CN110915886B - 一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110915886B CN110915886B CN201910970655.4A CN201910970655A CN110915886B CN 110915886 B CN110915886 B CN 110915886B CN 201910970655 A CN201910970655 A CN 201910970655A CN 110915886 B CN110915886 B CN 110915886B
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Abstract
本发明属于食品保鲜领域,具体涉及一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂及其制备方法和应用。本发明通过对海蓬子中活性成分进行分析与制备,将海蓬子活性成分与茶多酚按照一定比例混合处理,研制出一种联合海蓬子活性提取物和茶多酚的水产品复合生物保鲜剂。其制备方法简便易行,生产成本低,抗菌谱更广,生物保鲜剂来源于药食两用资源,使用方便、安全,对人体无毒副作用,且风味独特。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品保鲜领域,具体涉及一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
海蓬子属于藜科(Chenopodiaceae)盐角草属(Salicornia)的无叶茎肉质化的真盐生植物,俗称海芦笋、海虫草等。原产欧洲和北美等地,为改良沿海滩涂盐碱地,海蓬子被引种到我国,分布于江苏、浙江、山东、海南等地。其主要品种有欧洲海蓬子(Salicornia europaea L.)和北美海蓬子(Salicornia bigelovii Torr.)。海蓬子富含多种活性物质,如黄酮类、生物碱类、有机酸类、多糖和三萜皂苷类成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫调节、降血脂等多种作用。《中华本草》记载海蓬子( Salicorniaeuropaea L) 具有平肝、利尿、降压的功效,主治高血压和头痛。同时,海蓬子具有海鲜的风味和清爽嫩脆的口感,且富含维生素A、C和多种矿物质元素及微量元素,是公认的绿色有机蔬菜,素有“植物海鲜”和“海人参”的美誉。黄酮类化合物是一类以色环和苯环为基本结构的化合物,包括黄酮类、黄酮醇类、异黄酮类、黄烷酮类、二氢黄酮、二氢黄酮醇等。近年来,对海蓬子活性物质的研究表明,从海蓬子中提取的黄酮类化合物具有抑菌、抗氧化、降糖降脂减肥、抗肿瘤等活性,种类多且含量丰富。研究表明海蓬子中黄酮类物质的抑菌活性较强,实验数据显示,黄酮粗提液对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌等几种常见细菌均有较好的抑制效果,最小抑菌浓度分别是1.00 mg/mL、2.00 mg/mL、4.00 mg/mL、2.00 mg/mL、1.00 mg/mL,且在同等条件下,海蓬子黄酮类化合物对同一菌株的抑制程度与黄酮类化合物的浓度呈正相关。
我国是世界渔业大国,水产资源丰富。据中国渔业统计年鉴数据显示,2018年全年水产品总量为6457.66万吨,水产品富含蛋白质 、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和矿物质等,具有很高的营养价值,深受消费者青睐,是人们膳食中不可或缺的重要组分。但是水产品非常容易腐败,主要是由死后早期品质的溶解引起,而死后腐烂变化主要是由微生物活动引起。比如鱼类的微生物组成因鱼类的种类、生存条件、捕捞季节、捕捞方法、运输条件和处理环境而异。研究表明,涉及水产品中的激生物种类主要有气单胞杆菌(Aeromonas)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、芽抱杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、发光巧菌属(Photobacterium)、乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳酸球菌(Lacotocccus)、肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)、环丝菌属(Brochothrix)等。而在淡水鱼中,最常见的细菌种类主要有气单胞杆菌(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、莫拉克斯氏菌属(Moraxella)等。由于水产品收货季节相对集中,如此高的产量对水产品在运输和贮藏过程中如何保证新鲜带来极大的挑战。研究发现水产品腐败的主要原因就是微生物的腐败作用。目前,水产品常采用化学防腐剂、低温、气调、电离辐射、生物保鲜剂等,其中采用化学防腐剂在实际生产中应用比较多,但化学试剂存在一定的安全隐患,物理方法对设备和技术的要求较高。因此生物保鲜剂越来越受到重视,因其来源于可食用的动物、植物或微生物,安全性较高且对环境污染较小,在水产品中应用也越来越广泛。
目前,市面上的生物保鲜剂种类较多,其中茶多酚是被公认的效果最为显著的生物保鲜剂之一,特别在水产品应用方面较为广泛。茶多酚是一种天然食品抗氧化剂和抑菌剂,并具有清除自由基的能力,有延长产品货架期、防止褪色等优点,且能够抑制油脂氧化、酸败变质等,茶多酚保鲜机理已经非常明确,但是由于单一的生物保鲜剂的抗菌谱较窄,作用范围有限。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中所述的缺陷,从而提供一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂及其制备方法和应用,本发明将不同的生物保鲜剂按照一定的比例混合使用,不仅能够增加保鲜剂的抗菌谱,还能通过协同作用增加抑菌效果。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,包括以下浓度的组分:海蓬子有效成分为0.3-0.5mg/mL,茶多酚浓度为1.0 mg/mL,其中,溶剂为水。
一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)材料预处理:精选优质海蓬子新鲜植物,采集后依次经过干燥、粉碎,得到粉末;
(2)海蓬子有效成分的提取:清洗提取罐,将海蓬子原料加入70%乙醇室温浸泡2h,加热回流提取3次,每次2~4h,回收提取液,提取液减压浓缩至0.2~0.5g /mL(以生药计),得海蓬子浓缩液,其中,所述70%乙醇为体积分数为70%的乙醇;
(3)柱层析:海蓬子浓缩液采用大孔吸附树脂富集有效成分,在室温条件下,将海蓬子浓缩液与大孔吸附树脂混合并以80 r/min的速率震摇过夜,洗脱并收集得到海蓬子有效组分;
(4)复合保鲜剂的制备:将海蓬子有效成分和茶多酚混合并溶解于溶剂中,即得复合生物保鲜剂,其中,所述海蓬子有效成分为0.3-0.5 mg/mL,茶多酚浓度为:1.0 mg/mL。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中粉末的粉碎度≥60目。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中干燥温度为55℃。
优选地,所述步骤(2)中海蓬子原料和70%乙醇的质量比为10~12:1。
优选地,所述步骤(3)中洗脱条件为双蒸水洗去水溶性杂质,检测还原糖反应呈阴性,再用30%乙醇和70% 乙醇洗脱。
优选地,所述步骤(3)中所述大孔吸附树脂为AB-8型大孔吸附树脂。
本发明所述水产品复合生物保鲜剂应用于水产品的保鲜。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
1. 本发明的成分明确、配方合理、效果显著、制备方法科学、可显著增加水产品保鲜;本发明的制备过程简便易行,生产成本低,质量稳定可控,易于实现机械化操作,能够满足工业化生产需求;
2. 本发明以药食两用资源海蓬子为原料,其中,海蓬子原料为天然植物,广泛分布于盐碱地区,取材方便;融入一定配比茶多酚组分,将这二者的功效联合起来,起到高效保鲜的目的;
3. 本发明不仅提供了一种新的复合保鲜剂配方,同时提高了盐生植物海蓬子的高附加值利用,具有广阔的开发前景。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其它的附图。
图1为本发明实施例1中黑鱼片的硫代巴比妥酸值结果图;
图2为本发明实施例1中黑鱼片的pH值测定结果;
图3为本发明实施例1中黑鱼片的感官评价结果;
图4为本发明实施例1中质控后得到序列片段分布图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)材料预处理:精选优质海蓬子新鲜植物,采集后用55摄氏度鼓风干燥箱进行干燥,干燥后进行粉碎,得到不同粉碎度(粉碎度≥60目)的粉末;
(2)海蓬子有效成分的提取:清洗提取罐,将海蓬子原料加入10~12倍量(质量比)的70%乙醇室温浸泡2h,加热回流提取3次,每次2~4h,回收提取液,提取液在滤液在55℃下减压浓缩至0.2~0.5g /mL(以生药计);
(3)柱层析:浓缩后的提取液采用大孔吸附树脂富集有效成分,选用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂100 g,首先采用95%乙醇静泡过夜,湿法装柱,纯水洗柱至流出液无醇味。在室温条件下,将海蓬子压浓缩200 mL与大孔吸附树脂混合,80 r/min震摇过夜,使活性成分与树脂充分结合,结果表明AB-8大孔吸附树脂对海蓬子总黄酮吸附性能达35.28 mg/g。洗脱实验结果表明对AB-8吸附黄酮进行洗脱,洗脱率达85%。洗脱条件为双蒸水洗去水溶性杂质,检测还原糖反应呈阴性,再用30%乙醇(10倍树脂体积)和70% 乙醇(5倍树脂体积)洗脱并收集,即得有效组分。
(4)有效组分的鉴定:采用AB Sciex Triple TOF 5600+质谱仪进行有效成分分析离子化模式为电喷雾正离子模式,离子源电压分别为 5500V(负离子模式-4500V),离子源温度为 600℃(负离子模式500℃),去簇电压(DP)分别为 100 V,碰撞能量(CE)分别为 35eV(负离子模式-35 eV),碰撞能量扩展(CES)分别为 15eV。雾化气体为氮气,辅助气 1 为60 PS I,辅助气 2 为 50 PSI,气帘气为 40 PSI。一级质谱母离子扫描范围为 50~1000,IDA 设置响应值超过 100 cps 的 6 个最高峰进行二级质谱扫描,子离子扫描范围为 50~1000,开启动态背景扣除(DBS)。该有效成分主要为芦丁(25.46%)、异槲皮苷(10.26%)、槲皮素(6.45%)、山茶宁A(12.49%)、去甲丁香色原酮(20.26%)、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D 葡萄糖苷(2.32%)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D葡萄糖苷(6.67%)。
(5)复合保鲜剂的配方:以指标性成分芦丁计算有效成分的含量。复合保鲜剂的浓度为:海蓬子有效成分为0.3-0.5 mg/mL,茶多酚浓度为:1.0 mg/mL。在该浓度下复合保鲜剂能达到非常显著的保鲜效果。
海蓬子提取物的保鲜效果
海蓬子抑菌浓度的确定:采用本发明所述方法制备海蓬子活性成分,分别配制成浓度为0.1 mg/mL、0.3 mg/mL、0.5 mg/mL、1 mg/mL、1.5 mg/mL保鲜液备用。分别取0.1 mL(1×107cfu/m L) 大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌菌液均匀涂布在MH琼脂培养基上后,将5个牛津杯均匀放置在涂菌后的平板上,各加入药液200 μL,以无菌水为阴性对照,硫酸庆大霉素作为阳性对照。将平板密封后倒置放入37℃培养箱中培养16-18 h后观察,实验重复3次,取平均值。
表1 海蓬子提取物对细菌的抑制作用
结果如表1所示,海蓬子提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等均有较好的抑制作用,并且随着提取物浓度的升高,抑菌效果增加,表明海蓬子提取物抑菌效果呈剂量依赖性。当海蓬子浓度为0.3 mg/mL时已经具有显著的抑菌作用,当浓度达到1.5 mg/mL时,抑菌效果已经达到极显著的状态,但浓度达到1 mg/mL时提取物的溶解度下降明显,提取物出现部分沉淀现象,因此选择0.3-0.5 mg/mL区间,在该范围内,海蓬子抑菌效果显著,提取物能够充分溶解,为后续复合保鲜剂的制备奠定基础。
利用本发明所述保鲜剂对黑鱼片的保鲜效果进行研究:实验分共为四组,分别是空白对照组、茶多酚组(1.0 mg/mL)、海蓬子组(0.5 mg/mL)、茶多酚与海蓬子复配组(茶多酚和海蓬子的浓度分别为1.0 mg/mL和0.5 mg/mL)。通过对保鲜剂处理后的黑鱼片硫代巴比妥酸值、pH值、感官评价、特殊腐败菌的抑菌作用等各项保鲜指标进行测定,分析保鲜剂对黑鱼片的保鲜效果。
(1) 黑鱼片硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)的测定:取5 g绞碎样品,加入25 mL7.5%三氯乙酸(含 0.1% 乙二胺四乙酸二钠)用振荡器振摇40min,用四层滤纸过滤混合物滤,取5 mL上清液加入5 mL 0.02 mol/L 硫代巴比妥酸溶液,置于88℃水浴条件下保温1h,取出使其冷却至室温,在1500 r/min条件下离心5 min,吸取上清液5 mL在试管中,加入5 mL氯仿用振荡器振摇15min,静置10min分层后取出上清液,分别在532 nm和600 nm 条件下比色,分别记录其吸光度值。
TBA 广泛应用于测定脂肪氧化过程中产生的丙二醛(MDA)的含量,反应脂肪酸败的程度。如图1所示,各组样品在储藏期内TBA值都随着时间的延长逐渐增大,与空白对照组相比,茶多酚组、海蓬子以及复配组均能显著抑制TBA浓度的增加,且茶多酚组抑制作用高于海蓬子组,但两者均弱于复配组,复配组样品TBA值变化最缓慢。说明海蓬子提取物具有抗氧化防止脂肪酸败作用。同时研究结果表明,将海蓬子与茶多酚进行复配后,与单一物质组相比抗氧化作用显著提高,因此海蓬子提取物可以有效地减少丙二醛的生成,延缓黑鱼片脂肪酸败。
(2) 活鱼死亡后其体内生理变化可分为生化变化、僵硬、解僵和自溶、腐败等过程。pH 在僵直期内持续下降,在自溶和腐败变质阶段随着蛋白质等物质的分解产生碱性物质,pH 逐渐上升。水产品肌肉 pH 值的变化与其鲜度有密切关系,因此水产品贮藏期间肌体的pH 值是评价其新鲜度的一项指标。精确称取各组1.00 g鱼肉放入烧杯中,用高分子离散器搅碎之后加入10 mL去离子水搅拌30 min后用滤纸过滤,取滤液用pH计进行测定。
图2所示,各组黑鱼片的pH值均呈先下降后上升的趋势。空白对照组鱼死亡后,第二天pH值达到最低值。茶多酚组、海蓬子组以及复配组均在第四天pH值达到最低值。表明空白对照组第二天可能由于微生物的作用导致蛋白质降解增多,pH值逐渐升高。其他三个组在第四天pH值达到最低值,表明茶多酚组、海蓬子组以及复配组在一定程度上抑制了微生物的生长,从而延缓了pH值达到最低点的时间。同时结果还表明,复配组能够显著延缓pH值的变化速度,因此茶多酚与海蓬子复配后对黑鱼pH值影响最为显著,可能是由于其具有显著的抑菌作用,阻碍了微生物对蛋白质的降解。
(3)感官评定可以对产品的质量做以迅速的判断,是最外在也是最直接的评价食品品质的方法,直接影响消费者购买产品的意愿。本研究对不同保鲜剂处理的黑鱼片进行感官评价,通过感官评分的高低来分析海蓬子提取液对黑鱼片的感官保鲜效果。
从图3可以看出,随之冷藏时间的延长各组黑鱼片的感官评分逐渐降低,空白对照组的分值下降较快下降幅度最大,其次是茶多酚和海蓬子组,感官评价结果最优的是复配组。该研究结果表明茶多酚和海蓬子均能对黑鱼片保鲜有一定的作用,但茶多酚效果略好于海蓬子,但显著弱于茶多酚与海蓬子的复配。可能是由于差多本本身的抑菌、抗炎效果略优于海蓬子,但两者可能有着不同的抑菌普,因此复配后作用显著增加。
(4)本研究采用宏基因组测序方法对黑鱼片中优势腐败菌进行测定分析,同时研究茶多酚、海蓬子组以及复配组对优势腐败菌的抑制作用。选取储藏12天的鱼片进行分析,样品全基因组的提取,具体提取步骤参照OMEGA试剂盒E.A.N.ATM Mag-Bind Soil DNA Kit的使用说明书,经过两轮PCR反应后,得到的产物,采用磁珠法进行回收,并采用Qubit3.0DNA检测试剂盒对回收的DNA精确定量,以方便按照1:1的等量混合后测序。等量混合时,每个样品DNA量取10 ng,最终上机测序浓度为20 pmoL。
样本基因组序列经过去除低质量片段和测序未知碱基多的片段后,统计结果如图4所示,得到的基因片段长度主要集中在400-440bp。
对每组样品处理后得到的有效基因片段信息如表2所示,空白对照组(Control)共获得104630条片段,茶多酚组(Polyphenol)获得94375条片段,海蓬子组(Salicornia)共获得95859条片段,复配组(Combine)共获得65009条片段。
表2 各样本数据信息统计结果
样本 | 原始片段数 | 平均长度 | 质控后数量 | 平均长度 |
空白对照组 | 107364 | 468.09 | 104630 | 428.67 |
茶多酚组 | 987321 | 468.12 | 94375 | 428.94 |
海蓬子组 | 98694 | 467.9 | 95859 | 429.62 |
复配组 | 66694 | 467.9 | 65009 | 428.86 |
通过对数据的生物信息学分析,最终在黑鱼片中检测到214种微生物,各样本微生物群落结构分布及丰度中,空白组对照组中种群数量及丰度最高,表明空白对照组含有大量腐败菌。茶多酚与海蓬子组腐败菌种类及丰度低于空白对照组,而茶多酚与海蓬子复配组腐败菌种群及数量最低,一定程度上表明海蓬子具有抑菌作用。
样品中优势腐败菌如表3所示,主要为:假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌属、香味菌、摩根菌属、不动杆菌、漫游球菌属、变形杆菌、布丘氏菌属、哈夫尼菌属、气单胞杆菌、希瓦氏菌、库特氏菌属、丛毛单胞杆菌肽、寡养单胞菌、氮单胞菌属、嗜冷杆菌、环丝菌属、普罗威登斯菌属、食酸菌属等。海蓬子起抑制作用的腐败菌为:沙雷氏菌属、香味菌、不动杆菌、漫游球菌属、布丘氏菌属、气单胞杆菌、希瓦氏菌、库特氏菌属、丛毛单胞杆菌肽、寡养单胞菌、嗜冷杆菌、环丝菌属、食酸菌属等。茶多酚较海蓬子可抑制摩根菌属、变形杆菌、气单胞杆菌、普罗威登斯菌属等。海蓬子与茶多酚复配组对大部分优势腐败菌均有抑制作用,表明海蓬子与茶多酚抗菌谱有互补的部分。
表3 样品中优势腐败菌种类及丰度(取前20种)
空白对照组 | 茶多酚组 | 海蓬子组 | 复配组 | |
假单胞菌 | 19381 | 48947 | 50089 | 28947 |
沙雷氏菌属 | 19487 | 12671 | 11025 | 10671 |
香味菌 | 15980 | 4483 | 8589 | 3247 |
摩根菌属 | 10053 | 494 | 11061 | 323 |
不动杆菌 | 7558 | 1099 | 1505 | 699 |
漫游球菌属 | 5058 | 1258 | 2138 | 850 |
变形杆菌 | 780 | 100 | 6064 | 0 |
未定义菌属 | 1667 | 1689 | 1751 | 1659 |
布丘氏菌属 | 3094 | 453 | 484 | 143 |
哈夫尼菌属 | 1357 | 10 | 1200 | 1 |
气单胞杆菌 | 1254 | 513 | 993 | 213 |
希瓦氏菌 | 1212 | 50 | 221 | 5 |
库特氏菌属 | 1294 | 68 | 95 | 10 |
丛毛单胞杆菌肽 | 1073 | 20 | 88 | 2 |
寡养单胞菌 | 633 | 10 | 120 | 0 |
氮单胞菌属 | 115 | 251 | 355 | 151 |
嗜冷杆菌 | 501 | 5 | 38 | 1 |
环丝菌属 | 226 | 29 | 46 | 9 |
普罗威登斯菌属 | 8 | 0 | 272 | 0 |
食酸菌属 | 264 | 8 | 11 | 2 |
综上所述,海蓬子具有一定的保鲜作用,且将海蓬子与茶多酚进行复配后,显示出较强的抑菌保鲜作用,海蓬子与茶多酚在抑菌普中有互补的部分,因此将二者的功效联合起来,可起到高效保鲜的目的。
以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,可轻易想到的变化或替换,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。因此,本发明的保护范围应以所述权利要求的保护范围为准。
Claims (7)
1.一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,包括以下浓度的组分:海蓬子有效成分为0.3~0.5mg/mL,茶多酚浓度为1.0mg/mL,其中,溶剂为水;
其制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)材料预处理:精选优质海蓬子新鲜植物,采集后依次经过干燥、粉碎,得到粉末;
(2)海蓬子有效成分的提取:清洗提取罐,将海蓬子原料加入70%乙醇室温浸泡2h,加热回流提取3次,每次2~4h,回收提取液,提取液减压浓缩至0.2~0.5g/mL,得海蓬子浓缩液,其中,所述70%乙醇为体积分数为70%的乙醇;
(3)柱层析:海蓬子浓缩液采用大孔吸附树脂富集有效成分,在室温条件下,将海蓬子浓缩液与大孔吸附树脂混合并以80r/min的速率震摇过夜,洗脱并收集得到海蓬子有效组分;
(4)复合保鲜剂的制备:将海蓬子有效成分和茶多酚混合并溶解于溶剂中,即得复合生物保鲜剂,其中,所述海蓬子有效成分为0.3~0.5mg/mL,茶多酚浓度为:1.0mg/mL。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中粉末的粉碎度≥60目。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中干燥温度为55℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中海蓬子原料和70%乙醇的质量比为10~12:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中洗脱条件为双蒸水洗去水溶性杂质,检测还原糖反应呈阴性,再用30%乙醇和70%乙醇洗脱。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中所述大孔吸附树脂为AB-8型大孔吸附树脂。
7.权利要求1所述的一种水产品复合生物保鲜剂应用于水产品的保鲜。
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