CN110862101A - Preparation method of potassium nitrate - Google Patents
Preparation method of potassium nitrate Download PDFInfo
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- CN110862101A CN110862101A CN201911354206.3A CN201911354206A CN110862101A CN 110862101 A CN110862101 A CN 110862101A CN 201911354206 A CN201911354206 A CN 201911354206A CN 110862101 A CN110862101 A CN 110862101A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D9/00—Nitrates of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D9/04—Preparation with liquid nitric acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D9/00—Nitrates of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D9/08—Preparation by double decomposition
- C01D9/12—Preparation by double decomposition with nitrates or magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D9/00—Nitrates of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D9/16—Purification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of potassium nitrate, which comprises the following steps: adding nitric acid and magnesium oxide into a reactor, reacting for 2-3 hours, then adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 1.5-3 hours to obtain a reaction mixture; carrying out primary cooling crystallization on the reaction mixture, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate crude crystal and a first mother solution; carrying out secondary cooling crystallization and third cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor; drying the potassium nitrate wet crystal to obtain potassium nitrate crystal. The preparation method of the potassium nitrate takes the nitric acid, the potassium chloride and the magnesia as raw materials, and the raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain and have low cost; the process flow is simple, the reaction is carried out at normal temperature and normal pressure, no catalyst is used, no corrosive strong acid is generated, and the corrosion to equipment is small; the product potassium nitrate has good crystal quality, high purity and large crystal grain size.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of chemical industry, in particular to a preparation method of potassium nitrate.
Background
Potassium nitrate is one of important chemical raw materials, and is widely applied to various fields such as national defense, military industry, agriculture, food additives, medicines, feed additives, optical glass, electronic industry and the like.
The direct method for producing potassium nitrate is based on the replacement reaction of potassium chloride and nitric acid
KCl+HNO3→KNO3+HCl
Hydrochloric acid as a by-product of the method is difficult to separate from nitric acid as a raw material, and the hydrochloric acid and the nitric acid are mixed together to become aqua regia, which is a liquid with extremely strong corrosivity and has extremely high corrosivity to equipment, and at present, no equipment capable of bearing the corrosion of the aqua regia exists.
Disclosure of Invention
Based on the technical problems in the background art, the invention provides a preparation method of potassium nitrate, which takes nitric acid, potassium chloride and magnesia as raw materials, and has the advantages of cheap and easily obtained raw materials and low cost; the process flow is simple, corrosive strong acid is not generated, and the corrosion to equipment is small.
The invention provides a preparation method of potassium nitrate, which comprises the following steps:
s1, adding magnesium oxide into the nitric acid solution, reacting for 2-3 hours, then adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 1.5-3 hours to obtain a reaction mixture;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is (1.5-1.9): (1-1.4): 1
S2, carrying out first cooling crystallization on the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, cooling to 40-45 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate crude crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out secondary cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, cooling to 30-35 ℃, then carrying out tertiary cooling crystallization, cooling to-10-20 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 to obtain a potassium nitrate crystal.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 40-60%.
Preferably, the reaction mixture is filtered to remove impurities before the first temperature-reducing crystallization.
Preferably, after the reaction mixture in the S2 is subjected to first temperature reduction and crystallization to 40-45 ℃, polymeric ferric sulfate is added, and after stirring for 30-40 minutes, the crude potassium nitrate crystals and the first mother liquor are obtained through separation.
Preferably, the polymeric ferric sulfate is used in an amount of 0.7% to 1.2% by weight of the reaction mixture.
Preferably, the temperature reduction rate of the first-stage temperature reduction crystallization is 12-15 ℃/hour.
Preferably, the temperature reduction rate of the second-stage temperature reduction crystallization is 2-3 ℃/hour, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 5-10 ℃.
Preferably, the temperature reduction rate of the third-stage temperature reduction crystallization is 4-6 ℃/h, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 15-20 ℃.
Preferably, the drying temperature in S4 is 80-100 deg.C
Preferably, the magnesium oxide is replaced with magnesia.
The method for producing potassium nitrate uses nitric acid, potassium chloride and magnesium oxide (magnesite) as raw materials, and comprises the steps of reacting nitric acid with magnesium oxide (magnesite) to prepare magnesium nitrate in the first step, and reacting potassium chloride with magnesium nitrate generated in the first step to generate potassium nitrate in the second step. The invention changes one-step reaction into two-step reaction, and controls reaction conditions such as reaction molar ratio, reaction time and the like of nitric acid, potassium chloride and magnesium oxide, so that no aqua regia is generated in the reaction process, and the obtained second mother liquor is a magnesium chloride solution with purity capable of being directly sold.
The temperature-reducing crystallization is a three-level temperature-reducing crystallization, the end temperature and the temperature-reducing rate of the first-level temperature-reducing crystallization are controlled, the potassium nitrate coarse crystals are separated and removed after the first-level temperature-reducing crystallization, the purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product can be improved, the purity of the product can reach 99.9%, the potassium nitrate coarse crystals can be gathered by the polymeric ferric sulfate and can be separated more easily, and the separated potassium nitrate coarse crystals can be used as agricultural potassium nitrate to be used as agricultural fertilizers. The grain diameter of the potassium nitrate crystal can be increased and the grains are uniform by controlling the temperature nodes and the cooling rate of the second-stage cooling crystallization and the third-stage cooling crystallization.
The preparation method of the potassium nitrate takes the nitric acid, the potassium chloride and the magnesia as raw materials, and the raw materials are cheap and easy to obtain and have low cost; the process flow is simple, the reaction is carried out at normal temperature and normal pressure, no catalyst is used, no corrosive strong acid is generated, and the corrosion to equipment is small; the product potassium nitrate has good crystal quality, high purity and large crystal grain size.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding magnesium oxide (with the purity of 99.5%) into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.8 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 2.5 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 46%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.8: 1.4: 1;
s2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, then carrying out primary cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the primary cooling crystallization is 14 ℃/h, cooling to 41 ℃, adding polymeric ferric sulfate, the dosage of the polymeric ferric sulfate is 1.0 percent of the weight of the reaction mixture, stirring for 30 minutes, and carrying out centrifugal separation to obtain a potassium nitrate crude crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out secondary cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, wherein the cooling rate of the secondary cooling crystallization is 2.7 ℃/h, the temperature difference between a cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 10 ℃, cooling to 33 ℃, then carrying out tertiary cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the tertiary cooling crystallization is 5.2 ℃/h, the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 15 ℃, cooling to minus 20 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 at 90 ℃ to obtain potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.95%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 86%.
Example 2
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding 91% of magnesia into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.2 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 2.2 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 50%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.6: 1.3: 1;
s2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, then carrying out primary cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the primary cooling crystallization is 13 ℃/h, cooling to 42 ℃, adding polymeric ferric sulfate, the dosage of the polymeric ferric sulfate is 1.1 percent of the weight of the reaction mixture, stirring for 40 minutes, and carrying out centrifugal separation to obtain a potassium nitrate coarse crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out secondary cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, wherein the cooling rate of the secondary cooling crystallization is 2.2 ℃/h, the temperature difference between a cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 8 ℃, cooling to 31 ℃, then carrying out tertiary cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the tertiary cooling crystallization is 4.7 ℃/h, the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 17 ℃, cooling to minus 10 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 at a temperature of 98 ℃ to obtain a potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.92%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 83%.
Example 3
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding 94% of magnesia into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.6 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 1.8 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 43%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.7: 1.2: 1
S2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, then carrying out primary cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the primary cooling crystallization is 12 ℃/h, cooling to 44 ℃, adding polymeric ferric sulfate, the dosage of the polymeric ferric sulfate is 0.8 percent of the weight of the reaction mixture, stirring for 35 minutes, and carrying out centrifugal separation to obtain a potassium nitrate coarse crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out second cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, wherein the cooling rate of the second cooling crystallization is 3 ℃/h, the temperature difference between a cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 5 ℃, cooling to 32 ℃, then carrying out third cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the third cooling crystallization is 5.8 ℃/h, the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 20 ℃, cooling to minus 16 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 at 85 ℃ to obtain potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product is measured to be 99.90 percent, and the mass ratio of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the total crystal particle mass is 80 percent.
Example 4
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding 86% of magnesia into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.4 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 2.3 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 57%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.5: 1.1: 1;
s2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, then carrying out primary cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the primary cooling crystallization is 15 ℃/h, cooling to 43 ℃, adding polymeric ferric sulfate, the dosage of the polymeric ferric sulfate is 0.9 percent of the weight of the reaction mixture, stirring for 30 minutes, and carrying out centrifugal separation to obtain a potassium nitrate coarse crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out secondary cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, wherein the cooling rate of the secondary cooling crystallization is 2.6 ℃/h, the temperature difference between a cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 7 ℃, cooling to 34 ℃, then carrying out tertiary cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the tertiary cooling crystallization is 4.3 ℃/h, the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 18 ℃, cooling to minus 14 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 at 85 ℃ to obtain potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.89%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was found to be 83%.
Example 5
The method for preparing potassium nitrate in example 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the first-stage cooling crystallization is 10 ℃/hour.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.83%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 77%.
Example 6
The method for preparing potassium nitrate in example 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the first-stage cooling crystallization is 17 ℃/hour.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.82%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 78%.
Example 7
The potassium nitrate preparation method in embodiment 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the second-stage cooling crystallization is 4.7 ℃/hour, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 17 ℃.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.92%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was found to be 75%.
Example 8
The potassium nitrate preparation method in embodiment 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the second-stage cooling crystallization is 2.2 ℃/hr, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 8 ℃.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product is 99.91 percent, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles is 80 percent.
Example 9
The potassium nitrate preparation method in embodiment 2 is different in that the temperature difference between the cooling medium of the second-stage temperature-reducing crystallization and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 17 ℃.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.90%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 77%.
Example 10
The method for preparing potassium nitrate in example 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the third-stage cooling crystallization is 2.2 ℃/hour.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.91%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was found to be 78%.
Example 11
The method for preparing potassium nitrate in example 2 is different in that the cooling rate of the third-stage cooling crystallization is 9 ℃/hour.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.91%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was found to be 75%.
Example 12
The potassium nitrate preparation method in example 2, which is different from the method described in S2: and (3) filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step (S1), and then carrying out first cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the first cooling crystallization is 13 ℃/h, the first cooling crystallization is cooled to 42 ℃, and the potassium nitrate crude crystals and the first mother liquor are obtained through centrifugal separation.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.79%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 77%.
Comparative example 1
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding 91% of magnesia into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.2 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 2.2 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 50%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.6: 1.3: 1;
s2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, cooling to crystallize, wherein the cooling rate is 6 ℃/h, cooling to-10 ℃, and separating to obtain potassium nitrate wet crystals and mother liquor;
s3, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S2 at a temperature of 98 ℃ to obtain a potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.3%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was 45%.
Comparative example 2
A preparation method of potassium nitrate comprises the following steps:
s1, adding 91% of magnesia into a nitric acid solution, reacting for 2.2 hours, adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 2.2 hours to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 50%;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is 1.6: 1.3: 1;
s2, filtering the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, and then carrying out first cooling crystallization, wherein the cooling rate of the first-stage cooling crystallization is 13 ℃/h, the temperature is reduced to 42 ℃, then carrying out second cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the second-stage cooling crystallization is 2.2 ℃/h, the temperature difference between a cooling medium and a material liquid to be crystallized is 8 ℃, the temperature is reduced to 31 ℃, then carrying out third cooling crystallization, the cooling rate of the third-stage cooling crystallization is 4.7 ℃/h, the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the material liquid to be crystallized is 17 ℃, the temperature is reduced to minus 10 ℃, and separating is carried out to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a mother liquid;
s3, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S2 at a temperature of 98 ℃ to obtain a potassium nitrate crystal.
The purity of the potassium nitrate crystal product was found to be 99.4%, and the ratio of the mass of 10-20 mesh crystal particles to the mass of the total crystal particles was found to be 56%.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The preparation method of potassium nitrate is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, adding magnesium oxide into the nitric acid solution, reacting for 2-3 hours, then adding potassium chloride, and reacting for 1.5-3 hours to obtain a reaction mixture;
the molar ratio of the nitric acid to the magnesium oxide to the potassium chloride is (1.5-1.9): (1-1.4): 1;
s2, carrying out first cooling crystallization on the reaction mixture obtained in the step S1, cooling to 40-45 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate crude crystal and a first mother solution;
s3, carrying out secondary cooling crystallization on the first mother liquor obtained in the step S2, cooling to 30-35 ℃, then carrying out tertiary cooling crystallization, cooling to-10-20 ℃, and separating to obtain a potassium nitrate wet crystal and a second mother liquor;
s4, drying the wet potassium nitrate crystal obtained in S3 to obtain a potassium nitrate crystal.
2. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the mass fraction of the nitric acid solution is 40-60%.
3. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture is filtered to remove impurities before the first temperature-reducing crystallization.
4. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, after the reaction mixture is subjected to first temperature reduction and crystallization to 40-45 ℃, polymeric ferric sulfate is added, and after stirring for 30-40 minutes, crude potassium nitrate crystals and the first mother liquor are obtained through separation.
5. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the polymeric ferric sulfate is used in an amount of 0.7-1.2% by weight of the reaction mixture.
6. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the cooling rate of the first-stage cooling crystallization is 12-15 ℃/hour.
7. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the cooling rate of the second-stage cooling crystallization is 2-3 ℃/hour, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 5-10 ℃.
8. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the temperature reduction rate of the third-stage temperature reduction crystallization is 4-6 ℃/hour, and the temperature difference between the cooling medium and the feed liquid to be crystallized is 15-20 ℃.
9. The method for preparing potassium nitrate according to claim 1, wherein the temperature for drying in S4 is 80-100 ℃.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnesium oxide is replaced with magnesia.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111874924A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 山东财富化工有限公司 | Process and system for producing molten salt-grade potassium nitrate by utilizing double decomposition method |
| CN112939032A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2021-06-11 | 江西金利达钾业有限责任公司 | Method for preparing potassium nitrate by nitric acid method |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111874924A (en) * | 2020-07-31 | 2020-11-03 | 山东财富化工有限公司 | Process and system for producing molten salt-grade potassium nitrate by utilizing double decomposition method |
| CN112939032A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2021-06-11 | 江西金利达钾业有限责任公司 | Method for preparing potassium nitrate by nitric acid method |
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Application publication date: 20200306 |