combination of a warm-light flash lamp and a cold-light flash lamp, and can be used for light compensation at different color temperatures.

The audio circuit 807 may include a microphone and a speaker. The microphone is used for collecting sound waves of a user and the environment, converting the sound waves into electric signals, and inputting the electric signals to the processor 801 for processing or inputting the electric signals to the radio frequency circuit 804 to realize voice communication. For the purpose of stereo sound collection or noise reduction, a plurality of microphones may be provided at different portions of the terminal 800. The microphone may also be an array microphone or an omni-directional pick-up microphone. The speaker is used to convert electrical signals from the processor 801 or the radio frequency circuit 804 into sound waves. The loudspeaker can be a traditional film loudspeaker or a piezoelectric ceramic loudspeaker. When the speaker is a piezoelectric ceramic speaker, the speaker can be used for purposes such as converting an electric signal into a sound wave audible to a human being, or converting an electric signal into a sound wave inaudible to a human being to measure a distance. In some embodiments, the audio circuitry 807 may also include a headphone jack.

The positioning component 808 is used to locate the current geographic position of the terminal 800 for navigation or LBS (location based Service). The positioning component 808 may be a positioning component based on the GPS (global positioning System) in the united states, the beidou System in china, the graves System in russia, or the galileo System in the european union.

Power supply 809 is used to provide power to various components in terminal 800. The power supply 809 can be ac, dc, disposable or rechargeable. When the power source 809 comprises a rechargeable battery, the rechargeable battery may support wired or wireless charging. The rechargeable battery may also be used to support fast charge technology.

In some embodiments, terminal 800 also includes one or more sensors 810. The one or more sensors 810 include, but are not limited to: acceleration sensor 811, gyro sensor 812, pressure sensor 813, fingerprint sensor 814, optical sensor 815 and proximity sensor 816.

The acceleration sensor 811 may detect the magnitude of acceleration in three coordinate axes of the coordinate system established with the terminal 800. For example, the acceleration sensor 811 may be used to detect the components of the gravitational acceleration in three coordinate axes. The processor 801 may control the touch screen 805 to display the user interface in a landscape view or a portrait view according to the gravitational acceleration signal collected by the acceleration sensor 811. The acceleration sensor 811 may also be used for acquisition of motion data of a game or a user.

The gyro sensor 812 may detect a body direction and a rotation angle of the terminal 800, and the gyro sensor 812 may cooperate with the acceleration sensor 811 to acquire a 3D motion of the user with respect to the terminal 800. From the data collected by the gyro sensor 812, the processor 801 may implement the following functions: motion sensing (such as changing the UI according to a user's tilting operation), image stabilization at the time of photographing, game control, and inertial navigation.

Pressure sensors 813 may be disposed on the side bezel of terminal 800 and/or underneath touch display 805. When the pressure sensor 813 is disposed on the side frame of the terminal 800, the holding signal of the user to the terminal 800 can be detected, and the processor 801 performs left-right hand recognition or shortcut operation according to the holding signal collected by the pressure sensor 813. When the pressure sensor 813 is disposed at a lower layer of the touch display screen 805, the processor 801 controls the operability control on the UI interface according to the pressure operation of the user on the touch display screen 805. The operability control comprises at least one of a button control, a scroll bar control, an icon control and a menu control.

The fingerprint sensor 814 is used for collecting a fingerprint of the user, and the processor 801 identifies the identity of the user according to the fingerprint collected by the fingerprint sensor 814, or the fingerprint sensor 814 identifies the identity of the user according to the collected fingerprint. Upon identifying that the user's identity is a trusted identity, the processor 801 authorizes the user to perform relevant sensitive operations including unlocking a screen, viewing encrypted information, downloading software, paying for and changing settings, etc. Fingerprint sensor 814 may be disposed on the front, back, or side of terminal 800. When a physical button or a vendor Logo is provided on the terminal 800, the fingerprint sensor 814 may be integrated with the physical button or the vendor Logo.

The optical sensor 815 is used to collect the ambient light intensity. In one embodiment, the processor 801 may control the display brightness of the touch screen 805 based on the ambient light intensity collected by the optical sensor 815. Specifically, when the ambient light intensity is high, the display brightness of the touch display screen 805 is increased; when the ambient light intensity is low, the display brightness of the touch display 805 is turned down. In another embodiment, the processor 801 may also dynamically adjust the shooting parameters of the camera assembly 806 based on the ambient light intensity collected by the optical sensor 815.

A proximity sensor 816, also known as a distance sensor, is typically provided on the front panel of the terminal 800. The proximity sensor 816 is used to collect the distance between the user and the front surface of the terminal 800. In one embodiment, when the proximity sensor 816 detects that the distance between the user and the front surface of the terminal 800 gradually decreases, the processor 801 controls the touch display 805 to switch from the bright screen state to the dark screen state; when the proximity sensor 816 detects that the distance between the user and the front surface of the terminal 800 becomes gradually larger, the processor 801 controls the touch display 805 to switch from the screen-on state to the screen-on state.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the configuration shown in fig. 8 is not intended to be limiting of terminal 800 and may include more or fewer components than those shown, or some components may be combined, or a different arrangement of components may be used.

Embodiments of the present application also provide a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and when instructions in the storage medium are executed by a processor of a mobile terminal, the mobile terminal is enabled to execute the method for detecting a formation discontinuity provided in the embodiment shown in fig. 1.

Embodiments of the present application also provide a computer program product containing instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause the computer to perform the method for detecting a discontinuity in a formation as provided in the embodiment of fig. 1 above.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that all or part of the steps of implementing the above embodiments may be implemented by hardware, or may be implemented by a program instructing relevant hardware, and the program may be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and the above-mentioned storage medium may be a read-only memory, a magnetic disk or an optical disk, etc.

In summary, the present invention is only a preferred embodiment, and not intended to limit the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of detecting a formation discontinuity, the method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a gradient energy entropy for each spatial location from the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector for each spatial location of the plurality of spatial locations comprises:

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the obtaining N gradient energy data associated with each spatial location from a plurality of gradient energy data in one-to-one correspondence with the plurality of spatial locations comprises:

4. The method of claim 3, wherein determining the dip and azimuth of the geological texture at the spatial location A from the first, second, and third gradient vectors of the spatial location A comprises:

5. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the gradient energy entropy corresponding to each spatial location from the N gradient energy data associated with each spatial location comprises:

6. The method of claim 5, wherein determining a probability density function from the local gradient energy correlation matrix comprises:

Is the first probability density function, the

Is the second probability density function.

7. The method of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein determining the first gradient vector, the second gradient vector, and the third gradient vector for each spatial location based on the seismic data corresponding to each spatial location comprises:

8. An apparatus for detecting a formation discontinuity, the apparatus comprising:

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second determining module comprises:

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the obtaining unit comprises:

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the first determining subunit is specifically configured to:

12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second determining unit comprises:

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the third determining subunit is specifically configured to:

Is the first probability density function, the

Is the second probability density function.

14. The apparatus according to any one of claims 8 to 13, wherein the first determining module is specifically configured to:

15. An apparatus for determining sand content, the apparatus comprising:

a processor;

a memory for storing processor-executable instructions;

wherein the processor is configured to perform the steps of any one of the methods of claim 1 to claim 7.

16. A computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions which, when executed by a processor, carry out the steps of any of the methods of claims 1 to 7.